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The Language has a very important role in social life. With language, one can achieve its objectives in all areas, not least in the political sphere. In politics, the politics, especially the government (authorities) should not admit defeat. In other words, the political language is the language of victory, the language which ensures the wearer will never marginalized. Variety of political language used by the authorities and published in the mass media today, seem more political than highlight aspects provide a clear understanding of the community. Variety of political language is spoken government or ruler lot packed in a rather confusing vocabulary, figurative meaning is not denotative, making it difficult to be understood by the public. Meaning as an object of study semantic structure is not very clear, especially in the political language diversity. In addition, political problems in a variety of language many of them are camouflage. This will affect people's perceptions, both positive and negative. To find out the meaning of a variety of language used by the political authorities, the research was conducted. The purpose of this study was to answer the question: (1) what is the meaning of diverse political language used by the authorities, and (2) what is the intended use of the language diversity of political authority. To achieve these objectives, designed the research literature. The data source of this research is the Bali Post newspaper began from October to December 2015, includes the field of economy, law, and politics (government). The object of study is the meaning of political language diversity and the intended use of political language diversity. Data associated with a variety of political language documents collected by recording techniques. Furthermore, the collected data were analyzed descriptively qualitative. The steps taken in analyzing the data is: (a) data reduction: choose words that are associated with a variety of political language that are the focus of this research; (b) the presentation of data: data obtained from the Bali Post newspaper presented in accordance with the data range of political language; and (c) drawing conclusions: inferred data related to the meaning of political language diversity and the intended use of the language diversity of political authority. The results showed that: (1) the meaning of diverse political language used by the authorities as an allegory, euphemism, suppression, and appeal. In addition, there are also combined figurative meaning and euphemism, and a combination of figurative meaning and emphasis. (2) the intended use of political language diversity is to vary the sentence, appreciate or respect, and emphasize or reinforce. Based on these results, suggestions put forward relating to the use of political language diversity is that the authorities (officials) use words or phrases that are simpler and understandable by the public.

The main objective of this paper is to address some of the obstacles that Argentina deals with in the present day to develop an integration oriented policy for international protection of forced migration. Thus, first of all, the discussion is centered on the international context that forces the States to take on stronger responsibilities towards the international protection of people who are forced to flee from armed conflicts that threaten their lives, and from natural disasters and their consequences in the middle and longer term. Second of all, a renewed interest in defining a regional agenda about this issue, showcased in the joint collaboration for action plans for the Americas on the basis of the broader refugee definition of the Cartagena Declaration. The final part discusses the changes that took place in Argentina, in the regulatory-administrative level as well as in the political commitment, in response to the forced migration, emphasizing in the humanitarian visa programmes for Syrian and Haitian persons, and their differences in comparison to de asylum policies. ; Fil: Figari Costa, Nicolás B. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Derecho. Cátedra Derecho Internacional de los Refugiados. Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Fil: Penchaszadeh, Ana Paula. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Fil: Penchaszadeh, Ana Paula. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani (IIGG). Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Fil: Penchaszadeh, Ana Paula. CONICET. Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Tema: Protección Internacional de Personas Refugiadas / Coordinadora Eugenia C. Contarini. -- Parte IV: Desafíos para la protección de las personas refugiadas en Argentina. -- Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo es abordar algunos de los obstáculos que enfrenta hoy la Argentina para desarrollar una política integral de protección internacional de las migraciones forzadas orientada a la integración local. Para ello, en primer lugar, se analiza la nueva coyuntura internacional que obliga a los Estados a asumir mayores responsabilidades frente la protección internacional de personas que huyen de conflictos armados donde sus vidas peligran, así como de desastres naturales y de sus consecuencias en el mediano y largo plazo. En segundo lugar, se muestra el renovado interés en definir una agenda regional sobre esta temática, manifiesto en la elaboración conjunta de planes de acción para las Américas con base en la definición ampliada de protección de la Declaración de Cartagena. Y, en tercer y último lugar, se abordan algunos cambios que han tenido lugar en Argentina, tanto a nivel normativo-administrativo como a nivel de los compromisos políticos, para dar respuesta a las migraciones forzadas, haciendo especial énfasis en los programas de visados humanitarios dirigidos a personas sirias y haitianas y sus diferencias con la política de asilo.

Da die Angebotspalette der unterschiedlichen PKW Hersteller immer breiter wird,
bieten die Markenhersteller Fahrzeuge in fast allen Segmenten an. Die Marke
allein lässt keinen einfachen Rückschluss auf den sozioökonomischen Status des
Besitzers zu. Bei den PKW Segmenten sind Fahrzeuge zu Klassen zusammengefasst
worden, die wiederum solche Aussagen ermöglichen. Darüber hinaus wird neben dem
Leistungsvermögen der Fahrzeuge auch die Nutzungsintention der Fahrzeughalter
deutlich. Es liegen Informationen über folgende 12 PKW Segmente vor: Miniwagen,
Kleinwagen, Untere Mittelklassewagen, Mittelklassewagen, Obere
Mittelklassewagen, Oberklassewagen, Geländewagen, Cabriolets, Kombiwagen, Vans,
Utilities, sonstige PKW Segmente (microm 2014, S. 64)
Miniwagen: Miniwagen gehörten lange Zeit zu den Kleinwagen und bilden nun
aufgrund des gestiegenen Marktanteils ein eigenes Segment. Diese Fahrzeuge
zeichnen sich vor allem durch eine ausgesprochen geringe Größe aus. Zum Teil
besitzen sie sogar nur zwei vollwertige Sitze (Vertreter dieses Segments sind:
Renault Twingo, Ford Ka, VW Up, Peugeot 107 und smart fortwo) (microm 2014, S.
65).
Kleinwagen: Die Definition eines Kleinwagens ist umstritten und mit den Zeiten
veränderlich. Immer aber geht es um eine preisgünstige Möglichkeit, auf vier
Rädern mit einem Dach darüber motorisiert zu sein - sehr häufig jedoch mit
Kompromissen gegenüber Platz und Komfort (Vertreter des Segmentes: VW Polo, Opel
Corsa, Ford Fiesta, Fiat Punto, Peugeot 207 und Renault Clio) (microm 2014, S.
65).
Untere Mittelklassewagen:Die untere Mittelklasse stellt mit gut 25 Prozent
Marktanteil das größte Segment dar. Beherrscht wird dieses Segment vom VW Golf
und seinen Wettbewerbern, dem Opel Astra und dem Ford Focus. Die Mercedes
A-Klasse und der Audi A3 sind ebenfalls mit beachtenswerten Marktanteilen
vertreten (microm 2014, S. 66).
Mittelklassewagen: Das Segment der Mittelklassefahrzeuge wird durch die BMW 3er
Reihe, Mercedes C-Klasse, VW Passat, Audi A4, Opel Vectra und Ford Mondeo
geprägt. Die aufgeführten Fahrzeugreihen machen über 60 Prozent dieses Segments
aus (microm 2014, S. 66).
Obere Mittelklassewagen: In der oberen Mittelklasse sind die E-Klasse von
Mercedes, die BMW 5er Reihe und der Audi A6 marktbeherrschend. Nennenswerte
Anteile weisen darüber hinaus noch der Opel Insignia und der Volvo V70 auf.
Oberklassewagen: Ein kleines und sehr erlesenes Segment, bei dem Marken wie
Rolls-Royce und Jaguar am besten ausdrücken welche Fahrzeuge gemeint sind.
Weitere Vertreter des Segmentes: S-Klasse von Mercedes, 7er Reihe von BMW,
Porsche 911 und Audi A8 (microm 2014, S. 66).
Geländewagen: Geländewagen sind Automobile, die durch eine größere Bodenfreiheit,
ein grobes Reifenprofil sowie Allradantrieb dazu geeignet sind, schwieriges
Gelände abseits von befestigten Straßen zu befahren. Vertreter des Segmentes:
Land Rover, Toyota RAV 4, Opel Frontera oder Mitsubishi Pajero. VW Touareg,
M-Klasse von Mercedes und X3 bzw. X5 von BMW (microm 2014, S. 66).
Cabriolets: Ein Cabrio ist umgangssprachlich der Überbegriff für Fahrzeuge
offener Bauart. Meistens handelt es sich dabei um sportliche Autos, 2- bis
5-sitzig, mit variablem Verdeck und versenkbaren Seitenscheiben. So finden sich
viele Fahrzeuge aus anderen Segmenten, als "offene" Version im Cabrio Segment
wieder. Beispiele: Audi TT, Mercedes SLK, VW Golf Cabrio, Peugeot 207 und Mazda
MX-5 (microm 2014, S. 66).
Kombiwagen: Kombinationskraftwagen basieren im Allgemeinen auf einer Stufen- oder
Schrägheck- Limousine, deren hintere Karosserie verlängert oder mit einem
Steilheck versehen wurde, um die Ladefläche und das Kofferraumvolumen zu
erhöhen. Sie eignen sich damit besonders für Familien mit Kindern. Beispiele: VW
Passat (microm 2014, S. 67).
Vans: Als Van wurde ursprünglich ein Kraftfahrzeug bezeichnet, welches
überwiegend in den USA als Kleintransporter gebaut wurde. Mit dem Chrysler
Voyager und in der Folge dem Renault Espace hat dieses Segment durch den
"Family-Van" kontinuierlich auch in Deutschland an Bedeutung gewonnen. Weitere
Beispiele: VW Sharan, Opel Zafira, Ford Galaxy, Citroën Evasion, Peugeot 807 und
Fiat Ulyssee (microm 2014, S. 67).
Utilities: Utilities sind Nutzfahrzeuge unter 2,8 Tonnen. Sie werden als PKW
zugelassen und versteuert. Typische Vertreter: Mercedes Vito und Sprinter,
Citroën Berlingo, Ford Transit und VW Transporter.

Purpose
The purpose of this article is to analyse electricity supply in the Solomon Islands face extraordinarily expensive electricity tariffs – currently set at 96 c/kWh – making them amongst the highest in the world. Power is supplied by a fleet of diesel generators reliant on imported liquid fuels. In this article, the authors model the 14,100 kW power system on the island of Guadalcanal and demonstrate that by investing in a combination of hydroelectric and solar photovoltaic generating capacity, power system costs and reliability can be improved marginally. However, when the authors model a 3-Party Covenant (3PC) Financing structure involving a credit wrap by the Commonwealth of Australia, electricity production costs fall by 50 per cent, thus resulting in meaningful increases in consumer welfare.


Design/methodology/approach
This study's approach uses an integrated levelised cost of electricity model and dynamic partial equilibrium power system model. Doing so enables the authors to quickly analyse the rich blend of fixed, variable and sunk costs of generating technology options. The authors also focus on the cost of capital that is likely to be achieved under various policy settings.


Findings
The authors find that a 3PC Financing policy can substantially reduce the production costs associated with capital-intensive power projects in an unrated sovereign nation. Such a policy and associated prescriptions are not specific to the Solomon Islands or power generation. The conceptual framework and associated financial logic that underpins the initiative can be generalised to other "user pays" infrastructure projects and to other developing nations. The broad applicability of 3PC financing means that it is not country specific, project specific or asset class specific.


Research Limitations/implications
It is important to note that the analysis in this paper has a number of limitations in that the authors do not deal with rural electrification or distribution network costs. The focus of this paper is to identify policy interventions that are capable of making profound changes to the cost and the reliability of wholesale electricity production.


Originality/value
The focus of this paper is to identify a policy intervention capable of making profound changes to the cost and the reliability of wholesale electricity production. While there is nothing novel associated with a 3PC Financing per se, the authors are unaware of its direct use as a form of delivering foreign aid. A 3PC Financing has the effect of shifting the source of aid funding from fiscal account surplus/deficit (i.e. cash outlays) to balance sheet (i.e. credit wrap). However, this is not a "magic pudding" – 3PC Financing creates an asset-backed contingent liability and will have the effect of reducing the donor country's own debt capacity by a commensurate amount, holding the nation's credit rating constant.

Este artículo analiza la estructura interdiscursiva (construida a base de calcos paródicos de discursos sociales y culturales) que subyace a la novela Voyage au bout de la nuit (1932) de Louis Ferdinand Destouches, más conocido como Céline. Esta estructura es típica de la picaresca, por lo que los métodos utilizados para analizar estas obras son aplicables a la novela de Céline. Entre las prácticas discursivas parodiadas destaca el discurso científi co-médico, sobre todo a través de la psiquiatría militar de la primera guerra mundial. Nuestro trabajo realiza una «arqueología discursiva», estudiando artículos y libros de la época para delimitar la zona en la que se desarrolla el juego paródico de semejanzas y diferencias. ; This paper analyses the underlying interdiscoursive structure of Voyage au bout de la nuit (1932) by Louis Ferdinand Destouches, 'Céline'. This structure consists of a series of parodic 'loans' from all kinds of social and cultural discourses. This specifi c arrangement is typical of the picaresque novel and consequently, the methods used to study this type of works can also be applied in the analysis of Voyage au Bout de la nuit. The discourse of the medical sciences (especially the psychiatric discourse of the Great War) is one of the most prominent parodic discourses in this novel. Our aim is to develop a 'discourse archeology' using reading materials from the Great War in order to establish the boundaries in which the parodic interplay of similarities and differences takes place. ; Cet article vise à analyser la structure interdiscursive (construite sur la base d'emprunts parodiques de tout genre de discours sociaux et culturels) qui est derrière le roman Voyage au bout de la nuit (1932) de Louis Ferdinand Destouches, « Céline ». Ce type de structure est typique du roman picaresque, et donc les méthodes utilisées pour étudier celui-ci peuvent s'appliquer également dans le cas du Voyage au bout de la nuit. Parmi les pratiques discursives parodiées, le discours des sciences médicales est au premier plan, spécialement à travers le discours de la psychiatrie militaire de la Grande Guerre. Nous essayerons de réaliser une sorte d'« archéologie du discours » en utilisant des articles et des ouvrages de l'époque pour mieux définir l'espace dans lequel se développe le jeu parodique entre similarités et différences. ; Investigación financiada por el programa FPU del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (referencia: FPU13/04866) y el proyecto de investigación «Actualidad de la Hermenéutica» (FFI2013-41662-P), financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad y los Fondos Estructurales de la Unión Europea (FEDER) para el período 2014-2018.

Ce rapport est complété par une série de cinq monographies, couvrant les quatre smart communities japonaises et celle de Lyon Confluence :[A - KEIHANNA : Keihanna Eco-City Next-Generation Energy and Social System.- 31 p.] - [B - KITAKYUSHU : Kitakyushu Smart Community Creation Project - 35 p.] - [C - Lyon smart community - 21 p.] - [D - TOYOTA SMART MELIT. Smart Mobility and Energy Life In Toyota City.- 36 p.] - [E - YOKOHAMA : Yokohama Smart City Project.- 34 p.] ; L'origine de cette recherche réside dans le lancement en 2010 par le Ministère japonais de l'Economie, du Commerce et de l'Industrie (METI), d'un programme d'expérimentations dénommé « Energie de Nouvelle Génération et Systèmes Sociaux » (Next Generation Energy and Social Systems), incitant des collectivités locales à candidater, en lien avec des consortiums d'entreprises, pour mettre en œuvre des démonstrateurs visant à mieux gérer la production et la consommation d'énergie au travers des « réseaux électriques intelligents » (smart grid), dans le but notamment de réduire les gaz à effet de serre (GES). Ces démonstrateurs sont conçus comme une opportunité pour vérifier en situation réelle et à grande échelle l'efficacité de solutions techniques nouvelles, favorisant le développement des énergies renouvelables et la sobriété énergétique. Le programme comprend un volet « Systèmes de transport et de mobilité », introduisant ainsi un lien original avec un secteur émetteur de CO2 et consommateur d'énergie. Le focus mis sur l'électromobilité justifie en grande partie cette prise en compte, mais souligne également l'importance, y compris en France, de favoriser une plus grande intégration des approches entre le transport, l'urbanisme, l'énergie et l'environnement. L'appel à propositions du GO6 du PREDIT a mis l'accent sur les situations de crise et de ruptures, tout en observant les tendances émergentes (prospective sur le long terme). En proposant une veille et une analyse comparative France-Japon sur le développement des smart communities, cette recherche s'inscrit bien dans les termes de l'appel : cela concerne tout à la fois les questions énergétiques et environnementales, l'évolution potentielle des comportements (axe 1), et les politiques publiques d'innovation (axe 2). La recherche s'est en effet fixée comme objectif d'étudier les processus sous-jacents à la mise en œuvre d'expérimentations de grande taille mais correspondant aux attentes des villes, à la recherche d'un modèle de développement bas carbone, et aux entreprises, fortement attirées par le développement de technologies vertes, qui vont constituer un marché en rapide expansion dans le monde entier. Cette apparente conjonction d'intérêts ne doit cependant pas cacher que des stratégies multiples puissent être mises en œuvre par les nombreux acteurs impliqués. L'intérêt de cette expérimentation à grande échelle, sur des territoires diversifiés y compris à l'étranger et notamment à Lyon, réside à la fois dans ses composantes technologiques particulièrement variées, et dans les modalités d'implication des populations elles aussi très variées.

Trotz der stetig wachsenden Bedeutung von Internet und dem Videoportal YouTube befasste sich der OGH im Rahmen der Entscheidung OGH 4 Ob 82/14h zum ersten Mal mit der Nutzung von YouTube-Inhalten. Anlassfall war ein von der Klägerin hergestelltes und auf das Internet-Videoportal YouTube hochgeladenes Video. Die beklagte Partei ist Medieninhaberin einer bekannten österreichischen Tageszeitung. Sie veröffentlichte einen Artikel über den von der Klägerin festgehaltenen Polizeieinsatz und illustrierte ihn mit vier Standbildern, die sie dem hochgeladenen Video entnommen hatte. Einen zentralen Stellenwert nahm der Umstand ein, dass die beklagte Partei nicht die Zustimmung der Klägerin einholte. Ziel der Diplomarbeit ist es, die Entscheidungen der Instanzgerichte vor allem die Entscheidung des OGH umfassend zu analysieren und die einhergehenden Rechtsfragen abschließend zu beantworten. Der OGH hat die grundlegende Frage aufgeworfen, ob die Nutzungsbedingungen von YouTube einer umfassenden AGB-rechtlichen Kontrolle im Sinne des Allgemeinen Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuchs standhalten können. Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit gliedert sich in drei Teile. Im ersten Teil wird die Entscheidung zu GZ OGH 4 Ob 82/14h im Detail aufbereitet. Dies war nur möglich, da nach Rücksprache mit der rechtlichen Vertretung der Klägerseite, der gesamte Akt zur Verfügung gestellt wurde. Im zweiten Teil werden sämtliche relevanten Rechtsgrundlagen behandelt. Die Gliederung umfasst das Urheberrechtsgesetz, das Urhebervertragsrecht, das Allgemeine Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch mit Schwerpunkt auf der Prüfung der Allgemeinen Geschäftsbedingungen, die Nutzungsbedingungen der YouTube LLC, die verfassungsrechtlichen Grenzen des Urheberrechts, sowie das Urheberrecht in der Europäischen Union. Der dritte Teil beinhaltet eine eigene Stellungnahme. Sämtliche Erkenntnisse werden aufbereitet und zusammengefasst. Des Weiteren werden die aufgeworfenen Rechtsfragen abschließend beantwortet. ; Despite the constantly increasing significance of the internet and the video portal YouTube, the Austrian Supreme Court addressed the use of YouTube contents for the first time within the framework of the decision OGH 4 Ob 82/14h. The case in question was a video created by the plaintiff and uploaded by her onto the internet video portal YouTube. The defendant ist the media owner of a well-known Austrian newspaper. They published an article about the police operation recovered by the plaintiff and illustrated it by means of four still images taken from the uploaded video. The fact that the defendant did not obtain the plaintiffs permission was a central point. The thesis aims to produce a comprehensive analysis oft he lower courts decision in particular the Austrian Supreme Courts decision and to conclusively answer the resulting legal questions. The Austrian Supreme Court raised the basic question whether YouTubes terms of use can withstand a comprehensive legal control oft he T&C in the sense oft he Austrian General Civil Code. The present thesis is divided into three sections. In the first section, the decision on GZ OGH 4 Ob 82/14h is analysed in detail. This was only possible, as the entire document was made available after consultation with the plaintiffs legal representation. In the second section, the relevant legal basis is addressed. The structure includes copyright law, copyright contract law, the Austrian General Civil Code with focus on examination of the general terms and conditions, YouTube LLCs right of use, the constitutional limits of copyright and copyright on the European Union. The third section contains the authors opinion. All findings are analysed and summarised. Furthermore, the legal questions raised are answered conclusively. ; vorgelegt von Armin Sommerauer ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Diplomarbeit, 2017 ; (VLID)1915349

In the 4th century B.C. it begins the decline of the Athenian supremacy in Greece derived from the continuous internal fights, the summit of the Persian empire and the military threat of a strong Macedonia led by Filipo II. In this context Demostenes will develop, through its Philippics and Olynthiacs, one of the first public relations campaigns of the antiquity, sustained in the persuasion of the oratory, to report to the public opinion about the danger that the autocratic Macedonian regime was representing by the democracy of Athens. Across a theoretical review based on the use of secondary sources, especially bibliographical, the results of this work demonstrate that the campaign developed by Demóstenes against Filipo II of Macedonia can be considered to be one of the first strategic campaigns of public relations that, with a persuasive purpose, were sustained in the intentional use of the oratory. ; En el siglo IV a. C. comienza el declive de la supremacía ateniense en Grecia derivado de las continuas luchas internas, el auge del imperio persa y la amenaza militar de una Macedonia fuerte conducida por Filipo II. En este contexto Demóstenes desarrollará, a través de sus Filípicas y sus Olínticas, la que puede ser considerada una de las primeras campaña de comunicación y relaciones públicas institucionales de la antigüedad, sustentada en la persuasión de la oratoria, para concienciar a la opinión pública a cerca de los peligros que el régimen autocrático macedonio representaba para los principios democráticos atenienses. A través de una revisión teórica fundamentada en el uso de fuentes secundarias, sobre todo bibliográficas, los resultados de este trabajo demuestran que la campaña desarrollada por Demóstenes contra Filipo II de Macedonia puede ser considerada como una de las primeras campañas estratégicas de relaciones públicas que, con una finalidad persuasiva, se sustentó en el uso intencional de la oratoria.________________________________In the 4th century B.C. it begins the decline of the Athenian supremacy in Greece derived from the continuous internal fights, the summit of the Persian empire and the military threat of a strong Macedonia led by Filipo II. In this context Demostenes will develop, through its Philippics and Olynthiacs, one of the first public relations campaigns of the antiquity, sustained in the persuasion of the oratory, to report to the public opinion about the danger that the autocratic Macedonian regime was representing by the democracy of Athens. Across a theoretical review based on the use of secondary sources, especially bibliographical, the results of this work demonstrate that the campaign developed by Demóstenes against Filipo II of Macedonia can be considered to be one of the first strategic campaigns of public relations that, with a persuasive purpose, were sustained in the intentional use of the oratory.

RESUMEN: Mediante el presente artículo se pretende una aproximación de integración dinámica de las fuentes del derecho en Colombia, especialmente el valor que representa la jurisprudencia colombiana, generando un análisis alrededor de la ruptura de las tendencias clásicas, y excluyentes (sistema latino o romano germánico y el anglosajón), orientando nuevas tendencias frente al tema de la primacía de la ley o de la jurisprudencia en un sistema, esencialmente en el contexto de su crisis de legitimidad y de una sociedad habida de garantías. Este análisis sistemático observa desde el surgimiento de la Corte Constitucional (1991), un fenómeno importante en nuestro sistema jurídico, desde la multiplicidad de sentencias (C y T), estructurando un proceso de triangulación teórica, metodológica y epistémica, con el control de constitucionalidad, como manifestación de la voluntad del constituyente primario. De tal suerte, se pretende establecer la significación y alcance de la jurisprudencia (precedente judicial), en nuestro sistema de fuentes, acudiendo a la doctrina nacional e internacional, con el fin de brindar un análisis de unidad armónica de principios, valores y normas que pretenden de manera deontológica lograr las finalidades y aspiraciones plasmadas en nuestra carta política. Un avance de este trabajo demuestra cómo el concepto de doctrina constitucional ha develado de manera abierta el valor de la jurisprudencia de la Corte Constitucional, cuando se ejerce revisión de constitucionalidad, generando decisiones en verdadera fuente formal del derecho. ; ABSTARCT: Through this article an approach to dynamic integration of law sources in Colombia, especially the value representing the Colombian case, generating an analysis about breaking classic, basic and exclusionary tendencies (Latin or Roman Germanic and British system is intended), orienting new trends on the issue of the primacy of the law or jurisprudence system, mainly in the context of its crisis of legitimacy and guarantee a given society. This systematic analysis, observed since the emergence of the Constitutional Court (1991), an important phenomenon in our legal system from the multiplicity of judgments (Constitutionality and Righs-Guard), structuring a process of theoretical, methodological and epistemic triangulation control of constitutionality, as a manifestation of the will of the electorate. In that way, is to establish the meaning and scope of jurisprudence (judicial precedent) in our system of sources, attending national and international doctrine, in order to provide an analysis of harmonious unity of principles, values ??and norms seeking to ethical manner to achieve the aims and aspirations embodied in our political card. A preview of this work demonstrates how the concept of constitutional doctrine openly revealed of the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court when reviewing constitutionality is exercised, generating decisions in real formal source of law.

In today's world property is the material basis and a means to meet the material and spiritual needs of the population, so it needs protection against criminal attacks.Robbery and robbery are among the most serious crimes in which criminals infringe not only on human life and health, but also on wealth.Actuality is that the sharp increase in robberies and looting in need of improvement and continuous improvement of methods of investigating these crimes. The problem features in the study of theoretical problems of investigating robberies and robberies involved scientists, criminologists, Y.P. Alenin, L.I. Arkusha, V.D. Basay, V.P. Bahin, V.D. Bernа, R.S.Belkin, V.А. Zhuravel, V.A. Konovalova, M.V. Saltevskiy, V.Y. Shepitko.The investigation of these crimes depends on circumstances which were at the time of their commission. This is a crime scene, or his commission, the subject of attack, attack method, a way of obtaining property or cash, the presence of criminal groups, especially the characteristics of the crime.Looting and robbery are specific inherent properties and characteristics that distinguish them from other crimes. Starting from these crimes forensic point of view have much in common that allows them to give a generalized description. The investigation of robberies and armed assaults characterized investigating the situation and circumstances that characterize them. This makes it possible to develop the main directions of the preliminary investigation, that is, to determine a set of investigative actions and operational activities.Thus, establishing the conditions and reasons for the implementation of looting and robbery is one of the components of the investigative process. Most of these conditions can be set when questioning victims and witnesses (c. 224-226 Code of Ukraine), during the inspection of the scene (art. 237 Code of Ukraine), questioning of defendants and other actions. Unfortunately, some employees of pre-trial investigation underestimate the importance of these investigations, which results in the future to incomplete pre-trial investigation and the improper collection of information about the crimes committed. The successful investigation of robberies and looting must use every opportunity to obtain the necessary information, its processing and implementation of the norms of current legislation and features provided as criminology and other precise legal sciences. ; Рассмотрены вопросы, связанные с особенностями расследования грабежей и разбойных нападений. Обращено внимание на основные правовые документы, которые регламентируют расследование этих преступлений. Определены следственные действия, которые необходимо провести на первом этапе расследования данных преступлений ; У статті розглянуто питання, пов'язані з особливостями розслідування грабежів і розбійних нападів. Звернено увагу на основні правові документи, які регламентують розслідування цих злочинів. Визначено основні слідчі дії, які необхідно провести на першому етапі розслідування вказаних злочинів.

The European Parliament has gained more legitimacy power after Lisbon treaty in 2009. However, there is unclear how EP members are distributing their votes. Do they vote according with the EP party line or their national interest? This scientific article attempts to look at the MEPs voting related to foreign policy issues that are identified as one of the most sensitive to reach a general consensus. This research focuses on MEPs roll call results related to the EU–Russia partnership issues from 2014 to 2015, followed by the annexation of Crimea. Due to this, scientific paper aims to determine the regional dimension between MEPs (geo) political preferences and the relation to Russia votings. This scientific article tests two hypotheses: 1) The voting, following the EP group's position, is often characterized by MEPs from those countries where there is no clear commitment to Russia. 2) The voting is done in accordance with the national positions often characterized by MEPs from those countries where there is a clear (relatively favorable/critical) position towards Russia. These hypotheses are tested by using roll calls and EU countries position towards Russia index which was updated in this work following the research of S. Braghiroli ir C. Carta. The results partly proved the tested hypotheses. The roll calls confirmed the first hypothesis that voting, following the EP group's position, is often characterized by MEPs from those countries where there is no clear commitment to Russia. Such voting is often characterized by MEPs from West-Central European countries. The second hypothesis stands to be partly proved. The voting in accordance with the national positions is often characterized by MEPs from those countries where there is a clear critical position towards Russia (mostly from Poland and the Baltic States). However, the results haven't confirmed that this hypothesis applies as well to MEPs from countries of a relatively favorable stance towards Russia. It discovered that an MEP from these countries tends to abstain more while voting for questions favorable to Russia. This shows another tendency to find a compromise between a national and an EP party line. Recommendations for future research. In order to find out more details related to the voting trends of MEPs, the future research should involve a longer period of roll calls. The research methodology could be enhanced by including details of the MEPs voting "abstentions". Also, future research could emphasize the "rebels" in the EP parties who act when expressing "softer" disapprovals from general party political line by abstaining from the voting.

The European Parliament has gained more legitimacy power after Lisbon treaty in 2009. However, there is unclear how EP members are distributing their votes. Do they vote according with the EP party line or their national interest? This scientific article attempts to look at the MEPs voting related to foreign policy issues that are identified as one of the most sensitive to reach a general consensus. This research focuses on MEPs roll call results related to the EU–Russia partnership issues from 2014 to 2015, followed by the annexation of Crimea. Due to this, scientific paper aims to determine the regional dimension between MEPs (geo) political preferences and the relation to Russia votings. This scientific article tests two hypotheses: 1) The voting, following the EP group's position, is often characterized by MEPs from those countries where there is no clear commitment to Russia. 2) The voting is done in accordance with the national positions often characterized by MEPs from those countries where there is a clear (relatively favorable/critical) position towards Russia. These hypotheses are tested by using roll calls and EU countries position towards Russia index which was updated in this work following the research of S. Braghiroli ir C. Carta. The results partly proved the tested hypotheses. The roll calls confirmed the first hypothesis that voting, following the EP group's position, is often characterized by MEPs from those countries where there is no clear commitment to Russia. Such voting is often characterized by MEPs from West-Central European countries. The second hypothesis stands to be partly proved. The voting in accordance with the national positions is often characterized by MEPs from those countries where there is a clear critical position towards Russia (mostly from Poland and the Baltic States). However, the results haven't confirmed that this hypothesis applies as well to MEPs from countries of a relatively favorable stance towards Russia. It discovered that an MEP from these countries tends to abstain more while voting for questions favorable to Russia. This shows another tendency to find a compromise between a national and an EP party line. Recommendations for future research. In order to find out more details related to the voting trends of MEPs, the future research should involve a longer period of roll calls. The research methodology could be enhanced by including details of the MEPs voting "abstentions". Also, future research could emphasize the "rebels" in the EP parties who act when expressing "softer" disapprovals from general party political line by abstaining from the voting.

Flower color is an important characteristic that determines the commercial value of ornamental plants. Gentian flowers occur in a limited range of colors because this species is not widely cultivated as a cut flower. Gentiana lutea L. var. aurantiaca (abbr, aurantiaca) is characterized by its orange flowers, but the specific pigments responsible for this coloration are unknown. We therefore investigated the carotenoid and flavonoid composition of petals during flower development in the orange-flowered gentian variety of aurantiaca and the yellow-flowered variety of G. lutea L. var. lutea (abbr, lutea). We observed minor varietal differences in the concentration of carotenoids at the early and final stages, but only aurantiaca petals accumulated pelargonidin glycosides, whereas these compounds were not found in lutea petals. We cloned and sequenced the anthocyanin biosynthetic gene fragments from petals, and analyzed the expression of these genes in the petals of both varieties to determine the molecular mechanisms responsible for the differences in petal color. Comparisons of deduced amino acid sequences encoded by the isolated anthocyanin cDNA fragments indicated that chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), anthocyanidin synthase 1 (ANS1) and ANS2 are identical in both aurantiaca and lutea varieties whereas minor amino acid differences of the deduced flavonone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) between both varieties were observed. The aurantiaca petals expressed substantially higher levels of transcripts representing CHS, F3H, DFR, ANS and UDP-glucose:flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase genes, compared to lutea petals. Pelargonidin glycoside synthesis in aurantiaca petals therefore appears to reflect the higher steady-state levels of pelargonidin synthesis transcripts. Moreover, possible changes in the substrate specificity of DFR enzymes may represent additional mechanisms for producing red pelargonidin glycosides in petals of aurantiaca. Our report describing the exclusive accumulation of pelargonidin glycosides in aurantiaca petals may facilitate the modification of gentian flower color by the production of red anthocyanins. ; This work was supported by MICINN, Spain (BIO2014-54441-P, BIO2014-54426-P, BIO2013-44239-R, BIO2011-23324, BIO2011-22525, PIM2010PKB-00746); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31270344); the Plan Nacional de I + D + I (2008-2011); the IBERCAROT network (112RT0445); PROGRAMA ESTATAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN CIENTÍFICA Y TÉCNICA DE EXCELENCIA, Spain (BIO2015-71703-REDT); COST action (EUROCAROTEN, OC-2015-1-19780); European Union Framework 7 European Research Council IDEAS Advanced Grant (to P.C.) ProgramBIOFORCE; and ERC Proof of Concept Grant (to P. C.), Catalan Government 2014 SGR 1296 Agricultural Biotechnology Research Group. T.V. was supported by a Ph.D. grant from the Plan Galego de Investigación e Crecemento 2011/2015 (Plan I2C), Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria.

Copyright © 2016, The Honors Undergraduate Research Journal, University of Oklahoma. All rights revert to authors. ; Over the past several decades, Islamist extremism has become an omnipresent topic in discussions of global politics, national security, and international relations. However, women have been conspicuously absent from such discourse. Although women play a unique and profound role in both the perpetuation and opposition of Islamist extremist movements, female voices are consistently overlooked and neglected in both the mainstream media and academic scholarship. This dearth of women's perspectives is particularly appalling considering that women are often the population segment most intensely affected when religious extremism takes hold in a society. When women are excluded from the conversation and denied a seat at the table, an important component of the discourse is lost. Because women often serve as the backbone of the family and, by extension, society, they are likely to be a key factor in countering Islamic extremism and must, therefore, be an integral part of the conversation in order to find a solution. ; Although political theorists at one time believed that religion was on the decline as a global political force, the consensus amongst contemporary scholars is quite the contrary—rather than fading into obscurity, religion has emerged as a powerful influence in the wake of increasing modernization and globalization. Islam, as the world's second largest religion, is no exception to this trend. An Islamic resurgence began with intellectuals in the first half of the 20th century and by the 1970s had become politically influential globally. This revival of Islam in the public sphere led to Muslims the world over demanding regimes that favored Islamic law and morality. Regrettably, this reemergence of religion in public life and international politics has given rise to an increase in religious extremist groups and movements, which include many Islamist and radical Muslim campaigns. Women play a variety of roles in extremist organizations including that of the victim, supporter, dissident, or active participant. This study will attempt to examine the role of women in modern Islamist extremist movements. I will analyze the contributions of women in the formation and maintenance of such movements and the motivations of women who support or join. Additionally, I will investigate current efforts and tactics to hinder Islamist extremism, and the ways in which feminism and women's empowerment can be mobilized to counter Islamist extremism. ; The Honors Undergraduate Research Journal (THURJ) is a publication of the Joe C. and Carole Kerr McClendon Honors College at the University of Oklahoma. The views expressed in THURJ are solely those of the contributors and should not be attributed to the Editorial Staff, the Honors College, or the University of Oklahoma. ; undergraduate

Die Studie untersucht Anwendungsmöglichkeiten und Ertragspotenziale mikrogeografischer Marketinginstrumente im Einsatz bei regionalen Tageszeitungsverlagen. Konkret geht es um die Fragestellung, wie regionale Zeitungshäuser mikrogeografisches Marketing, angewandt auf sublokale Lebens- und Kommunikationsräume, im Verlags- und Redaktionsmarketing erfolgreich als integrierenden Ansatz zur Erschließung von Leser- und Abonnentenpotenzialen umsetzen können. Angesichts des anhaltenden Auflagen- und Reichweitenschwunds und der Fragmentierung des Medienpublikums in zeitungsferne und zeitungsaffine Teile wächst für Zeitungsverlage die Notwendigkeit, strategisch bedeutsame Publikumssegmente räumlich zielgenau zu identifizieren und diese koordiniert von redaktioneller und vertrieblicher Seite anzusprechen, um auf diese Weise Leser zu binden und/oder Abonnementkunden zu gewinnen. Mikrogeografische Marktanalysen können die informationelle Grundlage für entsprechende Marketingstrategien liefern. Die Arbeit gliedert sich in einen theoretischen und einen empirischen Teil. Im theoretischen Teil werden die allgemeinen gesellschaftlichen und intraorganisationellen Rahmenbedingungen, die Tageszeitungsverlage bei der Entwicklung von Strategien zur wirtschaftlichen Zukunftssicherung berücksichtigen müssen, sowie die konzeptionellen Grundlagen des mikrogeografischen Marketings erörtert. Auf dieser Grundlage wird ein integriertes Mikromarketing-Modell für Regionalzeitungen entwickelt, dessen Praxistauglichkeit und Ertragspotenzial im empirischen Teil im Rahmen einer Fallstudie am Beispiel der Frankfurter Neuen Presse untersucht wird. Ergänzend liefert eine Befragung unter Deutschlands Tageszeitungsverlagen Erkenntnisse dazu, wie weit verbreitet Mikromarketing unter den Unternehmen der Branche ist und welche Erfahrungen sie bei dessen Umsetzung gesammelt haben.:A EINLEITUNG B THEORETISCHER TEIL 1 VERLAGSMANAGEMENT IN DER ZEITUNGSKRISE6 1.1 Gesellschaftlicher Rahmen 1.1.1 Die Zeitungskrise: Auflagen- und Reichweitenschwund 1.1.2 Ökonomische Folgen 1.1.3 Gesellschaftliche Hintergründe 1.1.4 Strategieverhalten der Verlage 1.1.5 Terminologischer Exkurs: Hyperlokalität 1.1.6 Nutzung der regionalen Tageszeitung 1.1.7 Bindungswirkung (sub-)lokaler Content-Strategien 1.2 Organisationssoziologischer Rahmen 1.2.1 Marketing- und Managementintegration im Zeitungsverlag 1.2.2 Funktionale Aufgabengliederung 1.2.3 Integration durch Ziele und Handeln 1.2.3.1 Zielgruppe Zeitungsleser 1.2.3.2 Zielgruppe Zeitungsabonnenten 1.2.3.3 Evolutorisches Modell: vom Leser zum Abonnenten 1.2.4 Integration durch Strukturen 1.2.5 Verlagsmarketing als Instrument zur Erschließung von Leser- und Abonnentenpotenzialen 1.2.5.1 Modell "Verlagsmarketing" 1.2.5.2 Redaktionelles Marketing 1.2.5.3 Redaktionelles Qualitätsmanagement 1.2.5.4 Vertriebsmarketing und Abonnentenmarketing 1.2.5.5 Exkurs: Instrumente der Abonnentenwerbung 1.3 Zwischenfazit 2 INTEGRIERTES MIKROMARKETING IM ZEITUNGSVERLAG 2.1 Das Konzept Mikromarketing 2.2 Stand von Theorie und Forschung 2.2.1 Mikromarketing 2.2.2 Mikrogeografische Marktsegmentierung 2.2.3 Geomarketing 2.2.4 Weitere geografische Marketinginstrumente 2.2.5 Zwischenfazit und Begriffsdefinition "Mikromarketing" 2.3 Stadtsoziologische Grundlagen 2.3.1 Residenzielle Segregation 2.3.2 Exkurs: Segregation im ländlichen Raum 2.3.3 Ursachen und Dynamik der Segregation 2.3.4 Verhaltenshomogenität 2.3.5 Zwischenfazit 2.4 Die Methode der mikrogeografischen Marktsegmentierung 2.4.1 Prozess der Marktsegmentierung 2.4.2 Prinzipien und Konzepte der Marktsegmentierung 2.4.3 Datenarten und -quellen 2.4.4 Verfahren der mikrogeografischen Segmentbildung 2.4.5 Mikrogeografische Marktanalyse und -bearbeitung 2.4.6 Exkurs: Datenschutz und Aussagekraft von Mikroanalysen 2.4.7 Zwischenfazit 2.5 Nutzung im integrierten Verlagsmarketing 2.5.1 Vertriebsmarketing 2.5.2 Redaktioneller Einsatz 2.5.3 Werbevermarktung 2.5.4 Exkurs: Nutzungspotenziale online 2.6 Zusammenfassung und Hypothesen C EMPIRISCHER TEIL 1 BEFRAGUNG: MIKROMARKETING, LESERBETEILIGUNG UND SUBLOKALE STRATEGIEN 1.1 Erkenntnisinteresse und Stand der Forschung 1.2 Forschungsdesign und Datenerhebung 1.3 Ergebnisse 1.3.1 Mikromarketing in Zeitungsverlagen 1.3.2 Integriertes Verlagsmarketing und -management 1.3.3 Sublokale Angebotsstrategien und Leserbeteiligung 1.4 Zusammenfassung 2 MIKROMARKETING-FALLSTUDIE "FRANKFURTER NEUE PRESSE" 2.1 Gang der Untersuchung 2.2 Die FNP – Lokalzeitung für Frankfurt 2.2.1 Frankfurt am Main als Berichterstattungsgebiet 2.2.2 Verlagshaus und Zeitung 2.2.3 Lokales und sublokales Informationsangebot in Frankfurt am Main 2.3 Analyse: Leser- und Abonnentenpotenziale der FNP 2.3.1 Sozialraumanalytisches Theoriemodell 2.3.2 Operationalisierung 2.3.2.1 Politisch-kulturelle Prädisposition 2.3.2.2 Biografisch-familiale Prädisposition 2.3.3 Scoring-Instrument 2.3.4 Ergebnisse 2.4 Pilotprojekt: Integrierte Marktbearbeitung 2.4.1 Auswahl Projekt-Stadtteile 2.4.2 Teilprojekt I: Themenmarketing ("Leserstammtische") 2.4.2.1 Untersuchungsanlage 2.4.2.2 Untersuchungsablauf 2.4.2.3 Ergebnisse der Leserstammtische 2.4.2.4 Fazit 2.4.3 Teilprojekt II: Podiumsdiskussion und Direktwerbung 2.4.3.1 Beschreibung Teilprojekt und Untersuchungsanlage 2.4.3.2 Projektverlauf 2.4.3.3 Fazit 2.4.4 Teilprojekt III: Screening der sublokalen Berichterstattung 2.4.4.1 Rahmendaten und Projektverlauf 2.4.4.2 Ergebnisse 2.4.4.3 Fazit 2.4.5 Gesamtfazit Mikromarketing-Pilotprojekt D ERGEBNISSE UND DISKUSSION E LITERATURVERZEICHNIS