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AbstractIn this article, various examples of controversies in regulatory science are analyzed concerning chemical and pharmaceutical products and functional foods. In these controversies, it is possible to show the relationship between epistemic policies and regulatory objectives (decision‐making objectives). From an analysis of this relationship, four points must be noted that can be extrapolated to current evidence‐based policy proposals: (1) The regulatory objectives determine the evidence hierarchies. (2) Evidence hierarchies determine the appropriate scientific methodology and, by extension, the scientific knowledge that will be generated. (3) The use of scientific knowledge in the formulation of public policies is an example of extrapolation, and such cases should be viewed as hypotheses whose testing requires evidence from different lines of research. (4) The suitability of a particular evidentiary hierarchy depends on what is at stake; that is, on an assessment of the gains and losses to which the policy or regulation based on such an evidentiary requirement may lead.Related ArticlesNunes Silva, Carlos. 2012. "Policy and Evidence in a Partisan Age: The Great Disconnect—By Paul Gary Wyckoff." Politics & Policy 40(3): 541–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00363.x.Sinclair, Thomas A. P. 2006. "Previewing Policy Sciences: Multiple Lenses and Segmented Visions." Politics & Policy 34(3): 481–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2006.00025.x.Smith‐Walter, Aaron, Holly L. Peterson, Michael D. Jones, and Ashley Nicole Reynolds Marshall. 2016. "Gun Stories: How Evidence Shapes Firearm Policy in the United States." Politics & Policy 44(6): 1053–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12187.Lemire, Sebastian, Laura R. Peck and Allan Porowski. 2023. "The Evolution of Systematic Evidence Reviews: Past and Future Developments and Their Implications For Policy Analysis." Politics & Policy 00(0): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12532.

Ancient Egyptian culture has been a powerful influence on a major tradition of English literature that runs from Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene (1596), one of whose major iconographic centers is the temple of Isis, to John Crowley's four-volume novel Ægypt (2007). My dissertation focuses on the Romantic period - the midpoint of this trajectory - because it is an extremely intense moment of this influence. In addition to the visions of Egypt presented in the Bible, Greco-Roman writers, and travel narratives, ancient Egypt reached American and British culture of the time through a variety of channels, such as (1) Napoleon's invasion of Egypt in 1798, which allowed a stream of Egyptian monuments to travel into Europe and America; (2) the deciphering of the hieroglyphics in 1822; (3) an Egyptian-inspired freemasonry, which wielded a major effect on political revolutions in the USA, France, and Haiti; and (4) revived interest in heterodox Alexandrian traditions such as alchemy, gnosticism, and hermeticism. These channels transmitted a mediated Egyptian "sacred science," which can be defined as a transdisciplinary form of knowledge that does not aim to study external objects or manipulate abstract signs and empirical processes, but rather strives to the catalyze the transformation and expansion of consciousness itself, with the final goal being the divinization of the human. This project explores the work of a series of canonical British and American Romantic figures most deeply engaged with this legacy of ancient Egypt. In interlinked chapters on Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Ode on Astronomy, Kubla Khan, and Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass, and Herman Melville's Moby-Dick, I argue that Egyptian sacred science provided a conceptual foundation for spiritualized representations of, respectively, the natural world, the self, and deific powers (or "gods") that link these two domains and situate them within a network of larger cosmic dynamics.

Debates around the concept of social capital are often also debates about the level at which social capital can be abstracted for analytical use. Yet while many theorists and commentators involved in these debates implicitly discuss the issue of abstraction it is rarely done explicitly. In this article I attempt to overcome this missing link in the social capital literature by theoretically examining the 'social' in 'social capital' through interconnected levels of abstraction. In particular, and at a high level of abstraction, I argue that social capital is underpinned by a contradictory relationship associated with what I term as 'isolated reciprocity'. At lower levels of abstraction I show how isolated reciprocity poses problems for the establishment of 'good' social capital in the UK.

1 p. A typed statement by University of Oregon President Robert D. Clark for the Political Science News Sheet, regarding societal change and political activities on college campuses.

The term social infrastructure is increasingly being discussed in academic literature, policy reports and public forums. We might even go so far as to say it is the latest buzzword. Feminist economists understand social infrastructures as encompassing all aspects of social reproduction,
but these ideas are routinely sidelined in wider debates. This article provides a critical reading of key trends in the ways the term social infrastructure is currently being defined and deployed: namely, as being equivalent to social spaces and spaces of sociability, such as community centres,
parks and libraries, rather than being understood in terms of labour, gender and social reproduction. Part of the reason for this is the association between social reproduction and the home, which leads to a dismissal of reproductive work in communities at large. In writing about infrastructures
more generally, it is not uncommon for gendered labour, care and reproduction to go completely ignored, or at least to only be discussed in relation to physical infrastructure. This simultaneous erasure and co-optation of feminist ideas has the effect of diminishing, diluting and marginalising
the role of social reproduction as the foundation of our economy and society. It is therefore also a form of depoliticisation. In the article's conclusion, the case is made for recognising and reclaiming social reproduction as social infrastructure: an infra-structural approach could help
alleviate long-standing tensions in definitions of social reproduction as both process and practice, and as operating on multiple scales.

The emphasis on risk factor intervention at the individual level has predominated in efforts to reduce mortality and promote health. Interest in social and other nonmedical interventions, particularly socioeconomic status (SES) influences, has increased in recent years. This article focuses on the interaction of social structure and socioeconomic status with other influences in complex pathways to affect health, and their contribution to health disparities. It examines both social class as an explanation of health differences and competing hypotheses concerning prenatal and early nutrition and cognitive capacity. Although education is associated with income, wealth, occupation, and other SES indicators and may not be the most important SES determinant, it influences a variety of pathways to health outcomes and offers strategic leverage for intervention because of social and political consensus on its value beyond health.

Debates around the concept of social capital are often also debates about the level at which social capital can be abstracted for analytical use. Yet while many theorists & commentators involved in these debates implicitly discuss the issue of abstraction it is rarely done explicitly. In this article I attempt to overcome this missing link in the social capital literature by theoretically examining the 'social' in 'social capital' through interconnected levels of abstraction. In particular, & at a high level of abstraction, I argue that social capital is underpinned by a contradictory relationship associated with what I term as 'isolated reciprocity.' At lower levels of abstraction I show how isolated reciprocity poses problems for the establishment of 'good' social capital in the UK. 110 References. Adapted from the source document.