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This document provides information on where the country stands in the global context with respect to carbon emissions. It details the obligations that the country has to reduce its carbon emissions under the Kyoto Protocol and outlines some of the strategic steps that will be taken to accomplish this objective.

The integration of climate policy concerns in other policy areas, where decisions are taken that determine greenhouse gas emissions, is a prerequisite for effectively mitigating climate change. There are particularly strong interlinkages between energy policy and climate policy as the major part of greenhouse gas emissions is related to energy supply and use. In this paper we initially compile a set of seven indicators for assessing climate policy integration (political commitment, actors, functional overlap, time perspective, weighting and resources, policy instruments, and emission impact). We then apply the criteria for an appraisal of climate policy integration in EU energy policy during the last decade, i.e., we focus on CPI from a horizontal perspective. The focus of our research lies on strategic energy policy documents, on the one hand, and on the comparison of four key energy policy documents in the context of the 2016 Winter Package to existing legislation, on the other. Our results show that mitigation of climate change is a key objective in all energy policy documents analysed. Furthermore, EU legislative processes ensure a comprehensive involvement of all stakeholders. The energy policy objectives regarding renewable energy and energy efficiency are synergetic and reinforcing with climate policy. It has to be noted, however, that other energy policy documents, like the Energy Security Strategy, contain conflicting issues and the proposed recasts of existing legislation reduce preferential treatment for renewables.

Hungary is an extremely poor state in terms of energy resources; the energy policy of the country and the structure of energy resources used have been and are determined by the energy import dependence. After WWII, it could obtain its increased demand necessary to its extensive energyintensive industry established based on the Soviet model almost entirely from the Soviet Union. Hungary, just like other Central-European countries, tried to decrease its unilateral dependence on energy import linked to Russia through several measures in the past 25 years but these efforts achieved partial success only; the Russian energy import dependence of Hungary and of a large part of Central-Europe remained till the present days. The 'National Energy Strategy 2030' developed on the basis of the guideline, adopted in 2011, specified insurance of long-term sustainability, security and economic competitiveness as primary objective of the Hungarian energy policy. The Government intends to guarantee security of supply, to enforce environmental considerations and depending on the options of the country, to stand up for solving global problems through implementation of the strategy. The strategy intends to achieve the termination of the electricity import balance of the country until 2030 by this 'Nuclear-Coal-Green' scenario based on these three pillars.

The quest for a European energy policy has been at the heart of the European integration since World War II. Since the aftermaths of the two oil shocks, all attempts to create a Common Energy Policy failed so far. The paper seeks to identify why Europe needs to define a coherent and ambitious energy policy. It examines to what extent Europe today has the opportunity and the instruments to achieve a better solution towards an energy policy which balances the asymmetrical energy positions of the Member States and makes their decisions coherent in the internal and external fields of action. The new triangle of Lisbon-Moscow-Kyoto is at the basis of the European energy policy, combining the goal of competitiveness with energy security and sustainability. By focusing on the current EU proposals, mainly on the 2006 Commission Green Paper on competitive, secure and sustainable energy and the way ahead to an Energy Policy for Europe, it gives insight into the background of the Green Paper and the launch of a new integrated approach in EU policy making in the field of energy. ; Die Forderung nach einer gemeinsamen europäischen Energiepolitik ist seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg ein Kernthema der europäischen Integration. Seit den Nachwehen der beiden Ölschocks sind alle Versuche, eine gemeinsame Energiepolitik zu definieren, gescheitert. Der Beitrag identifiziert Gründe, wieso eine solche kohärente und ambitionierte gemeinsame Energiepolitik erforderlich ist. Er untersucht, inwieweit das heutige Europa die Chance und Instrumente besitzt, eine bessere Lösung zu finden, die es erlaubt, die asymmetrischen energiepolitischen Positionen der Mitgliedstaaten auszubalancieren und zu kohärenten Entscheidungen zu kommen. Grundlage hierfür ist das neue Zieldreieck Lissabon-Moskau-Kioto, das für eine Verbindung von Wettbewerbsfähigkeit, Versorgungssicherheit und Nachhaltigkeit steht. Der Beitrag stellt das Grünbuch der Kommission für eine wettbewerbliche, sichere und nachhaltige Energieversorgung vor und vermittelt Einblicke in den Entstehungshintergrund des Grünbuchs sowie des neuen integrierten Ansatzes europäischer energiepolitischer Entscheidungen.