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Does trading oil promote peace between rival countries? Despite the optimism of liberal theories on the value of economic interdependence, countries worry more about the possibility of being cut off from vital oil supplies than about forgoing the potential economic gains of trade. The 1979 Israeli-Egyptian peace is an exception to this rule, as the inclusion of oil trade agreements during negotiations succeeded and eventually became a positive aspect of the relations between the two states. However, this resulted not from the promotion of economic interdependence during negotiations, but from its avoidance. The United States guaranteed to compensate Israel for any breach in the oil agreement. This permitted Israel and Egypt to trade freely without imminent concern of becoming too dependent on one another. In consequence, they slowly built mutual trust over the years. Israeli and US declassified documents shed light on the creation of this unique oil trade agreement during the final phase of peace negotiations. We argue that a third-party guarantee to compensate for a breach in energy trade is often a necessary condition for such deals to succeed, provided that the guarantor meets certain preconditions unique to energy trade.

The tasks of peace education -- The contours of U.S. foreign policy : a critical peace education perspective -- Unacknowledged guilt and U.S. militarism -- George W. Bush and the resurrection of the chosenness syndrome after September 11 : a unique challenge for peace education -- The war on "terrorism," Iraq and the challenges for peace education -- The International Criminal Court as a peace educator : a challenge for the United States -- Toward a critical peace pedagogy of nonviolent tension

AbstractPaul Kelly pays scant attention to the so‐called 'democratic peace' thesis that has played a major role in recent International Relations scholarship, a lacuna which we regard to be serious. Our paper investigates the normative background to the connection between democracy and peace, commonly associated with Immanuel Kant. We argue that attention should be devoted instead to the critique of international conflict found in the writings of Thomas Paine, who (unlike Kant) offers a politically grounded account of both why peace among nations is desirable and how that might be achieved. In particular, we consider Paine's views on democratic peace through the lens of his goals of eliminating the tyranny of kings and aristocrats and of ameliorating the material conditions of the poor. Paine contended that the establishment of global peace paralleled a process of global democratisation that would liberate the masses from their political and economic exploitation at the hands of a powerful few, whose interests converged in the prosecution of war.

Conflict, war, and peace : a bird's eye view -- Peace : the goal and the way -- Peacemaking as realpolitik, conflict resolution, and oxymoron -- Beyond mediation : towards more holistic approaches to peace-building and peace actor empowerment -- 11 September 2001 : diagnosis, prognosis, therapy -- Our war culture's defining parameters -- The state/nation dialectic -- Beyond security : new approaches, new perspectives, new actors -- Crafting peace : on the psychology of the Transcend approach -- Transcend : 45 years, 45 conflicts -- Conflicts : 45 perspectives