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This book examines mid-Victorian discourse on the expansion of the British Empire's role in the Middle East. It investigates how British political leaders, journalists and the general public responded to events in the Ottoman Empire, which many, if not most, people in Britain came to see as trudging towards inevitable chaos and destruction. Although this 'Eastern Question' on a post-Ottoman future was ostensibly a matter of international politics and sometimes conflict, this study argues that the ideas underpinning it were conceived, shaped, and enforced according to domestic British attitudes. In this way, this book presents the Eastern Question as as much a British question as one related in any way to the Ottoman Empire. Particularly in the crucial decade of the 1870s, debates in Victorian society on the Eastern Question served as proxies for other pressing issues of the day, including electoral reform, changing religious attitudes, public education, and the costs of maintaining Britain's empire. This book offers new perspectives on the Eastern Question's relationship to these trends in Victorian society, culture, and politics, highlighting its significance in understanding Britain's imperial programme more widely in the second half of the nineteenth century

Chapter 1. Introduction (Emily E. Anderson) -- Part 1. History, Codes of Ethics, Regulations -- Chapter 2. Theoretical roots of stakeholder-engaged research and reflections on CBPR and PCOR as a response to past research abuses (Meredith Minkler) -- Chapter 3. A philosophical justification for stakeholder engagement and key principles/a conceptual model for ethical stakeholder-engaged research (Emily E. Anderson) -- Chapter 4. Epistemology and stakeholder engagement/impact of diversity on ethical standards and practices (Kevin C. Elliott) -- Chapter 5. The limitations of the Belmont principles for stakeholder-engaged research (Elisa Hurley) -- Chapter 6. Canada's approach to regulating research with indigenous peoples (Kim Anderson) -- Chapter 7. The Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) Ethical Guidelines and Stakeholder Engagement (Alex John London) -- Chapter 8. History and philosophy of patient engagement in clinical research (Robert M. Califf) -- Part 2. Promoting Equitable Collaboration -- Chapter 9. Who represents the community? Diversity and inclusion (Ann-Gel Palermo) -- Chapter 10. Engagement for equity and sustainability; developing an equitable partnership; power-sharing, accountability, communication, conflict resolution, and trust (Giselle Corbie-Smith) -- Chapter 11 -- Capacity building and benefits to communities; Credit and compensation for community and patient stakeholders (Elizabeth Ripley) -- Chapter 12. Engaging communities in agenda setting: deciding what questions get asked and how (Alice Ammerman) -- Chapter 13. Conflicts of interest in research that engages stakeholders [individual and organizational] (Susannah Rose) -- Part 3. Stakeholder Voices -- Chapter 14. "Crossing over" or "between two worlds" – The story of a someone whose engagement in research motivated them to get formal training in research or research ethics (Gigi McMillan) -- Chapter 15. A community IRB member/member of a community-based ethics review board (Bronx Community Research Review Board) -- Chapter 16. A stakeholder who has served as a PI (Sharon Terry) -- Chapter 17. A stakeholder who has served as a community advisory board member (Sandra Crouse Quinn) -- Chapter 18. The challenges of working in your own community -- Chapter 19. A patient advocate's experience engaging in research -- Part 4. Human Research Protections and Research Ethics Review -- Chapter 20. Stakeholder engaged research and (the limits of) IRB review (Jennifer Cross) -- Chapter 21. Community-level risks and benefits (Lainie Ross) -- chapter 22. The principle of respect for community - a new principle (Nancy Shore) -- Chapter 23. Challenges in the field and in interactions with research participants; challenges to voluntary informed consent, privacy, and confidentiality; Moral distress among lay stakeholders (Maghbooba Mosavel) -- Chapter 24. The notion of community consent (Charles Weijer) -- Chapter 25. Community-based research review processes (Hal Strelnick) -- Chapter 26. Data ownership and deciding what gets published (Melody Goodman) -- Part 5. Case Studies: Ethics of Stakeholder-Engaged Research Across Settings -- Chapter 27. Research in emergency settings: public notification and consultation (Ryan Spellecy) -- Chapter 28. Engaging stakeholders in genomics research and the governance of biobanks (Michelle McGowan) -- Chapter 29. Engaging online patient communities in research (Elizabeth Buchanan) -- Chapter 30. Engaging patient advocates in research (Deborah Collyar) -- Chapter 31. Engaging rare disease communities (Laura P. Forsythe) -- Chapter 32. Engaging stakeholders in basic science research (Rhonda Kost) -- Chapter 33. Engaging indigenous communities/ American Indian communities in Research (Bonnie Duran) -- Chapter 34. North Americans engaging internationally (Amy Corneli) -- Chapter 35. Engaging stakeholders in environmental health research (Doug Brugge) -- Chapter 36. Engaging stakeholders in research on stigmatized health conditions (e.g., mental health, addiction, HIV) (Dennis Watson) -- Chapter 37. Engaging youth in research (Celia Fisher).

Intro -- Half-title Page -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Note on transliteration -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Sources -- Harmonization and sovereignty -- Property: Bundles and layers -- Chapter 1 Lifelong tasarruf, land tenure practices, and law over the longue durée -- Ottoman territories and varieties of tenure for the military class -- Cultivator tenure and its legal systemization -- Military fiscal change and land tenure -- Land tenure rights trickle up -- The old and the new -- Chapter 2 Conquering a new terrain: Establishing the sultan's legislative authority -- Texts and contexts -- 'Preserved in the bayt al-mal': Acquiring land for the treasury -- 'Neither tithe nor kharaji': The status of the land for transaction and tax -- Building a coherent law -- Conclusion -- Chapter 3 Canonical voices: Discretion and analogy in the formation of the harmony tradition of land tenure -- Contexts of the text -- Pir Mehmed and sultanic latitude -- The formation of a tradition: Deferential and not so deferential interpretation -- Conclusion -- Chapter 4 'The books of fiqh': The Kanunname of Candia and the consolidation of a new doctrine in Hanafi academic texts -- Harmony at a crossroads -- The Kanunname of Candia as critique: Reinstituting the Hanafism of the 'books' -- The sultan as legislator: Texts, commentaries and fatwas -- The change in doctrine: The sultan has a choice -- Conclusion -- Chapter 5 The age of the mutasarrifs: Diffusion, rights and discretion in the eighteenth century -- Background -- Convergence -- Expansive transactions: Permission and analogism -- Conclusion -- Chapter 6 From harmony to uniformity: Defensive sovereignty and the Ottoman nineteenth-century reforms -- Miri Tasarruf: Stability in a sea of change -- Creating a normal subject -- Codifying Islamic law.

Paul Chatterton engages, inspires and empowers the reader to take action to make cities more sustainable, liveable and safer places. He guides the reader through a sequence of challenges, strategies, players, moves and practical tactics of how to save their city.

US-China strategic competition in UN multilateral frameworks: building order or inviting conflict? -- The United Nations in Korea: US views of once and future roles -- Legitimacy, power and order-building in the Indo-Pacific: China, the UN, and managing the North Korean nuclear challenge -- Role of the United Nations in Japanese foreign policy and security architecture -- The United Nations, Korean foreign policy and the Korean peninsula -- China, UNCLOS and the future of international maritime law in the South China Sea -- Opportunities for consensus, collaboration and recalibration: UN and the quad -- Does humanitarian aid save civilian lives in war? The case of UN aid in Myanmar's civil war -- The United Nations and the curious case of Sino Indian boundary dispute -- Northeast Asian peace architecture and the UN -- Change in the security environment and transformation of the United Nations command -- The past, present and future of SDGS discussion on the Korean peninsula: SDGS as a framework for new cooperation -- A case study on the success and failure of weapons of mass destruction nonproliferation regimes: focus on chemical weapons and biological weapons conventions -- Improving state reputation through the UN: the case of North Korea.