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Cost containment and the preferences of older adults are important stimuli for encouraging the provision of informal care worldwide. Nevertheless, informal caregiving can have negative effects on caregiver's health, wellbeing, and employment opportunities. Moreover, it is questionable whether informal caregivers can substantially contribute to meeting the increasing demand for care or serve as a substitute for formally provided services. This commentary assesses strategies to remediate the negative effects of caregiving and ultimately to improve informal caregiving and to support their critical role in European long-term care systems. Cash benefits are a particularly common method of supporting informal caregivers; paid and unpaid leave, and flexible work arrangements are the most prevalent measures to support family caregivers within labor market policy, specifically. Providing training and counseling services to individuals engaged in informal care is a strategy used to support caregivers at home. Disparities in the level of support provided to informal caregivers across the European Union need to be addressed. A lack of supporting policies increases the likelihood that caregivers experience negative physical and psychosocial health problems, as well as unemployment and impoverishment.

The literary reputation of Karolina Pavlova (1807-1893) has fluctuated considerably over the years: she was praised in the 1830s, 1840s and early 1850s, reviled in the 1860s as unprogressive and consigned to oblivion from the 1870s until her death in 1893. At the turn of the century she was rediscovered by the Russian symbolists: Poliakov, Blok and Bely praised her, and Valerii Briusov edited a two-volume edition of her work (1915). Women poets of the time, such as Cherubina de Gabriak (Elisaveta Vasil'eva), Akhmatova, Tsvetaeva and Parnok, cited her and dedicated poems to her. After the revolution Pavlova was reconsigned to oblivion. Two scholarly editions of Pavlova's poetry appeared during the Soviet period (1937 and 1964) but accompanied by introductions deploring her unprogressive views on politics and art. At best they damned her with faint praise as "not first rate but all the same somewhat noteworthy." The ambivalent attitude toward Pavlova may have reflected a conflict between the Soviet attempt to "claim the classics for the Soviet cause" while downplaying material that could not be construed retroactively to support the Soviet regime; Pavlova was identified with the politically conservative Slavophiles. Only after she had been rediscovered in the west did positive Soviet scholarship about her begin to appear.

KurzzusammenfassungDiese Diplomarbeit verschafft anhand von drei russischen Romanen einen Überblick über die Rolle der adeligen Frauen innerhalb der Aristokratie zu Beginn des 19. Jhs. Die ausgewählten Werke sind die zwei originalen Zeitwerke von Karolina Pavlova (Dvojnaja ?izn?) und Nade?da Durova (Zapiski kavalerist-devicy) sowie jenes des sowjetischen Schriftstellers Bulat Okud?ava (Pute?estvie diletantov). Den gewähten Texten ist gemein, dass die drei weiblichen Figuren sich einer Maskerade zur Bewältigung ihres Alltages bedienen und durch ihr Verhalten vom gängigen weiblichen Rollenbild abweichen.Zwischen den Geschlechtern bestand ein Ungleichgewicht, da in Russland damals eine strenge partriachalische Ordnung herrschte. Sowohl von der eigenen Familie, als auch von der adeligen Gesellschaft wurden den Frauen strenge Verhaltensnormen auferlegt, nach denen sie sich richten mussten. Auf diese Vorschreibungen reagierten die Frauen sehr unterschiedlich. Die einen hielten sich daran, die anderen rebellierten gegen das System.Die drei weiblichen Figuren der Werke weisen eine ganz andere Lebensweise auf und reagieren verschieden auf ihr weibliches Schicksal. Cecilij (Dvojnaja ?izn?) passt sich gegen ihren Willen den Lebensumständen der adeligen Gesellschaft an und ignoriert lange Zeit ihre eigenen Wünsche. Nade?da (Zapiski kavalerist-devicy) zieht ohne das Wissen der Eltern als Soldat getarnt gegen Napoleon in den Krieg. Lavinija (Pute?estvie diletantov) richtet ihr Leben nach ihrer großen Liebe, dem von der adeligen Gesellschaft verpönten Fürsten Mjatlev, aus. Trotz dieser Unterschiede in ihrer Lebensführung ist ihnen jedoch gemein, dass sie sich nicht einfach dem weiblichen Schicksal beugen.Die Gründe und Zielsetzung der Tarnungen sollen analysiert werden. Zudem erfolgt eine Beurteilung, ob die gewählte Maskerade zum gewünschten Erfolg geführt hat und wie sich die Lebensweisen der weiblichen Figuren von anderen adeligen Frauen aufgrund dessen unterscheiden. ; AbstractBased upon three russian novels, this thesis provides a perspective into the life of Russian noble women at the beginning of the 19th century within the aristocracy. The authors of the books are Karolina Pavlova (Dvojnaja ?izn?), Nade?da Durova (Zapiski kavalerist-devicy) and Bulat Okud?ava (Pute?estvie diletantov). The first two books are contemporary novels, while Bulat Okud?ava was a soviet writer. The textual similarity between the novels is the fact, that the three women are using a masquerade for coping with every day life. Because of that, they live a different life than other aristocratic women.At the beginning of the 19th century, imperial Russia was dictated by men. That is why the life of women was comparably harder and more unequal. Both, their families and society, imposed their rules about how to behave properly. Therefore they could barely make their own decisions. But not all women abide by those rules. Even the three female characters in the novels react differently towards the same situation. Cecilij (Dvojnaja ?izn?) obeys to the rules of the aristocratic society and denies her own wishes in life. Nade?da (Zapiski kavalerist-devicy) is at war with Napoleon without the permission of her parents. Lavinija (Pute?estvie diletantov) is in love with the frowned upon sovereign Mjatlev and does everything to be by his side. Although the background of these women are completely different, the three don?t submit to their female fate.This thesis should investigate the reasons and targets for the masquerade. The investigation is whether the three characters fail to meet the expectations and what consequences are provoked thereby. ; vorgelegt von Ornella Narath ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Text dt., teilw. russ. ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2012 ; (VLID)221937

In recent years, green human resource management (GHRM) has attracted increasing interest among scholars and practitioners. This study explores employees' perceptions regarding GHRM and their voluntary pro-environmental behavior in promoting GHRM in their employer organizations. Theoretically, the study builds upon the GHRM perspective and employees' proenvironmental behavior literature. Empirically, the study utilizes 11 semi-structured interviews that were generated among employees in three different companies located in the Moscow metropolitan area in 2019. The study identifies three different GHRM approaches: an unofficial, bottom-up GHRM approach, an official GHRM approach, and a strategic GHRM approach. The study contributes to the current GHRM literature by demonstrating that employees' voluntary proenvironmental behavior and active involvement in the promotion of green practices contribute to the development of GHRM at an organizational level. Furthermore, the findings indicate that cultural context has an influence on employees' voluntary pro-environmental behavior as well as the development of GHRM practices. From a managerial viewpoint, the study provides insights to supervisors and HR professionals how they can create GHRM practices that involve employees in the development process and promote sustainable development in an organizational context.

The article studies the current changes taking place in the civil society sector of Eastern European countries under the impact of intensifying radical action on the political environment. One of the key areas of progress of modern states is a further development of democratic values, which depends largely on the activity of the civil society sector. In this regard, the aim of the study was to examine the main problems and areas of change in the development of the civil society sector during the period of intensification of political radicalism in some Eastern European democracies. Methodologically, they used the empirical results of a survey of citizens of Eastern European countries to determine areas of development and key issues of civil society. In conclusion, a comparative analysis of the level of development of the civil sector and the degree of radicalization in Eastern European countries revealed the correlation between the development of civil society and radical policy frameworks.

This study was aimed to assess electrophysiological brain activity in newborns of various gestational ages using electroencephalography (EEG). We summarized the data on the main EEG characteristics of premature infants and their dynamics and described the most common pathological EEG changes that can be identified at this age. We also discussed prognostic value of various neonatal EEG patterns (including their proportion and location), which allow verification of functional brain disorders at early stages. © 2019 ABV-Press Publishing House. All rights reserved. ; Russian Science Foundation, RSF ; Финансирование. Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке гранта №16-18-10371 Российского научного фонда. Исследование прово-дится в рамках программы, поддержанной постановлением №211 Правительства Российской Федерации, соглашение №02.A03.21.0006. Financing. The study was funded by the grant No. 16-18-10 371 from the Russian Science Foundation. The study conducts within a program, supported by the resolution of the Russian Government No. 211, agreement No. 02.A03.21.0006.

В статията са представени данни от дискусии, наблюдения и анкетно проучване, проведено сред студенти – бъдещи детски учители. Въпросите засягат нагласите на бъдещите учители да прилагат в практиката си STE(A)M(E) подхода. Проучени са както увереността на студентите да прилагат класически методи и подходи, така и отношението им към иновациите. Получени са редица изводи, насочени към обогатяване на отделни теми по дисциплината "Методика на формиране на елементарни математически представи в детската градина" със съдържание, насочено към STE(A)M(E) подхода. Резултатите от изследването показват висока заинтересованост на студентите от прилагането на иновативни подходи. Откроява се необходимостта от постоянно обновяване на съдържанието на курса с актуални технологични решения с образователна насоченост и анализиране на положителните и отрицателните страни на отделните технологии.