Suchergebnisse

A considerable and persisting diversity of the development levels of Polish regions makes it necessary to seek potential causes of this phenomenon. It can be presumed that some of the diversity is caused by institutional qualities, characteristic for each individual region, including the dynamics of the reallocation of resources available in a particular region, which can be identified with the creative destruction processes, indicated by J. A. Schumpeter. In the view of these facts, this study aims at identifying the mechanisms of creative destruction processes and assessing their influence on the levels of regional productivity of labour in Poland, in the 2004–2015 time period. The conducted analyses showed that the correlation between the measures of creative destruction and the labour productivity is ambiguous and limited, as it was confirmed for only a part of Polish regions. For the remaining part, contrary to the theoretical assumptions, a reverse relationship was observed, i.e. it is the dynamics of productivity that affects the level of reallocation of resources, identified with the processes of creative destruction. ; Wysokie oraz utrzymujące się zróżnicowanie w poziomach rozwoju polskich regionów zmusza do poszukiwania potencjalnych przyczyn tego zjawiska. Za jedną z nich można uznać indywidualne, charakterystyczne dla danego regionu cechy instytucjonalne, w tym dynamikę realokacji zasobów dostępnych w danym regionie, którą można utożsamić z procesami kreatywnej destrukcji identyfikowanymi przez J. A. Schumpetera. Wobec powyższego celem artykulu była identyfikacja mechanizmów oraz ocena wpływu procesów kreatywnej destrukcji na poziomy regionalnej wydajności pracy w Polsce w latach 2004–2015. Przeprowadzone analizy wykazały, że zależność obserwowana między miarami kreatywnej destrukcji a wydajnością pracy ma charakter niejednoznaczny i ograniczony. Potwierdzono ją bowiem tylko dla niektórych polskich regionów. W części województw, wbrew założeniom teoretycznym, zaobserwowano zależność odwrotną, co znaczy, że to dynamika wydajności wpływała na poziom realokacji zasobów utożsamianych z procesami kreatywnej destrukcji. ; This paper was written with the support of the National Science Centre in Poland, Grant No. 2014/13/N/HS4/02061. ; Artykuł powstał przy wsparciu Narodowego Centrum Nauki ; Grant nr 2014/13/N/HS4/02061

The need for clean water is increasing with the rapid population growth, however. Its availability has decreased due to environmental destruction or pollution, one of which is rivers. Damage or pollution to rivers is caused by domestic, industrial and agricultural activities. Damage or pollution to rivers will have a negative impact on health and cause imbalance in the river ecosystem. The problems raised are why administrative sanctions are used as an instrument in controlling river destruction in Tulang Bawang Regency, and what are the legal consequences of administrative sanctions on perpetrators of river destruction in Tulang Bawang Regency. The problem approach in this study is a normative approach, this study uses quantitative data analysis. The results of the research and discussion show that administrative sanctions are an instrument in river pollution due to restoration of conditions, repair of damage, or in other words aimed at actions committed by business actors or activities that pollute rivers, and are one of the efforts to enforce laws against activities related to licensing requirements, environmental quality standards, environmental management plans and so on through administrative sanctions, as well as enforcement of administrative sanctions aiming at actions that violate the law or do not meet the permitted requirements to stop or return to their original state, namely before the occurrence of pollution or destruction. to. Local government policies that do not take sides with the environment have in the occurrence of various natural disasters or events that continue to occur invariousregions, especially in Bawang Bawang Regency. Keywords: Administrative Sanctions, Perpetrators, River Destruction.

To clarify the date of destruction of the site it is necessary to consider the materials of archaeological research and the evidence of written sources. Almost all the groups of ceramics under examination were produced for a long time during the period of the 12th-14th centuries or in the 13th – 14th centuries. Glazed ceramic wares of Zeuksipp group were manufactured from the end of the 12th – to the mid-13th centuries but they were used till the end of the century. The ceramic complex enables to date the layer of destruction by the 13th century and coins restrict its date by the second half of the 13th century. However, the period of destruction of city blocks on Eski-Kermen must not be connected with the raid headed by the Tatar military leader Nogai in 1278; it was done by V. L. Mytz. He referred to the addition on the margins of Sudak Synaxarium; though it informs only about the murder of the people in Sougdaia by the Tatars on the 28th of May, 1278, but the information about the attack of Nogai's army on the city was given in addition from December 20, 1298. In the work by Rukn ad-Dīn Baybars the seizure of the Crimea by Nogai after the defeat of Tocta's army (1290–1312) in 697 (1298) is described. However, in the addition on the margins of this work, it is said that Tocta presented Crimea to Nogai. In the same work the defeat of Kaffa, Kerch and Cherson by Nogai's army in 1299 is given. Probably, at the same time, on the way to Cherson Nogai's army destroyed the city on the plateau of Eski-Kermen as well. After that pogrom the residential blocks were not restored. However, on the plateau the evidences of preserving church activities in the 14th century were revealed. ; Статья посвящена исследованию вопроса о времени разрушения городища на плато Эски-Кермен в Юго-Западном Крыму. На основании данных, полученных во время археологических раскопок (керамика, монеты и пр.), слой разрушения на Эски-Кермене может быть датирован второй половиной XIII в. Данные археологии позволяют утверждать, что после нападения жилые кварталы не были восстановлены. Тем не менее, вопрос об уничтожении городища на Эски-Кермене во время нападения Ногая в 1278 г. остается дискуссионным. В частности, церковные постройки на плато продолжали функционировать и в XIV в.

Historical records and the research databases of completed studies have the potential either to establish new research studies or to inform follow-up studies assessing long-term health and social outcomes. Yet, such records are at risk of destruction resulting from misconceptions about data protection legislation and research ethics. The recent destruction of the Windrush disembarkation cards, which potentially could have formed the basis of a retrospective cohort study, illustrates this risk. As organisations across Europe transition to the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), this risk is being amplified due to uncertainty as to how to comply with complex new rules, and the requirement under GDPR that data owners catalogue their data and set data retention and destruction rules. The combination of these factors suggests there is a new meaningful risk that scientifically important historical records will be destroyed, despite the fact that GDPR provides a clear legal basis to hold historical records and to repurpose them for research for the public good. This letter describes this risk; details the legal basis enabling the retention and repurposing of these data; makes recommendations as to how to alleviate this risk; and finally encourages the research and research-active clinical community to contact their 'Data Protection Officers' to promote safe-keeping of historical records.