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The paper examines the relationship not only between private
investment and financial linkage variables but also amongst the linkage
variables. It examines the effect of different policy instruments on
investment to provide guidelines to monetary authorities. It shows that
the private investment in Pakistan was linked with the availability
rather than the price of funds.

An macroeconometric model is proposed for short-term forecasting of belarusian GDP, its demand-side (final consumption expenditures of households, general government final consumption expenditures, gross fixed capital formation and net export), real compensation of employees, tax revenues, consumer price index and real money income of population.

Abstract Background In spite of a detailed and nation-wide legislation frame, there exist large cantonal disparities in consumed quantities of health care services in Switzerland. In this study, the most important factors of influence causing these regional disparities are determined. The findings can also be productive for discussing the containment of health care consumption in other countries. Methods Based on the literature, relevant factors that cause geographic disparities of quantities and costs in western health care systems are identified. Using a selected set of these factors, individual panel econometric models are calculated to explain the variation of the utilization in each of the six largest health care service groups (general practitioners, specialist doctors, hospital inpatient, hospital outpatient, medication, and nursing homes) in Swiss mandatory health insurance (MHI). The main data source is 'Datenpool santésuisse', a database of Swiss health insurers. Results For all six health care service groups, significant factors influencing the utilization frequency over time and across cantons are found. A greater supply of service providers tends to have strong interrelations with per capita consumption of MHI services. On the demand side, older populations and higher population densities represent the clearest driving factors. Conclusions Strategies to contain consumption and costs in health care should include several elements. In the federalist Swiss system, the structure of regional health care supply seems to generate significant effects. However, the extent of driving factors on the demand side (e.g., social deprivation) or financing instruments (e.g., high deductibles) should also be considered.

Purpose: Portfolio optimization is one of the important issues in the field of financial sciences and investment, which has many applications in financial planners and decisions. By choosing a suitable stock portfolio, it is possible to greatly increase the efficiency of investment (in terms of increasing returns and reducing risk).
Methodology: In this paper, by presenting a model of liquidity risk, using the concept of diversification in the form of Shannon's entropy and econometric approach, an optimal portfolio of investment with the lowest risk and the highest return has been presented in the form of a portfolio. To calculate the liquidity risk, using multivariable methods, the variance-covariance matrix of price index returns and price gap was calculated and used in the presented model, and finally, the optimal weight was used using the optimization method and meta-heuristic algorithm of non-dominant ranking of the second version., calculated for selected industries.
Findings: The output results of the model show that the optimal weight of the groups that have less variance in the optimal portfolio is higher.
Originality/Value: Besides, the effect of removing the concept of liquidity from the model leads to an increase in the weight of industries that have less liquidity, and along with the increase in risk, the return of the optimal portfolio also increases in this case.

Vietnam is building the market economy while still determining development plans as important tools for managing and operating the economy. In response to the challenges posed by economic globalization, the Vietnamese government has established the necessity to promote the macro economic analysis and forecasting for ensuring the government's policy-making and socio-economic development planning. A macro-econometric model for medium-term socio-economic development planning in Vietnam was built and called the Vietnam's model. This paper answers the following questions: which key applications can be implemented using the model? What is the model's quality of forecasts? The paper briefly presents how to forecast using the model. Then, I demonstrate how to synthesise, validate, balance and combine the model's forecasts implemented by the ministries and provincial authorities, and with application of judgemental methods. I establish the ways to build baseline and target forecast scenarios. The paper shows how the model can evaluate shocks and economic policies. Additionally, I demonstrate how to adjust planned target indicators in the process of implementing the medium-term socio-economic development plan. The article also evaluates the accuracy of the model's ex-ante forecasts. Finally, I apply the model's ex-ante forecasts for producing the official forecasts for building the Socio-Economic Development Plan (SEDP) at national scope for the period from 2016 to 2020. © 2019 Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. ; I also would like to thank the anonymous referees for their comments and suggestions for revising this paper. This work was funded by Vietnam's Ministry of Science and Technology, Contract No. 18/2014/HD-NDT.