Suchergebnisse

Organic agricultural production is targeted to be 8% in Turkey in 2020. In this context there are governmental supports for organic agricultural producers such as direct income support, product based support and support for the producers who enter the Protection of Agricultural Land for Environmental Purposes Programme. Although Kocaeli is mostly known as an industrial province, the province has considerable potencial for agricultural plant production via temperate climate and generous land. In the city there are total of 93852.1 ha cultivated area consistedof vegetable plantation, fruit orchards and crops fields. The increase of organic agricultural plantations in the city will help protection of agricultural land, water and soil resources. In addition, agricultural-based pollution will be reduced through the legal control of inputs inorganic farming. According to the data of the year 2017, there are totally 9 registered organic plant producer farmers in Kocaeli. 2 of them are certified organic plant producers , the other 2 of them are in both organic and transition period and the remaining 5 farmers are only in thestatus of transition period. The 9 registered organic plant farmers carried out their plant production in 9 different villages in Kandıra, Gebze, Karamürsel, Gölcük, Körfez and İzmit districts in Kocaeli. They produce different kind of crop, vegetables and fruit on a commercial scales. Inthis study some suggestions are made for the increase of organic plant production for the city by considering the latest organic plant production data obtained from Kocaeli Provincial Directorate of Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock.

BACKGROUND: The Lung, hEart, sociAl, boDy (LEAD) Study (ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT01727518; http://clinicaltrials.gov) is a longitudinal, observational, population-based Austrian cohort that aims to investigate the relationship between genetic, environmental, social, developmental and ageing factors influencing respiratory health and comorbidities through life. The general working hypothesis of LEAD is the interaction of these genetic, environmental and socioeconomic factors influences lung development and ageing, the risk of occurrence of several non-communicable diseases (respiratory, cardiovascular, metabolic and neurologic), as well as their phenotypic (ie, clinical) presentation. METHODS: LEAD invited from 2011-2016 a random sample (stratified by age, gender, residential area) of Vienna inhabitants (urban cohort) and all the inhabitants of six villages from Lower Austria (rural cohort). Participants will be followed-up every four years. A number of investigations and measurements were obtained in each of the four domains of the study (Lung, hEart, sociAl, boDy) including data to screen for lung, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, osteoporosis, and cognitive function. Blood and urine samples are stored in a biobank for future investigations. RESULTS: A total of 11.423 males (47.6%) and females (52.4%), aged 6-80 years have been included in the cohort. Compared to governmental statistics, the external validity of LEAD with respect to age, gender, citizenship, and smoking status was high. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the LEAD cohort has been established following high quality standards; it is representative of the Austrian population and offers a platform to understand lung development and ageing as a key mechanism of human health both in early and late adulthood.

[EN] Based on a local case study of the exhumation of two mass graves in a small village, conducted eight years apart, I address the transformation of Civil War (1936-1939) disinterments in Spain over the last decade. The sudden visibility of skeletons of civilians executed by Franco's paramilitary in the public sphere has triggered heated debates both about how to handle them in a consolidated democratic state and what to make of controversial judicial and institutional initiatives. The particularity of Spain's «human rights outsourcing model» regarding Civil War crimes is placed in comparative perspective within the framework of transnational human rights discourses and practices ; [ES] A partir del estudio de caso de dos fosas comunes exhumadas en un pequeño pueblo con ocho años de diferencia, me abordo la transformación de las exhumaciones de la Guerra Civil (1936-1939) en España en la primera década del siglo XXI. La súbita aparición en la esfera pública de los esqueletos de civiles ejecutados por paramilitares franquistas ha suscitado acalorados debates sobre la forma de gestionar dichos restos en un estado democrático consolidado, y sobre la interpretación que debe darse a las iniciativas judiciales e institucionales que se han derivado de este proceso, a veces muy controvertidas. La peculiaridad del «modelo de subcontratación de los derechos humanos» que se sigue en España en relación con los crímenes de la Guerra Civil se sitúa en una perspectiva comparativa en el marco de los discursos y las prácticas transnacionales en materia de derechos humanos

The objective of the study was to determine the potential impact of Purdue improved cowpea storage (PICS) technology on the income of users in north central states of Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure involved selection of 3 Local Government Areas (LGAs) each from 18 senatorial districts of six states, 108 villages. Thereafter 2,220 cowpea PICs stakeholders comprising 1,240 farmers and 960 traders were randomly selected by balloting technique. The study used primary data and structured questionnaire to interview users and non-users of PICS bag. Descriptive statistics, double difference estimator, propensity score matching (PSM) and logic model were used to analyze the data. The result showed a positive mean difference of ₦1,205.12 per 50 kg bag (p<0.01) in income between users and non-users before and after adoption of PICS technology. The result of logit model revealed that variables age, education status, employment status, income and quantity of cowpea used in the analysis were significant at different level of probability. The PSM adjusted with constant coefficient value of 1.000 was statistically significant at 1% level. Thus, the PICS technology was a better strategy adopted by farmers/traders to increase their income and improve their standard of living. Since majority of farmers and traders are young and educated, trainings, workshops and sensitization should be encouraged. This can be effectively done through Agricultural Development Programmes (ADP), Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and attending farmer's stakeholders meeting for sensitization. Keywords — Cowpea, impact, Propensity Score Matching (PSM), Purdue.

This paper is concerned with an oral tradition called Badoncek program which is usually performed at night after the invited guests of a wedding party have gone home. In this study, 20 informants of Pariaman community were interviewed in two different locations, that is at Pasar Sukaramai, Medan and Naras Hilir village in Pariaman district. These interviews generated a total of 6 forms of local wisdom in badoncek ceremony and 5 forms of its weaknesses which were then recorded, transcribed, and documented. This research used in-depth interview and focussed on group discussion. The focus of discussion was on finding the forms of local wisdom and the weakness of the oral tradition of badoncek. These forms of weakness were analyzed based on interpretation and comparison methods. It was found that the concept Barek samo dipikua jikok ringan samo dijinjiang 'A heavy problem is to be lifted together, and a light problem is also to be carried together' was implemented through badoncek tradition. The six forms of local wisdom of badoncek were mutual cooperation, harmony, deliberation and consensus, mutual help, openness, and entertainment. The five forms of weaknesses of badoncek were an old tradition, lack of socialization, lack of parents' role in motivating young generation, lack of knowledge about oral tradition, and lack of empathy to contribute. A number of attempts have been made to preserve badoncek tradition by approaching the local government, custom leaders in Pariaman District, and Pariaman community associations. Badoncek tradition could also be applied to raise funds in order to support various programs of the local government.

This study raised the issue of understanding salt farmers about the halal products starting from pre-production, production processes, and post-production in Gampong Cebrek, Kecamatan Simpang Tiga, Pidie District. The purpose of this research is to find out the understanding of salt farmers about the halal nature of the product and what are the constraints of salt farmers related to efforts to manage product halal guarantee. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach, and uses a sample selection technique with the provisions of the characteristics and characteristics of objects in a purposive sampling study, the data collection technique is done in three ways, namely observation, interviews, and documentation. The informants were four salt farmers and keuchik Gampong (village head) Cebrek. The results showed that the understanding of salt farmers in terms of pre-production was good, the production process was quite good and post-production was good. The obstacle factor of salt farmers related to product halal guarantee is that the income and expenditure of salt farmers are not comparable or still low so it is not enough to carry out the halal label management process, and is also constrained in the fencing of salt fields. Here there needs to be attention and role from the government, LPPOM (Institute of Studies, Food, Medicine and Cosmetics)-MPU (Ulama Consultative Assembly) Aceh to guide salt farmers to immediately fence off their salt fields so that the salt production process is better so that it meets the standards halal products.Keywords: Understanding of salt farmers, halal products.

International audience ; Nous présentons ici le cas de Ban Lak Sip, village multiethnique situé dans la province de Louang Prabang au nord du Laos, où cohabitent divers acteurs soucieux de la qualité des terres agraires. Villageois, autorités locales, membres de projets de développement rural, chercheurs internationaux en sciences environnementales, tous semblent inquiets de l'érosion des sols. Depuis le début des années 1990, la communauté internationale s'associe aux autorités gouvernementales pour mettre en oeuvre des programmes de développement rural. Le concept de justice environnementale offre une perspective critique des politiques de développement durable appliquées à la gestion locale des plantations de teck en vigueur au Laos. Il est utile pour comprendre les conséquences de ces politiques, leur réception et appropriations comme leur rejet et leur subversion par les populations locales. À partir de données ethnographiques récoltées sur le terrain, nous mettrons en relief le contexte anthropologique du problème environnemental de la dégradation des sols à Ban Lak Sip. Nous dévoilerons les nouages socio-environnementaux formés autour du développement inquiétant de la monoculture de teck. De la perspective de la justice environnementale, nous mettrons en lumière les injustices subies par des villageois déjà victimes de discriminations ethniques. Ces injustices sont environnementales dans la mesure où les inégalités observées sont accentuées par le phénomène de l'érosion des sols. De plus, les politiques publiques mises en oeuvre pour lutter contre ce phénomène peuvent elles-mêmes cibler des populations vulnérables. En ignorant les capabilités des populations concernées, elles aggravent les inégalités et échouent à résoudre le problème de l'érosion des sols.

Poor people often do not make investments, even when returns are high. One possible explanation is that they have low aspirations and form mental models of their future opportunities which ignore some options for investment. This paper reports on a field experiment to test this hypothesis in rural Ethiopia. Individuals were randomly invited to watch documentaries about people from similar communities who had succeeded in agriculture or business, without help from government or NGOs. A placebo group watched an Ethiopian entertainment programme and a control group were simply surveyed. In addition, the number of people invited was varied by village to assess the importance of peer effects in formation of aspirations. Six months after screening, aspirations had improved among treated individuals and did not change in the placebo or control groups. Treatment effects were larger for those with higher pre-treatment aspirations. We also find treatment effects on savings, use of credit, children's school enrolment and spending on children's schooling, suggesting that changes in aspirations can translate into changes in a range of forward-looking behaviours. There are also treatment effects on measures from psychology and sociology, including locus of control, which theory predicts should behave in similar ways to aspirations. Most effects are robust to corrections for multiple testing. Peer effects results in further impact on educational spending and induce more work and less leisure. The result that a one-hour documentary shown six months earlier induces actual behavioural change suggests a challenging, promising avenue for further research and poverty-related interventions.

Vertical Housing is one of the solutions to address decent residential needs in the cities of Denpasar and Badung Regency. With the high demand for houses in Bali up to 2015 according to backlog data that reached more than 200,000 units and an increase in population each year, encouraging the Government and the Balinese Society especially those who are Hindus to prepare themselves to adapt to the presence of Vertical Housing without having to eliminate identity as Balinese people who have beliefs and culture that are reflected in daily behavior. Balinese people who are Hindus with the philosophy of Life Tri Hita Karana and all the teachings of the Religion of Hindu concerning the way of life of individuals (Umah), family (Meberaya), social community (Mebanjar / Village) and its obligations, which have norms based on the teachings of Hinduism. In the times of development and the needs of the present, especially the adjustment of how to inhabit a house in the lives of Balinese people who are accustomed to the life of a complete Traditional House or Landed House is an individual territory of a Family to inhabit it. Then if it is caused by a condition that the Balinese people must inhabit the Vertical Housing, then how is the change to occupy it? Can they adapt? These changes will be studied, with the Behavior Tatars theory, so that it can be seen how changes in the behavior of Balinese people in inhabiting and living in Vertical Housing have been built using Prototype Design in Denpasar City and Badung Regency.

Nowadays,cross-border cooperation between Ukraine and its neighbors is becoming increasingly practical and needs to be pragmatic. This is due to the development and implementation of transborder cooperation projects, which is a vivid example of the «Eastern» policy of the European Union.
The Chernivtsi region is an active participant in interregional and cross-border cooperation, which is clearly manifested through the prism of implementation of a variety of projects within the framework of border and territorial cooperation programs.
Within the framework of the program «Romania - Ukraine - Republic of Moldova 2007-2013», grants for the implementation of 29 cross-border cooperation projects worth over 16.5 million euro were signed in Chernivtsi region, 28 of which have been successfully completed. Among them are infrastructure, environment, tourist, cultural and other projects important for the region.
Within the framework of the new «Romania - Ukraine 2014-2020» program, local authorities have prepared plans for major repairs of the road 2 km from the state border to the village. The improvement of the system of vocational education in the field of agriculture in the border zone, the quality of provision of emergency medical care and non-invasive medical services on the territory of Bukovina, the introduction of the provision of medical services for mammographic screening, the improvement of the safety of life of the population of the regions and the revival of ancient crafts.
Key words: transbordercooperation, European Union, executive authority, program, project

This is the second part of the article dedicated to the discussion of some methodological problems related to the history of Khinalug, published in the current volume of Iran and the Caucasus (see Schulze 2018). Whereas the first part analyses some basic data on Khinalug in its genetic problem and addressed some questions of loans and cognates, the second one turns to grammatical issues. Khinalug, a minority language spoken by some 1500 people mainly in the village of Khinalug in the north of Azerbaijan Republic, is generally regarded as the most divergent East Caucasian language. Its exact genealogical place within the world of the roughly 30 East Caucasian languages has been debated since long. Still, at least some of the relevant contributions to this debate ground their arguments in just a rather small piece of evidence, usually taken from a handful of assumed lexical correspondences and typological analogies. The same holds for grammar. As for morphosyntax, the problem is complicated by the fact that hitherto it is virtually impossible to safely reconstruct a more systematic inventory of Proto-East Caucasian morphemes together with their function values. A closer look at the morphosyntax of Khinalug may lead to just the same conclusion that seems to emerge from a more comprehensive analysis of the lexicon: I suggest, to consider the possibility that Khinalug is not an East Caucasian language from a genetic point of view, but a non-East Caucasian language that has become 'Caucasianized' over times.

Dr Neera Desai personified combination of both theory and praxis in women's studies that sees itself as an academic discipline to improve women's status through knowledge construction, teaching and training, documentation, research, and action. She founded Centre for Rural Development (CRD) in SNDT Women's University, Mumbai to take the learning of women's studies to transform women's reality through feminist activism. CRD began its work among rural women in Udwada village of Paradi Taluka in Valsad District of Gujarat by baseline survey to identify the needs of the community. Economic programmes were initiated along with consciousness raising on reasons of subordinate status of women. Involvement of women's rights activists and women's studies scholars ensured dialogues on vision, mission, goals, objectives methods of mobilisation and issues to be taken up by the CRD. The interface between macroeconomic changes in the post reform period after 1991. The new industrial belt established in South Gujarat took away young women as industrial workers. In 2013, the SNDTWU authorities decided to give away the CRD to a corporate house to administer as a Corporate Social Responsibility. Nevertheless, women workers and office bearers of the CRD, mentored by Neeraben continue to be active in the development sector as trainers, CBOs, consultants, researchers, writers, elected women representatives in local self-government bodies, social workers in CSR activities and continue to uphold the ethos of CRD. Now they talk in terms of gender sensitisation, practical and strategic gender needs, gender planning and gender budgeting.

Scholars have long identified political bias in the way African politicians distribute state resources. Much of this literature focuses on the role of group identities, mainly ethnicity, and partisanship. This article shifts the focus to local governments, which have become increasingly important players in basic social service provision, and argues that public goods allocation under democratic decentralization is intimately shaped by historical identities. Specifically, the author highlights the role of identities rooted in the precolonial past. To explain this, she articulates a theory of institutional congruence, arguing that greater spatial overlap between formal institutional space and informal social identities improves the ability of elites to overcome local coordination problems. Looking to the West African state of Senegal, the author deploys a nested analysis, drawing on interviews with rural Senegalese elites to understand how the precolonial past shapes local politics today via the social identities it left behind. She also tests the argument with a unique, geocoded data set of village-level public goods investments in the 2000s, finding that areas that were once home to precolonial states distribute goods more broadly across space. These patterns cannot be explained by ethnic or electoral dynamics. Two brief examples from on-the-line cases illuminate how the presence of precolonial identities facilitates local cooperation. The article thus calls into question the tendency to treat identities as static over time, highlighting the interactive relationship between institutions and identities while drawing attention to emerging subnational variation in local government performance following decentralization reforms across the developing world.

Women's participation in political processes is important to address gender inequality and strengthen democracy. In Indian context, to empower women and enable political participation, 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act (1992) was introduced. Subsequently, many women entered politics. Though widespread proxy is reported, still a small proportion engages effectively in governmental participation (Hust, 2002; Mathew, 2003; Palanithurai, 2001). Studies also find female Dalit-headed panchayats are more active (Jayshree, 2010; Kalaiselvi, 2012). As the cultural norms, traditions and patriarchy are rigid, the paper attempts to examine what helps the women to be functional? Does social networks differ? Is there a link between social capital, by way of associationalism, and capacity for self governance as suggested by Putnam (1993) in the Indian context? Social capital is understood through social networks and membership in associations. Thirty-eight elected representatives of Panchayati Raj Institutions of southern Tamil Nadu, south India was interviewed in depth. Active members prominently belong to Dalit community and the social network of the elected active members is larger in size, heterogeneous in terms of age, gender and caste composition, and they are anchors themselves. They are primarily embedded in a web of political, caste and self-help group associations and have access to all women police stations, cooperative societies and political parties through family ties. The elected representative's mandatory membership in district Dalit federations provides safety-net in dealing with discrimination and atrocities while also intervening at the village-level panchayat. Dalit women who have the capacity to mobilize social capital emerge efficient in local self governance.

The existence of mining industry namely Koperasi Tambang III (KTI III) in Golo beach, Wojo Village, Gedangan, Malang District, brought negative impact socially and ecologically. Unfortunately, State Forestry Company (Perusahaan Umum Kehutanan Negara/Perum Perhutani) was involved to share their land as location of iron sand mining activity. Perhutani, as a State-Owned Enterprises (Badan Usaha Milik Negara/BUMN), has a contradicting roles at the same time, to manage natural resource of the forest and accumulate profit. The aim of this article is to depict the process of politization of environment done by Perhutani, based on dimensions (daily, episodic, and systemic), scales (local and regional), and power networks (local and regional). Through qualitative method with single instrumental case study approach, we find out that Perhutani has been the subject and object of politization by the bigger economic-political power. On three dimensions (daily, episodic, and systemic), we stated there are two configurations of Perhutani's roles; first, politizing Golo beach through transform Resort Polisi Hutan (RPH). Second, Golo beach has politized by Malang Government as well as KTI III through transforming the Space Planing (Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah/RTRW). On the local and regional scale, Perhutani seen by the local community and government, has brought not only the job opportunity, but on contrary the ecological damage. On the local power network, Perhutani was the subject to politize local community and government. However, on the divergent side, it was the object of politization done by KTI III and Malang Government.