Suchergebnisse

International economic law (IEL) continues to evolve through dialectic processes of unilateral, bilateral, regional and worldwide regulation. The human rights obligations of all UN member states call for 'normative individualism' in economic regulation and justify 'fragmentation' of state-centred treaties so as to protect human rights and international public goods more effectively for the benefit of citizens. The 'structural biases' and often indeterminate rules and principles in competing treaty regimes for multilevel governance of interdependent public goods require protecting transnational rule of law for the benefit of citizens based on 'consistent interpretations', 'judicial comity' and 'cosmopolitan re-interpretations' of IEL so as to protect not only rights of governments, but also of citizens. The political resistance and 'veto powers' of self-interested government executives in the UN and the WTO are increasingly circumvented by 'constitutionalizing' and 'judicializing' IEL 'bottom-up' through bilateral and regional agreements and adjudication. International courts cooperating with domestic courts in protecting cosmopolitan rights have been more effective in protecting cosmopolitan rights and other 'aggregate public goods' than 'Westphalian international courts' prioritizing rights of governments over rights of citizens.

Die Staaten der Dritten Welt haben versucht, sich in internationalen oder supranationalen Organisationen als eigenständigen politischen Raum einzuführen und gegen äußeren Druck zu behaupten (Neuinterpretation westlicher Normen, Blockfreiheit, kollektive Verhandlungsführung). Sie suchten eine Rolle als Akteur im internationalen System, um Einfluß auf das System auszuüben und ihre Interessen auf diplomatischer, politisch-wirtschaftlicher und ideologischer Ebene wahrzunehmen. Dieser Anspruch führte nur kurzfristig zum Erfolg, weil die Verhandlungsmacht der Dritten Welt über die internationalen Organisationen vor dem Hintergrund von Nord-Süd- und Ost-West-Konflikt geschwunden ist. (AuD-Fsk)

A new factor has recently reemerged: financial transfers from South to North. Reemerged, for it was also a common occurrence in earlier colonial periods.— Ivan Leigh HeadWritten over fifteen years ago by Ivan Leigh Head, a highly distinguished Canadian international lawyer, foreign policy expert, and international development thinker, the words contained in the above quotation point firmly at this great man's analytic incisiveness and hint at the sheer depth of his fairness of mind. For although the net transfer of resources from the much poorer geopolitical "South" to a far richer "North" remains to this day one of the most important obstacles to international development, rarely have the dominant accounts of international development given this phenomenon the pride of place that it surely deserves. Ivan Head was therefore well ahead of his time in foregrounding, highlighting, and criticizing this very disturbing, yet continuing, feature of South-North relations.