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The incompleteness of Victorian census returns of marriage and birth records for England and Wales, and the high costs of using civil and church records, have greatly restricted research into the timing and character of the decline in marital fertility in the second half of the 19th century. This article argues that, in spite of these limitations, the census returns provide enough data to allow the well-known the 'Own-children method of fertility estimation', when used within Bongaarts' framework for analysing the proximate determinants of fertility, to derive estimates of total and age-specific marital fertility for women 15 to 49 years of age. It uses data from the census returns for the town of Rawtenstall, a small cotton textile manufacturing town in north-east Lancashire, to generate these estimates and to test their credibility against other well respected measures of marital fertility for England and Wales.

The European electricity market design is based on zonal markets with uniform prices. Hence, no differentiated locational price signals are provided within these zones. If intra-zonal congestion occurs due to missing grid expansion, this market design reveals its inherent incompleteness, and might lead to severe short and long-term distortions. In this paper, we study these distortions with a focus on the impact of restricted grid expansion under zonal markets. Therefore, we use a long-term model of the European electricity system and restrict the allowed expansion of the transmission grid per decade. We find that the combination of an incomplete market design and restricted grid expansion leads to a misallocation of generation capacities and the inability to transport electricity to where it is needed. This results in an energy imbalance in some regions of up to 2-3% and difficulty when reaching envisaged political targets in the power sector.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare the specific contingencies of partnership risk in shared equity public-private partnerships (PPPs) with the contingencies of privately held, loose related PPPs.Design/methodology/approach– Drawing on instrumental and relational accountability perspectives, the author formulates theoretical propositions on partnership risk.Findings– The author conclude that loose related PPPs are characterized by high expertise and a higher risk of contract incompleteness by reason of opportunism. Shared ownership PPPs are characterized by lower opportunism but stronger goal ambiguities and role conflicts. These relationships are threatened by political micromanagement, agency capture and bailout problems.Research limitations/implications– The study offers an analytical frame of propositions and provides avenues for further research on partnership risk.Practical implications– The author suggest risk mitigation strategies for tight and loose related PPPs.Originality/value– Identifying crucial contingencies from both an instrumental and a relational perspective, the study makes a contribution to cooperation research in PPPs.

В статье анализируется реформирование технического регулирования по российскому законодательству. Автор приходит к выводу о незавершенности проводимой реформы, а также о необходимости внесения изменений в действующее законодательство о техническом регулировании и дальнейшего реформирования этой сферы. Отмечается, что законодатель, оставив под государственным контролем только вопросы безопасности, предоставил контроль за качеством продукции самому производителю. Особое внимание, по мнению автора, законодателю следует уделить проблеме защиты прав контрагентов (потребителей) производителей товаров (работ, услуг). ; The article analyzes the reform of technical regulation under Russian legislation. The author comes to the conclusion that the incompleteness of the reform, as well as the necessary amendments to the existing legislation on technical regulation and further reform in this sphere. It is noted that the legislator, leaving only state-controlled security, provides quality control products to the producer himself. Particular attention, according to the author, should be given to protection of the rights of counterparties (customers) of producers of goods (work, services).

В статье на основе массива исторического законодательства, регулирующего градостроительство, в частности, архитектурно-организационные аспекты градостроительной политики Российской империи, освещено формирование терминологического аппарата в процессе типологизации градостроительных объектов культового, промышленного, казенного, общественного, жилого назначения. Очерчен круг конкретных строительных объектов, входящих в выделенные группы, обозначены «пересечения» типов объектов. Автор приходит к выводу о незавершенности систематизации права по критерию формирования в законодательстве общих понятий. ; The author, basing on the corpus of the historical legislation on town-planning, in particular, the architectural-organizational aspects of the town-planning policy of the Russian Empire, covers the formation of the terminological framework in the process of the typologization of town-planning objects of cult, industrial, official, public, residential purpose, describes the range of concrete construction objects in the selected groups, reveals the "intersection" of objects types, and comes to the conclusion about the incompleteness of law systematization as to the formation of common notions in the legislation.

Have the post-crisis regulatory efforts made financial systems safer? The regulatory agenda is incomplete and therefore insufficient because it does not adequately deal with the fact that financial markets are characterized by both risks and uncertainties. When risks cannot be measured, because of lack of experience or incompleteness in our knowledge about the forces that shape financial markets, decision makers are in the world of uncertainty. The effectiveness of widely used risk management models is inversely related to the degree of uncertainty and complexity in financial markets. Financial systems remain more unstable and dangerous than they should be because policymakers continue to delegate risk assessment and management to the members of the financial community without asking hard questions about the conditions under which risk models can work. The »macroprudential« approach to financial governance takes both uncertainty and risk seriously and thus is a better route to more robust financial systems

In many situations, irreconcilable disagreements between players lead to costly ownership disputes over assets—for example, in case of joint ownership. This article studies the role of such disputes in a situation where two players have to make a transaction‐specific investment and when contracts are incomplete. I show that potentially contested ownership may mitigate the inefficiency of investments due to the incompleteness of contracts generating an exchange surplus that comes closer to the first‐best surplus as compared to any other ex ante distribution of ownership typically discussed in the literature following the influential work by Grossman, Hart, and Moore. If the contest is an all‐pay auction, each player makes a transaction‐specific investment as if he or she owns the asset. This article can explain why shared ownership—as for example in equity joint ventures, family firms, start‐up partnerships, and so on—is an important part of today's corporate landscape.

ABSTRACTTraditional pastoralist land management institutions in sub-Saharan Africa have been stressed by an increasing human population and related forces, including private enclosure of grazing land; government-sponsored privatization; and the increasing prevalence of violent conflicts and livestock theft. We model the incompleteness and flexibility of traditional grazing rights using fuzzy set theory. We compare individual and social welfare under the traditional system to individual and social welfare under a private property system and a common property system. Whether the traditional system is preferred to private property depends on whether the value of mobility, as defined by the traditional system, is more valuable than the right of exclusion inherent in private property. We find that under some conditions the imprecision which characterizes traditional rights can result in higher social returns than a common property regime characterized by complete symmetric rights across all members of the user group and complete exclusion of non-members.

Cyert and March's A Behavioral Theory of the Firm has been acknowledged as one of the most fundamental pillars on which evolutionary theorizing in economics is built. Nelson and Winter's 1982 book is pervaded by the philosophy and concepts previously developed by Cyert, March, and Simon. Behavioral notions, such as bounded rationality are also at the heart of economic theories of institutions such as transaction costs economics. In this paper, after briefly reviewing the basic concepts of evolutionary economics, we discuss its implications for the theory of organizations (and business firms in particular), and we suggest that evolutionary theory should coherently embrace an "embeddedness" view of organizations, whereby the latter are not simply efficient solutions to informational problems arising from contract incompleteness and uncertainty, but also shape the "visions of the world," interaction networks, behavioral patterns, and the identity of the agents. After outlining the basic features of this perspective, we analyze its consequences and empirical relevance.

This article examines the effects of systematizing tendering procedures when awarding public service concessions. The opening up of the water supply industry to competition is used by way of illustration. Results show that arguments in favour of systematization are not robust when focusing solely on the expected benefits of the liberalization process. The peculiarities of the contract relationship in the delegation of public services, the mobilization of specific assets, and the long duration and incompleteness of the contracts invalidate this type of argument and expose public authorities to the opportunism of operators.The efficiency of awarding public services concessions relies on cost–benefit analysis, taking into account sectoral aspects as well as specificities of the contracting organizations and structures.The public service culture of these organizations is in this respect a key factor in the choice of efficient organizations since it conditions their ability to internalize the mission of fulfilling the public interest.

The author looks into the life & work of Alexander von Humboldt, viewing him as a protagonist of a scientific globalization concept that linked the promotion of science with the trinity of liberty, equality, & fraternity. Humboldt saw fraternite as realized in the form of a worldwide dialogue of scientists. The author observes that Humboldt was a pragmatic & organizational genius of networking, ie, the strategy of public relations that included contacts with scientists & the popularization of scientific achievements. Humboldt's Eurocentrism, which comes to the fore in his work about his travels, is nevertheless as ambivalent as the history of the reception of that work. Truth to tell, this work lay the foundation for European colonization & exploitation of Latin America, but was also essential for its self-understanding & political emancipation. The author claims that Humboldt's private & political ambivalence, essentially productive, is the result of his magnificent incompleteness & imperfections. Adapted from the source document.

Based on its outward-oriented development strategy, respectable growth, increased integration into world trade and financial markets, and imperfect though vibrant and wide-based democracy, Turkey is often cited as a development model for other countries in the region and elsewhere. Countering this positive picture of the Turkish economy over the last two decades, however, is the incompleteness of its reform process: the boom-bust nature of its growth, persistently high inflation, delays in privatising state-owned enterprises, and high and persistent government budget deficits. In January 2000 Turkey embarked on an ambitious IMF-backed stabilization program designed to correct the weaknesses in its economy, and, in particular, to reduce inflation to single digits by the end of 2002. Since then, though, Turkey has experienced two financial crises and redesigned its stabilization program to bring inflation down more gradually. This collection analyzes the nature of Turkey's inflation and the likely costs and benefits of disinflation.

The author looks into the life & work of Alexander von Humboldt, viewing him as a protagonist of a scientific globalization concept that linked the promotion of science with the trinity of liberty, equality, & fraternity. Humboldt saw fraternite as realized in the form of a worldwide dialogue of scientists. The author observes that Humboldt was a pragmatic & organizational genius of networking, ie, the strategy of public relations that included contacts with scientists & the popularization of scientific achievements. Humboldt's Eurocentrism, which comes to the fore in his work about his travels, is nevertheless as ambivalent as the history of the reception of that work. Truth to tell, this work lay the foundation for European colonization & exploitation of Latin America, but was also essential for its self-understanding & political emancipation. The author claims that Humboldt's private & political ambivalence, essentially productive, is the result of his magnificent incompleteness & imperfections. Adapted from the source document.