In many countries, relationship between decentralization of government activities and the extent of rent extraction by private parties is an important element in the recent debate on institutional design. The topic of corruption was actively, openly and debated in Indonesia by government, its development partners, and a broadly based group of political and civil society leaders are engaged in meetings and exchange on a daily basis. In the ongoing debate on corruption a lot of attention is paid to the role of public sector salaries, particularly in the decentralization era. Based on this phenomenon, the authors want to analyze the relationship between corruption and decentralization. Using OSL model, we can find a very strong and consistent positive association between the two variables across a sample of region, thereby providing some support for theories of decentralization that emphasize its benefits. This association is robust to controlling for a wide range of potential sources of omitted variable bias as well as endogeneity bias. Keywords: Corruption, Decentralization, OSL Model Abstrak.Di banyak negara, hubungan antara desentralisasi pemerintah dan tingkat ekstraksi sewa oleh pihak swasta merupakan elemen penting dalam perdebatan baru pada desain institusional. Topik korupsi secara aktif, terbuka dan diperdebatkan di Indonesia oleh Pemerintah, mitra pembangunan, dan kelompok berbasis luas dari para pemimpin politik dan masyarakat sipil yang terlibat dalam pertemuan dan pertukaran setiap hari. Dalam perdebatan tentang korupsi banyak perhatian diarahkan untuk peran gaji sektor publik, terutama di era desentralisasi. Berdasarkan fenomena ini, penulis ingin menganalisis hubungan antara korupsi dan desentralisasi. Menggunakan OSL model, kita dapat menemukan hubungan positif yang sangat kuat dan konsisten antara dua variabel di seluruh sampel dari daerah, sehingga memberikan beberapa dukungan untuk teori desentralisasi yang menekankan manfaat. Asosiasi ini adalah kuat untuk mengendalikan berbagai kemungkinan potensial dari upaya menghilangkan sebagian variabel serta bias endogenitas. Kata Kunci: Korupsi, Desentralisasi, OSL Model REFERENCES,Ades, Alberto and Di Tella, Rafael, 1994, "Competition and corruption" Institute of Economics and Statistics Discussion Papers 169. University of Oxford.____, 1995, "National champions and corruption: some unpleasant competitiveness arithmetic".University of Oxford. Photocopy.Barro, Robert, 1992, "Human capital and economic growth". in policies for long run economic growth. Federal Reserve bank of Kansas City: 199-216.____, 1990, "Government spending in a simple model of endogenous growth." 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Sweet sorghum processing and production in the Philippines still at its infancy stage in the country. It was introduced in Ilocos Norte by Dr. Heraldo H. Layoen, Vice President of Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU) in 2005. The crop has been found to be highly efficient in producing fuel in other countries like Indonesia, Tanzania, and USA. Other products that can be produced from the sweet sorghum crop are molasses, animal feeds, fertilizer, flour, syrup, vinegar, juice, liquor, and sugar. BAPAMIN Enterprise, (BAPAMIN) is the sole enterprise which has engaged in sweet sorghum production and marketing of products made from the crop in the country. BAPAMIN was established in 2009 as the marketing arm of the BAPAMIN Farmer?s Cooperative (BFC), a group of farmers into planting and growing of sweet sorghum in Batac, Ilocos Norte. Both the enterprise and cooperative ids headed by Engr. Antonio Arcangel. BAPAMIN and his wife, Doris who are co-managing the company. It was observed that the enterprise was encountering difficulty in taking off even it has existing for seven years already. Thus, this research was conducted to draw up a strategic plan that would help make BIPAMIN Enterprise a viable social enterprise. The specific objectives of the research are to: 1) Present and discuss a noteworthy business issue faced by BAPAMIN Enterprise, which has company wide implications. 2) Evaluate the BAPAMIN sweet sorghum business model in terms of its various business functions. 3) Analyze the opportunities, threats and the critical strategic and operational issue(s) facing the venture 4) recommend a strategic plan and operational options for BAPAMIN Enterprise to become viable. Primary and secondary data were used to gather information. Interviews were conducted with Engr. And Ms. Arcangel as well as key informants from BAPAMIN Enterprise. Technical and socio-economic experts from MMSU and government agencies like the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD)-DOST DA-Bureau of Agricultural Research were also interviewed. Secondary data on sweet sorghum were gathered from various publications as well as internet sources. The collected data were analyzed using Business Model Canvas, Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies Self-Rating Analysis, Internal Factor Evaluation, Porters Five Forces Model, Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) Analysis, and the Qualitative Strategic Planning (QSPM) Matrix. It was learned through the Business Model Canvas that there were eight (8) participants in BAPAMIN?s business model: the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) and the Department of Agriculture (DA) for funding the research and some equipment the Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU) and the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) for research and development Bapamin Farmers? Cooperative (BFC) for the production of raw materials and university, outlets, and institutions as the distribution channels. These participants were connected to one another and the efficiency of BAPAMIN depended on its linkages with the other components of the business model. Based on the interview with the entrepreneur, the vision for BAPAMIN is to be ?the pioneer in the propagation and processing of sweet sorghum in the country and the main advocate for developing high value products from sweet sorghum?. On the other hand, the mission of BAPAMIN is ?to campaign for mass planting of sweet sorghum as an alternative crop, address the goal of food sufficiency in the country and promote and educate the farmers on the best agricultural and cultural management practices for the adoption and propagation of sweet sorghum to consequently improve the financial condition of the farmers?. An examination of BAPAMIN?s vision and mission revealed that the mission statement only consisted of 4 out of 9 elements. Thus, improvements in both the mission and vision statements were suggested. BAPAMINS business functions were also presented in the study. The production and operations activities to the enterprise were not programmed and intermittent as they produced different products which were being introduced to the market and also displayed in trade exhibits. It was analyzed that then current equipment was still not enough to achieve the target production volume. In terms of raw materials supply, the enterprise bought grains from the BFC at Php 13/kg and the juice at Php 3/liter. Generally, the harvest were much higher during the dry season that the wet season. The enterprise as of the time of the study employed 4 full time and 210 seasonal workers because processing operations in the company took place only during harvest season. The marketing aspects of the enterprise were assessed to be relatively weak as the firm does not employ any marketing strategy. A closer look at the financial aspects of BAPAMIN revealed that the enterprise yielded an acceptable amount of profit but a part of it was plowed back for research and development of the sweet sorghum crop. Through the problem flowchart, it was seen that there were factors hindering BAPAMIN to becoming a true social enterprise. The owner was more focused on his advocacy of promoting sweet sorghum production and processing in the country to uplift the situation of farmers rather than focus on the profitability of the business itself. He overlooked the fact that BAPAMIN must first a profitable enterprise which is a must for any social enterprise. The EFE score derived for BAPAMIN was 2.53 which means the enterprise was only a little above the average in its effort to pursue strategies that capitalized on external opportunities and avoid threats on the other hand, the IFE score was 2.45 which implies that the enterprise is below average in terms of its overall internal strength. There was only one alternative formulated from the SWOT and this is the owner should exert more aggressive efforts in showcasing BAPAMIN as a model social enterprise. To achieve this, it must align its strategies to consumer preferences expose its customers to the various aspects of its business model through field and plant tours, and come up with a compelling product labeling and appealing packaging which would reflect the social enterprise dimension of the business.
Sweet sorghum processing and production in the Philippines still at its infancy stage in the country. It was introduced in Ilocos Norte by Dr. Heraldo H. Layoen, Vice President of Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU) in 2005. The crop has been found to be highly efficient in producing fuel in other countries like Indonesia, Tanzania, and USA. Other products that can be produced from the sweet sorghum crop are molasses, animal feeds, fertilizer, flour, syrup, vinegar, juice, liquor, and sugar. BAPAMIN Enterprise, (BAPAMIN) is the sole enterprise which has engaged in sweet sorghum production and marketing of products made from the crop in the country. BAPAMIN was established in 2009 as the marketing arm of the BAPAMIN Farmer?s Cooperative (BFC), a group of farmers into planting and growing of sweet sorghum in Batac, Ilocos Norte. Both the enterprise and cooperative ids headed by Engr. Antonio Arcangel. BAPAMIN and his wife, Doris who are co-managing the company. It was observed that the enterprise was encountering difficulty in taking off even it has existing for seven years already. Thus, this research was conducted to draw up a strategic plan that would help make BIPAMIN Enterprise a viable social enterprise. The specific objectives of the research are to: 1) Present and discuss a noteworthy business issue faced by BAPAMIN Enterprise, which has company wide implications. 2) Evaluate the BAPAMIN sweet sorghum business model in terms of its various business functions. 3) Analyze the opportunities, threats and the critical strategic and operational issue(s) facing the venture 4) recommend a strategic plan and operational options for BAPAMIN Enterprise to become viable. Primary and secondary data were used to gather information. Interviews were conducted with Engr. And Ms. Arcangel as well as key informants from BAPAMIN Enterprise. Technical and socio-economic experts from MMSU and government agencies like the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD)-DOST DA-Bureau of Agricultural Research were also interviewed. Secondary data on sweet sorghum were gathered from various publications as well as internet sources. The collected data were analyzed using Business Model Canvas, Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies Self-Rating Analysis, Internal Factor Evaluation, Porters Five Forces Model, Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) Analysis, and the Qualitative Strategic Planning (QSPM) Matrix. It was learned through the Business Model Canvas that there were eight (8) participants in BAPAMIN?s business model: the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) and the Department of Agriculture (DA) for funding the research and some equipment the Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU) and the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) for research and development Bapamin Farmers? Cooperative (BFC) for the production of raw materials and university, outlets, and institutions as the distribution channels. These participants were connected to one another and the efficiency of BAPAMIN depended on its linkages with the other components of the business model. Based on the interview with the entrepreneur, the vision for BAPAMIN is to be ?the pioneer in the propagation and processing of sweet sorghum in the country and the main advocate for developing high value products from sweet sorghum?. On the other hand, the mission of BAPAMIN is ?to campaign for mass planting of sweet sorghum as an alternative crop, address the goal of food sufficiency in the country and promote and educate the farmers on the best agricultural and cultural management practices for the adoption and propagation of sweet sorghum to consequently improve the financial condition of the farmers?. An examination of BAPAMIN?s vision and mission revealed that the mission statement only consisted of 4 out of 9 elements. Thus, improvements in both the mission and vision statements were suggested. BAPAMINS business functions were also presented in the study. The production and operations activities to the enterprise were not programmed and intermittent as they produced different products which were being introduced to the market and also displayed in trade exhibits. It was analyzed that then current equipment was still not enough to achieve the target production volume. In terms of raw materials supply, the enterprise bought grains from the BFC at Php 13/kg and the juice at Php 3/liter. Generally, the harvest were much higher during the dry season that the wet season. The enterprise as of the time of the study employed 4 full time and 210 seasonal workers because processing operations in the company took place only during harvest season. The marketing aspects of the enterprise were assessed to be relatively weak as the firm does not employ any marketing strategy. A closer look at the financial aspects of BAPAMIN revealed that the enterprise yielded an acceptable amount of profit but a part of it was plowed back for research and development of the sweet sorghum crop. Through the problem flowchart, it was seen that there were factors hindering BAPAMIN to becoming a true social enterprise. The owner was more focused on his advocacy of promoting sweet sorghum production and processing in the country to uplift the situation of farmers rather than focus on the profitability of the business itself. He overlooked the fact that BAPAMIN must first a profitable enterprise which is a must for any social enterprise. The EFE score derived for BAPAMIN was 2.53 which means the enterprise was only a little above the average in its effort to pursue strategies that capitalized on external opportunities and avoid threats on the other hand, the IFE score was 2.45 which implies that the enterprise is below average in terms of its overall internal strength. There was only one alternative formulated from the SWOT and this is the owner should exert more aggressive efforts in showcasing BAPAMIN as a model social enterprise. To achieve this, it must align its strategies to consumer preferences expose its customers to the various aspects of its business model through field and plant tours, and come up with a compelling product labeling and appealing packaging which would reflect the social enterprise dimension of the business.
The case of Australia and the film «Australia» as an example of the effective using of cinema in place branding is represented. It is proved that films are strong and effective communication channels within internationals relations, which are able to have an impact on a distribution of the global flows of potential visitors to the country. It is shown that placing of the state brand into cinematography form enables the process of formation of the international image of a state, improving the country's reputation in the eyes of public community of the other countries. The author shows the conditions the use of cinema as a tool of place branding brings the most effective results under which. As such conditions the author considers worldclass events in the countries where the movies were filmed. The article also focuses on a role of public authorities within successful place branding. A successful Australian marketing campaign «Come Walkabout» which was held by state agency «Tourism Australia» in 2008 is analyzed. The peculiarity of this campaign was its establishment on a base of the film «Australia». It became a unique packaging for state brand with its subsequent representation towards wide circles of the international community. The article also rises the question of interdependence among state image and the images of its components. The reputation of the country on the international scene, respect and trust in it, which causes craving and love for the country or, conversely, a poor reputation among other international actors and, consequently, a negative attitude towards it from the international environment, are important intangible components of any modern country. At a time when the "soft power" becomes even more important in interactions, even in spite of local armed conflicts and growing tension in certain regions of the world, the positive image of the country to this day contributes to a successful constructive dialogue with the rest of the international actors, and cooperation and cooperation at the international level. the arenas do not lose their relevance. Considering cinema as a powerful information channel and an influential tool for substituting institutions in the audience's minds, we wondered if it could be viewed in terms of image-maker functionality that could form a positive image of the country in the domestic political and, in particular, the foreign policy field, to promote the brand of the country to in the international arena and / or weaken competitors' rivalry for world resources. Modern films never become powerful channels of communication, ceasing to be only creative works of authors' collectives. The ability of cinema to mythologize events, to replace some installations in the human minds of others, in a heap of new technologies of film production, make it the most important kind of psychological influence, and therefore - the creation of a new reality. The problems of the relationship between culture (cinema) and space (the country), their interaction, are extremely relevant both in the field of scientific research of various humanitarian disciplines (cultural studies, political science, history, philology, psychology, etc.), as well as in the field of direct human practice - be it the protection of cultural and natural heritage, foreign and domestic policy of states, international relations, socio-economic development of different regions and countries. The substantiation and research of the possibilities of cinematography in the processes of creation and promotion of the brand of the country, its potential as a systemic mechanism for spreading a positive image of the country in its foreign policy context is becoming relevant. The design of the placement branding, which we consider to be the direction of modern state policy, becomes the locomotive that leads the practice of managing reputational capital of the country to a qualitatively new level. The involvement of cinematography as a tool for the performance of the play-branding activity makes it possible to talk about the emergence of the first practical models of purposeful and systematic activity in relation to the image of the country on the international scene, which favorably differ from the popular but ineffective casual acts of state bodies and enthusiasts from the private sector, in order to improve perception of the country to the rest of the world. ; Презентується кейс Австралії та фільму «Австралія» як приклад ефективного використання кінематографа в процесі плейсбрендингу. Доведено, що кінофільми є вагомими та ефективними комунікаційними каналами в міжнародних відносинах, здатними впливати на розподіл глобальних потоків потенційних відвідувачів країни. Показано, що розміщення бренду країни в кінематографічній формі уможливлює процеси формування міжнародного іміджу країни, поліпшення репутації країни в очах громадської спільноти інших країн. Автор демонструє умови, при яких використання кінематографа в якості інструменту плейсбрендингу приносить найефективніші результати. До таких умов він відносить проведення подій світового рівня в країні, де знімався кінофільм. Стаття також акцентує увагу на ролі державних органів у процесі успішного плейсбрендингу. Проаналізована успішна маркетингова кампанія Австралії «Спробуй піший туризм» проведена державним агентством «Туризм Австралії» в 2008 році. Особливістю цієї кампанії було її започаткування саме на основі кінофільму «Австралія», який послужив унікальним пакуванням для бренду країни із його подальшим репрезентуванням широким колам світової спільноти. В статті також порушується питання взаємозалежності іміджу країни та іміджу її складових елементів. ; Презентується кейс Австралії та фільму «Австралія» як приклад ефективного використання кінематографа в процесі плейсбрендингу. Доведено, що кінофільми є вагомими та ефективними комунікаційними каналами в міжнародних відносинах, здатними впливати на розподіл глобальних потоків потенційних відвідувачів країни. Показано, що розміщення бренду країни в кінематографічній формі уможливлює процеси формування міжнародного іміджу країни, поліпшення репутації країни в очах громадської спільноти інших країн. Автор демонструє умови, при яких використання кінематографа в якості інструменту плейсбрендингу приносить найефективніші результати. До таких умов він відносить проведення подій світового рівня в країні, де знімався кінофільм. Стаття також акцентує увагу на ролі державних органів у процесі успішного плейсбрендингу. Проаналізована успішна маркетингова кампанія Австралії «Спробуй піший туризм» проведена державним агентством «Туризм Австралії» в 2008 році. Особливістю цієї кампанії було її започаткування саме на основі кінофільму «Австралія», який послужив унікальним пакуванням для бренду країни із його подальшим репрезентуванням широким колам світової спільноти. В статті також порушується питання взаємозалежності іміджу країни та іміджу її складових елементів.
I take humans to basically strive toward a condition of peace enabling human flourishing. Yet human groups and individuals alike have an extraordinary wide range of understandings of such a condition. If hope for lasting peace and joint cooperation is to emerge from rule of law or otherwise underpin global harmony, first these very concepts need to be unpacked in proper detail. Given the remarkable diversity of legal practices across societies, simply looking at our own will prove insufficient. I suggest building on both Eastern and Western traditions of thought, as well as looking at contemporary practices across the globe in an attempt to enquire into the nature and historical background of the two key notions: rule of law (section 1) and harmony (section 2). Some concluding remarks are then drawn (section 3).First, we focus on "rule of law" (ROL): Is it a likely candidate to set the foundations of global harmony? Looking at the meaning that "rule of law" has acquired within a broad range of fields (legal theory, law and jurisprudence, political philosophy, political science, international relations, sociology and social theory), the first striking aspect is that it does not seem to be the monopoly of technical definitions (principles of legality and impartiality). Historically, the appeal of ROL derived from the distinction between "empire of laws" (rule by law) and "empire of men" (rule under men). Today, both practitioners and scholars refer to ROL as an aggregate of legal rules and institutions, but also as a variety of informal discursive practices aimed at legitimising those rules and institutions.One-size-fits-all definitions can obviously be found, but they suffer from tremendously high levels of generality. Once we acknowledge the need for distinctions, however, we find too many. The long-standing distinction between thin (or procedural) and thick (or substantive) conceptions of ROL has been debated at great length, as has the difference between rule of law, rule by law etc. At this point there is little to be gained by further restatements of these basic distinctions. However, abandoning this debate will not reduce the number of competing conceptions: Rechtsstaat, État de droit, Estado de derecho. Moreover, the continental civil law tradition also developed other concepts that are smeared into the Anglo-Saxon formula, including certezza del diritto, sécurité juridique, etc. We should also ask whether Chinese fazhi is or might be a Far Eastern equivalent to rule of law.A promising start is then to go beyond the consensus omnia of international declarations and shed light on the arguments of those who do not estimate that rule of law enhances concord. ROL appears to be equivocal and often (covertly) value-laden both in ordinary language and scholarly literature. Three criticisms of rule of law are taken into consideration. One criticism holds it to be a case of law-fare: Not a mere technical device, ROL is rather an instrument for hegemony. Another criticism holds ROL to be a Western invention (legal Occidentalism): What is being questioned is not a specific set of institutions that may, rightly or wrongly, be identified as "Western (rule of) law." The challenge goes deeper and concerns the epistemological status of law itself. A third criticism comes from "global constitutionalism." The ideal of ROL is not questioned as much as the way it is currently practiced: Since it lacks effectiveness, it is unsatisfactory. Given that constitutionalism, at state level, implied that constitutions made legislative power respect the constitution, advocates of international constitutionalism calls for such a paradigmatic change in the international arena.These arguments show that ROL is no "magic bullet" : Its banner was used as a synonym for an independent judiciary, but came to include democracy, rights, civil society and many more. This conceptual overstretch explains why rule of law is not likely to promote global concord.In section two, it seems prima facie that "harmony" has much higher odds for being a stepping stone for lasting peace: The concept has figured prominently in both Eastern and Western philosophical traditions where it indicates concord, equilibrium between forces resulting in peace, in opposition to disorder (chaos in the Greek tradition and luan in the Chinese tradition). The order emerging from harmony is a composition of differences and not merely a sum of unities. On a social level, harmony is a relational concept and hints to concert or absence of contradiction in relationships between individuals and/or groups. Contrarily to rule of law, we do not deal with an essentially contested concept: its structure is not seriously questioned. Moreover, contrarily to ROL, we have a clear referent: The CCP's commitment to "building a harmonious society" was officially announced in 2002 and has since been added to the basic line in its constitution.Here, the arguments of those who disbelieve the emancipating strength of harmony have to be addressed. First, there is the legal positivist's objection: Harmony amounts to natural law-talk that suffers, ultimately, from abusing Hume's principle. Secondly, there is the criticism of the liberal democrat: Let aside the epistemological and theoretical nature of the concept, in the realm of practical reason harmony implies an essential (and fix) hierarchy of people that will inevitably lead to autocratic political regimes. The overall idea is that the harmonious order does not take controversy seriously: contradictions have to be eradicated or hidden in order to promote (apparent) stability. Harmony would then only amount to a cover-up status quo, based on manufactured consensus.In conclusion, I suggest that there are two lessons to be learnt if we want to overcome the cultural divides of the West-östlicher Diwan: From the rule of law, we must hence learn again the fundamental lesson of impartiality as an indispensable element in applying the principle of justice. From harmony, we must refine our understanding of the complex ways in which social cohesion is enhanced and without which no order is sustainable.
La finalidad principal de este trabajo de tesis es ponderar la viabilidad de la aplicación del análisis multicriterio y la lógica difusa en la evaluación de impactos ambientales como una herramienta de ayuda a la toma de decisiones ambientales, se inicia con una revisión de la evolución histórica y legal de la evaluación de impacto ambiental y hace una revisión a la situación europea de cómo se han ido incorporando a la legislación de sus estados miembros las Directivas relativas, y la forma en que los Programas Comunitarios Medioambientales han influido en la política interna de medio ambiente con un énfasis especial al caso España y particularmente de Cataluña. Se hace también un breve análisis a la situación en los países de América. Se dedica un capítulo a las metodologías de evaluación de impactos ambientales con la finalidad de ofrecer un panorama general de los métodos más usados y que más adelante dan origen al método propuesto en este trabajo con la incorporación de técnicas difusas. Merece una atención especial la valoración del medio natural, las principales barreras de carácter ideológico, de procedimiento y metodológico existentes para la selección, ponderación e integración de los criterios de evaluación seleccionados y la desigual calidad de la información disponible. Esta evaluación es llevada a cabo mediante una considerable variedad de técnicas y métodos que tienen en común el hecho de basarse en factores objetivos y subjetivos difícilmente separables y que requieren del auxilio de una técnica matemática que pueda conciliar lo cualitativo con lo cuantitativo. La aplicación del análisis multicriterio y la lógica difusa a la evaluación de impacto ambiental actualiza y mejora el uso de los métodos clásicos y generalmente aceptados, con la ventaja de que permite manejar simultáneamente información cualitativa y cuantitativa sin los problemas de agregación que se presentan en el sistema crisp (convencional) ya que el modelo semántico en que se basa, es proporcionado por la teoría de conjuntos difusos que ha demostrado en otras áreas del conocimiento una mejor aproximación a la realidad, al admitir que la naturaleza tiene matices y que las decisiones se toman en función de una amplia gama de posibilidades y de criterios en ocasiones contradictorios o en conflicto, todos igualmente válidos. Finalmente, a tres proyectos realizados en la Isla de Mallorca considerados en el Plan Director Sectorial para la Gestión de los Residuos Urbanos para una zona de actuación localizada en Son Reus, se les aplica un método de evaluación de impactos ambientales que asimila las técnicas difusas y el análisis multicriterio denominado AIEIA, dichos proyectos son: una Planta Incineradora de RSU, una Planta Metanizadora de residuos biodegradables y una Planta de Compostaje. El uso del programa informático AIEIA (aplicación integral de evaluación de impacto ambiental) desarrollado por un grupo de investigadores de la Universidad de Granada, España encabezado por el Dr. Armando Blanco Morón con la colaboración del Dr. José Manuel Martín Ramos y otros, es una herramienta sumamente útil y práctica que integra el proceso de estudio de impacto ambiental (EsIA) y la toma de decisiones multicriterio difusa; su evaluación ha sido parte de este trabajo, con resultados muy satisfactorios que nos permiten afirmar que resulta viable la aplicación de estas técnicas matemáticas en la evaluación de impactos ambientales. Los resultados obtenidos son equiparables a otros métodos con las ventajas de proporcionar información en términos absolutos y relativos de los impactos ambientales, por actividad, por grupo de actividades, factores ambientales, grupos de factores ambientales y evaluación global del proyecto, en términos lingüísticos, en términos numéricos y en números difusos, además de permitir un análisis de alternativas. ; The main purpose of this thesis dissertation is to weigh up the viability of the application of multicriteria analysis and fuzzy logic in the environmental impact assessment as a tool for decision make. It begins with a revision of the historical and legal evolution of environmental impact assessment and makes a revision to European situation of the incorporation of related Directives to the legislation of member states; and the way that Communitarian Environmental Programmes have influenced the internal environmental policies, with an especial emphasis to the case of Spain and, particularly, Catalonia. A brief analysis of the situation of American countries is also presented. The methodologies for environmental impact assessment cover a section of this dissertation, with the objective of illustrating the general state-of-the-science of most used methods that, furthermore, are the origin for the proposed methodology in this work with the incorporation of fuzzy techniques. A remarkable attention is focused in the valuation of the environment, the main ideological, proceedings and methodological barriers existing for the selection, weighting and integration of the assessment criteria selected; and the uneven quality of the available information. This assessment takes place through a considerable variety of techniques and methods that have in common the fact that they are based in both objective and subjective factors hardly separable, and that require the aid from a mathematical technique which reconciles the qualitative and the quantitative. The application of multicriteria analysis and fuzzy logic to the environmental impact assessment actualises and improves the use of classical and accepted methods, with the advantage that it allows to manage simultaneously the qualitative and quantitative information without the problems of aggregation that are present in the crisp (conventional) system; since the semantic model on which that is based is supplied by the theory of fuzzy set, which has shown a better approximation to reality in other subjects when admitting that nature has nuances and decisions are taken in function of a wide range of possibilities and criteria that are often contradictory or in conflict, all of them equally valid. ; Postprint (published version)
La finalidad principal de este trabajo de tesis es ponderar la viabilidad de la aplicación del análisis multicriterio y la lógica difusa en la evaluación de impactos ambientales como una herramienta de ayuda a la toma de decisiones ambientales, se inicia con una revisión de la evolución histórica y legal de la evaluación de impacto ambiental y hace una revisión a la situación europea de cómo se han ido incorporando a la legislación de sus estados miembros las Directivas relativas, y la forma en que los Programas Comunitarios Medioambientales han influido en la política interna de medio ambiente con un énfasis especial al caso España y particularmente de Cataluña. Se hace también un breve análisis a la situación en los países de América. Se dedica un capítulo a las metodologías de evaluación de impactos ambientales con la finalidad de ofrecer un panorama general de los métodos más usados y que más adelante dan origen al método propuesto en este trabajo con la incorporación de técnicas difusas. Merece una atención especial la valoración del medio natural, las principales barreras de carácter ideológico, de procedimiento y metodológico existentes para la selección, ponderación e integración de los criterios de evaluación seleccionados y la desigual calidad de la información disponible. Esta evaluación es llevada a cabo mediante una considerable variedad de técnicas y métodos que tienen en común el hecho de basarse en factores objetivos y subjetivos difícilmente separables y que requieren del auxilio de una técnica matemática que pueda conciliar lo cualitativo con lo cuantitativo. La aplicación del análisis multicriterio y la lógica difusa a la evaluación de impacto ambiental actualiza y mejora el uso de los métodos clásicos y generalmente aceptados, con la ventaja de que permite manejar simultáneamente información cualitativa y cuantitativa sin los problemas de agregación que se presentan en el sistema crisp (convencional) ya que el modelo semántico en que se basa, es proporcionado por la teoría de conjuntos difusos que ha demostrado en otras áreas del conocimiento una mejor aproximación a la realidad, al admitir que la naturaleza tiene matices y que las decisiones se toman en función de una amplia gama de posibilidades y de criterios en ocasiones contradictorios o en conflicto, todos igualmente válidos. Finalmente, a tres proyectos realizados en la Isla de Mallorca considerados en el Plan Director Sectorial para la Gestión de los Residuos Urbanos para una zona de actuación localizada en Son Reus, se les aplica un método de evaluación de impactos ambientales que asimila las técnicas difusas y el análisis multicriterio denominado AIEIA, dichos proyectos son: una Planta Incineradora de RSU, una Planta Metanizadora de residuos biodegradables y una Planta de Compostaje. El uso del programa informático AIEIA (aplicación integral de evaluación de impacto ambiental) desarrollado por un grupo de investigadores de la Universidad de Granada, España encabezado por el Dr. Armando Blanco Morón con la colaboración del Dr. José Manuel Martín Ramos y otros, es una herramienta sumamente útil y práctica que integra el proceso de estudio de impacto ambiental (EsIA) y la toma de decisiones multicriterio difusa; su evaluación ha sido parte de este trabajo, con resultados muy satisfactorios que nos permiten afirmar que resulta viable la aplicación de estas técnicas matemáticas en la evaluación de impactos ambientales. Los resultados obtenidos son equiparables a otros métodos con las ventajas de proporcionar información en términos absolutos y relativos de los impactos ambientales, por actividad, por grupo de actividades, factores ambientales, grupos de factores ambientales y evaluación global del proyecto, en términos lingüísticos, en términos numéricos y en números difusos, además de permitir un análisis de alternativas. ; The main purpose of this thesis dissertation is to weigh up the viability of the application of multicriteria analysis and fuzzy logic in the environmental impact assessment as a tool for decision make. It begins with a revision of the historical and legal evolution of environmental impact assessment and makes a revision to European situation of the incorporation of related Directives to the legislation of member states; and the way that Communitarian Environmental Programmes have influenced the internal environmental policies, with an especial emphasis to the case of Spain and, particularly, Catalonia. A brief analysis of the situation of American countries is also presented. The methodologies for environmental impact assessment cover a section of this dissertation, with the objective of illustrating the general state-of-the-science of most used methods that, furthermore, are the origin for the proposed methodology in this work with the incorporation of fuzzy techniques. A remarkable attention is focused in the valuation of the environment, the main ideological, proceedings and methodological barriers existing for the selection, weighting and integration of the assessment criteria selected; and the uneven quality of the available information. This assessment takes place through a considerable variety of techniques and methods that have in common the fact that they are based in both objective and subjective factors hardly separable, and that require the aid from a mathematical technique which reconciles the qualitative and the quantitative. The application of multicriteria analysis and fuzzy logic to the environmental impact assessment actualises and improves the use of classical and accepted methods, with the advantage that it allows to manage simultaneously the qualitative and quantitative information without the problems of aggregation that are present in the crisp (conventional) system; since the semantic model on which that is based is supplied by the theory of fuzzy set, which has shown a better approximation to reality in other subjects when admitting that nature has nuances and decisions are taken in function of a wide range of possibilities and criteria that are often contradictory or in conflict, all of them equally valid. ; Postprint (published version)
In der globalen Umwelt- und Entwicklungskrise ist sowohl das Umweltverhältnis der Moderne als auch deren Konzeption von Entwicklung problematisch geworden. Die Einrichtung von Natur-Schutzgebieten ist ein zentraler Ansatz zur Lösung der Krise im Rahmen einer Strategie des globalen Ressourcenmanagements. Basierend auf antagonistischen Konzeptualisierungen von 'Natur' versus 'Kultur' und 'Tradition' versus 'Moderne', zielt der klassische Schutzgebietsansatz auf die Entfernung von Menschen aus Gebieten, die primär dem Schutz der Natur dienen sollen. Seit den 1980er Jahren hat eine Revision dieses Ansatzes auf internationaler Ebene zur Durchsetzung utilitätsorientierter partizipativer Ansätze geführt, die Interessen und Rechte lokaler Bevölkerungen in und am Rande von Schutzgebieten berücksichtigen. Die Praxis der Einrichtung und des Managements von Schutzgebieten ist aber häufig weit entfernt von den Standards dieses revidierten Schutzgebietskonzepts. Darüber hinaus stößt der utilitätsorientierte globalistische Managementansatz seit den 1990er Jahren auf die Kritik lokalistischer Gegenpositionen, die Strategien lokaler Ressourcenkontrolle und kultureller Selbstbestimmung in den Mittelpunkt ihres alternativen Lösungsansatzes für die globale Umwelt- und Entwicklungskrise stellen. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht die Studie die Konflikte um Gemeinschaften der ethnischen Minderheit der Karen im 1974 eingerichteten Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary im Westen Thailands, das 1991 von der UNESCO zu einem Weltnaturerbe erklärt wurde. Karen siedeln dort seit mindestens 200 Jahren. In einem zyklischen Schwendbausystem bauen sie primär Reis für den Subsistenzbedarf an. Umsiedlungen erfolgten seit der Einrichtung des Schutzgebiets. Mit der Erklärung zum Weltnaturerbe wurden die verbliebenen Gemeinschaften zum Politikum. Die Forstverwaltung schränkt das traditionelle Wald- und Landnutzungssystem der Karen ein und versucht, ihre Umsiedlung durchzusetzen. In der forst- und umweltpolitischen Diskussion in Thailand und auf internationaler Ebene dient Thung Yai aber auch als Beispiel dafür, dass Waldschutz und Waldnutzung durch lokale Bevölkerungsgruppen durchaus miteinander vereinbar sind. Die Untersuchung interessiert sich sowohl für Prozesse lokalen Wandels in den Gemeinschaften in Thung Yai als auch für die politischen Auseinandersetzungen um die Siedlungen. Beide Aspekte lassen sich nur im Kontext nationaler und internationaler Modernisierungsprozesse und Umweltdiskurse verstehen. Die dynamische kulturelle Identität der Karen in Thung Yai ist zentral für ihre An-passung an diese Wandlungsprozesse, aber auch für ihren Widerstand gegenüber den externen Bedrohungen ihrer Existenz und Lebensweise in Thung Yai. Über die Analyse des konkreten Konfliktfalls im Kontext nationaler und globaler Entwicklungen und Diskurse hinaus, zielt die Studie auch auf den Rückbezug der Analyse auf den eigenen kulturellen Kontext, die Kultur der Moderne. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung sprechen für die Anerkennung der traditionellen Siedlungs- und Nutzungsrechte der Karen in Thung Yai sowie ihre Beteiligung am Management des Weltnaturerbes. Hinsichtlich des problematischen Zusammenhangs von nationaler Integration, Modernisierung und kultureller Diversität vertritt die Studie einen Kulturschutzansatz, in dessen Mittelpunkt der selbstbestimmte Wandel sozialer Gruppierungen steht. Mit Blick auf die Kultur der Moderne impliziert dieser Kulturschutzansatz die Reflexion universalistischer und hegemonialer Ansprüche der Moderne sowie eine verstärkte Aufmerksamkeit für Umweltverhältnisse und Gemeinschaftsformen jenseits der Stereotype 'Tradition' und 'Moderne'. ; In the context of the global environmental and developmental crisis, both environmental relations of modern societies as well as their relations to non-modern, 'traditional' groups are called into question. In this regard, the global environmental and developmental crisis not only threatens the well-being of present and future human populations, but also reflects a crisis of modernity. The demarcation of protected areas for the protection of 'nature' is an important approach to tackle global environmental problems. Frequently, the remaining 'natural' areas suitable for nature conservation are, at the same time, living spaces of non-modern peoples. The 'classical' modern concept of protected areas - based on ideas of an inherent antagonism between humans and nature - in many cases led to the eviction of these people from protected areas. The poor balance of this 'classical' approach to preserve nature in protected areas, resistance from affected local people, as well as a growing awareness for the rights of these people have induced a revision of this approach. In the international discourses a new utility-oriented approach has gained rather broad acceptance which is based on a conservation strategy that takes into account the interests and rights of local populations in resources and services of protected areas. In practice, however, the establishment and management of protected areas often is far away from the standards of this revised protected area concept. Furthermore, this utility-oriented conservation approach has not only provoked a counter-movement within the conservation community, but also has to confront a critical localist approach to nature conservation focusing on local resource control and self-determination. Against this background, the study is concerned with the conflicts and debates involving local communities of the Karen ethnic minority group living in the Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary in Western Thailand which was established in 1974 and was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1991. People of the Karen ethnic minority group have been living in the area for at least 200 years. Until today, the Karen in Thung Yai predominantly grow hill rice for subsistence needs in a rotational swidden system under a communal resource management regime. Since the establishment of the sanctuary villages have been removed by state authorities at different times. Specifically with the declaration as a World Heritage Site, the remaining Karen villages became a political issue. The Royal Forest Department, the Military and politicians frequently request their resettlement, impose restrictions on their tradi-tional land use system, and are trying to induce them to resettle 'voluntarily' using violence and terror. At the same time, within the present discourse on 'people and forests' in Thailand, the Karen in Thung Yai are quoted for the position that human forest use and conservation of forests may well go hand in hand. The research focused on processes of local change within the Karen communities, as well as on the political conflicts regarding the villages in the sanctuary. Both aspects only become comprehensible within the broader context of national and international processes of modernisation and environmental discourse. The dynamic cultural identity of the Karen in Thung Yai, which is essentially related to their specific place of living, is crucial for their adaptability towards these external changes and challenges, but also for their resistance towards the threats regarding their existence in Thung Yai. However, this research not only explores the concrete local case of conflict within its encompassing national and international contexts of deforestation, nature conservation, indigenous rights, etc., but also intends to reflect this conflict and the research on it with regard to the self-conceptualisation of modern science and the culture of modernity. The findings of the study support claims to legalise the traditional settlement rights and land use areas of the Karen in the sanctuary, and suggests the appreciation of their traditional forest- and land use systems as well as their integration into the conception and management of the sanctuary. Concerning the problem of national integration, modernisation and cultural diversity, the study proposes a 'culture conservation approach' focusing on local rights to self-determination and resource use in the context of participative, democratic approaches to conflict resolution. With regard to the culture of modernity this approach implies questioning universalistic and hegemonic claims of 'modernity' as well as an increased attentiveness for environmental relations beyond the stereotypes of 'tradition' and 'modernity'.
Tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (p-tau181) measured in blood plasma has recently been proposed as an accessible, scalable, and highly specific biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Longitudinal studies, however, investigating the temporal dynamics of this novel biomarker are lacking. It is therefore unclear when in the disease process plasma p-tau181 increases above physiological levels and how it relates to the spatiotemporal progression of Alzheimer's disease characteristic pathologies. We aimed to establish the natural time course of plasma p-tau181 across the sporadic Alzheimer's disease spectrum in comparison to those of established imaging and fluid-derived biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. We examined longitudinal data from a large prospective cohort of elderly individuals enrolled in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (n = 1067) covering a wide clinical spectrum from normal cognition to dementia, and with measures of plasma p-tau181 and an 18F-florbetapir amyloid-β PET scan at baseline. A subset of participants (n = 864) also had measures of amyloid-β1-42 and p-tau181 levels in CSF, and another subset (n = 298) had undergone an 18F-flortaucipir tau PET scan 6 years later. We performed brain-wide analyses to investigate the associations of plasma p-tau181 baseline levels and longitudinal change with progression of regional amyloid-β pathology and tau burden 6 years later, and estimated the time course of changes in plasma p-tau181 and other Alzheimer's disease biomarkers using a previously developed method for the construction of long-term biomarker temporal trajectories using shorter-term longitudinal data. Smoothing splines demonstrated that earliest plasma p-tau181 changes occurred even before amyloid-β markers reached abnormal levels, with greater rates of change correlating with increased amyloid-β pathology. Voxel-wise PET analyses yielded relatively weak, yet significant, associations of plasma p-tau181 with amyloid-β pathology in early accumulating brain regions in cognitively healthy individuals, while the strongest associations with amyloid-β were observed in late accumulating regions in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Cross-sectional and particularly longitudinal measures of plasma p-tau181 were associated with widespread cortical tau aggregation 6 years later, covering temporoparietal regions typical for neurofibrillary tangle distribution in Alzheimer's disease. Finally, we estimated that plasma p-tau181 reaches abnormal levels ∼6.5 and 5.7 years after CSF and PET measures of amyloid-β, respectively, following similar dynamics as CSF p-tau181. Our findings suggest that plasma p-tau181 increases are associated with the presence of widespread cortical amyloid-β pathology and with prospective Alzheimer's disease typical tau aggregation, providing clear implications for the use of this novel blood biomarker as a diagnostic and screening tool for Alzheimer's disease. ; M.J.G. is supported by the "Miguel Servet" program [CP19/00031] of the Spanish Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII-FEDER). T.K.K. holds a research fellowship from the Brightfocus Foundation (#A2020812F), and is further supported by the Swedish Alzheimer Foundation (Alzheimerfonden; #AF-930627), the Swedish Brain Foundation (Hjärnfonden; #FO2020-0240), the Swedish Dementia Foundation (Demensförbundet), the Agneta Prytz-Folkes & Gösta Folkes Foundation (#2020-00124), the Aina (Ann) Wallströms and Mary-Ann Sjöbloms Foundation, the Anna Lisa and Brother Björnsson's Foundation, Gamla Tjänarinnor, and the Gun and Bertil Stohnes Foundation. A.S. is supported by the Paulo Foundation and the Orion Research Foundation. M.S.C. received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie action grant agreement No 752310, and currently receives funding from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI19/00155) and from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Juan de la Cierva Programme grant IJC2018-037478-I). H.Z. is a Wallenberg Scholar supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council (#2018-02532), the European Research Council (#681712), Swedish State Support for Clinical Research (#ALFGBG-720931), the Alzheimer Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF), USA (#201809-2016862), and the UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL. K.B. is supported by the Swedish Research Council (#2017-00915), the Alzheimer Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF), USA (#RDAPB-201809-2016615), the Swedish Alzheimer Foundation (#AF-742881), Hjärnfonden, Sweden (#FO2017-0243), the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the County Councils, the ALF-agreement (#ALFGBG-715986), and European Union Joint Program for Neurodegenerative Disorders (JPND2019-466-236). M.S. is supported by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine; KAW 2014.0363), the Swedish Research Council (#2017-02869), the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the County Councils, the ALF-agreement (#ALFGBG-813971), and the Swedish Alzheimer Foundation (#AF-740191). Data collection and sharing for this project was funded by the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (National Institutes of Health Grant U01 AG024904) and DOD ADNI (Department of Defense award number W81XWH-12-2-0012). ADNI is funded by the National Institute on Aging, the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, and through generous contributions from the following: AbbVie, Alzheimer's Association; Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation; Araclon Biotech; BioClinica, Inc.; Biogen; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; CereSpir, Inc.; Cogstate; Eisai Inc.; Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Eli Lilly and Company; EuroImmun; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and its affiliated company Genentech, Inc.; Fujirebio; GE Healthcare; IXICO Ltd.; Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research & Development, LLC.; Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC.; Lumosity; Lundbeck; Merck & Co., Inc.; Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC.; NeuroRx Research; Neurotrack Technologies; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Pfizer Inc.; Piramal Imaging; Servier; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company; and Transition Therapeutics. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research is providing funds to support ADNI clinical sites in Canada. Private sector contributions are facilitated by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (www.fnih.org). The grantee organization is the Northern California Institute for Research and Education, and the study is coordinated by the Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute at the University of Southern California. ADNI data are disseminated by the Laboratory for Neuro Imaging at the University of Southern California.
Capítols 1 i 7 escrits també en anglés ; The spatial decision-making process for the purpose of planning, policies, plans, or territorial programs, is intimately tied to the concept of location in the respective geographical space, mainly because many aspects such as natural resources; raw materials, infrastructure, proximity to markets, weather, culture, safety and strategic areas, among others, can be determined, and directly or indirectly related, based on spatial locations. Because of this and assuming that the geographical space constitutes a complex system, it is necessary that the spatial decision-making process intended for achieving aspects of location of goods and services, and/or events for the aforementioned purposes, is carried out in an interdisciplinary way, preferably through participation and consensus from the involved stakeholders involved.In this thesis, an applied research is presented that had as main purpose to provide an archetype that supports the process of spatial decision-making through the spatial consensus by diverse social actors, specially in regard to the location of goods, services and/or events. The archetype, based on the spatial version of the Delphi method modified, has as main characteristic the use of the opinions from a group of experts to solve a problem in the context of the decision-making process and / or in the framework for foresight while also considering the geographical aspect, all of this in order to reach a consensus in regard to the identification of an optimal location in a limited part of a territory.By following the Design Science Research methodology (DSR) and by adopting as auxiliary methods, Documentary Research and Reuse-Based Software Development, an artifact called Geospatial System of Collective Intelligence (SIGIC) was devised through which a collective intelligence behavior could be induced into multidisciplinary groups not experienced in the use of geotechnologies, and for the purpose of locating goods, services, and / or events through the spatial consensus from the participants. After having evaluated the artifact in five different spatial decision situations, two of them in Italy for the location of an air quality monitoring station, and for the zoning of the street prostitution process; two of them in Ecuador to determine the location for the installation of a booth for the screening of HIV and to state the location of booths for the annual initiative for blood collection, and finally, one more in Antarctica, Greenwich Island to determine the location of goods and services to plan the activities of the Scientific Station Pedro Vicente Maldonado.The main results exhibit that even multidisciplinary groups without previous experience in the use of geotechnologies can interact with these tools to study and determine through consensus of their spatial opinions, the potential location of goods, services and / or events in a given territory, thus achieving in this way a process of Collective Spatial Analysis as support for spatial decisions, mainly in aspects related to planning, organization, and use of resources in the territory, and even for the evaluation, preparation, or adoption of policies, plans, and corresponding programs. ; El proceso de toma de decisiones espaciales con fines de planificación, políticas, planes o programas territoriales, está estrechamente vinculado con el concepto de la localización en el espacio geográfico respectivo, principalmente porque en base a las ubicaciones espaciales se pueden determinar y relacionar directa e indirectamente, muchos otros aspectos como son los recursos naturales, las materias primas, la infraestructura, la proximidad al mercado, el clima, la cultura, las áreas estratégicas y de seguridad, entre otros. Por esta razón, y asumiendo que el espacio geográfico constituye un sistema complejo, es necesario que la toma de decisiones espaciales destinada a lograr aspectos de localización de bienes servicios y/o eventos para lo fines antes mencionados, se efectúe interdisciplinarmente, preferentemente a través de la participación y consenso de los actores involucrados.En esta tesis se presenta una investigación aplicada que tuvo como propósito aportar un arquetipo para coadyuvar en el proceso de toma de decisiones espaciales por medio del consenso espacial entre diversos actores sociales, primordialmente con respecto a la localización de bienes, servicios y/o eventos. El arquetipo, basado en la versión espacial del Método Delphi modificado, tiene como característica principal el uso de las opiniones de un grupo de expertos para resolver un problema en el contexto de toma de decisiones y/o marco de previsión considerando el aspecto geográfico, con el objetivo de llegar a un consenso respecto a la identificación de una ubicación óptima en una parte limitada del territorio.Siguiendo la metodología de Investigación en Ciencia del Diseño (DSR por su acrónimo en Inglés) y adoptando como métodos auxiliares la Investigación Documental y el Desarrollo de Software Basado en la Reutilización, se ideó el artefacto llamado Sistema Geoespacial de Inteligencia Colectiva (SIGIC), con el cual se logró inducir y coordinar un comportamiento de inteligencia colectiva en grupos multidisciplinares no experimentados en el uso de geotecnologías, con el propósito de localizar bienes, servicios y/o eventos mediante el consenso espacial de los participantes. Este artefacto se evaluó en cinco situaciones diferentes de decisión espacial: dos en Italia, para la ubicación de una estación de monitoreo de calidad del aire y para la zonificación del proceso de prostitución de calle; dos en Ecuador, para determinar el lugar de instalación de un puesto para pruebas de tamizaje de VIH y para establecer las ubicaciones de puestos para la campaña anual de colecta de sangre; y una en la Antártida, Isla de Greenwich, para determinar la ubicación de bienes y servicios con fines de planificación de actividades de la Estación Científica Pedro Vicente Maldonado.Los principales resultados exhiben que grupos multidisciplinares sin práctica en el uso de geotecnologías pueden interactuar con estas herramientas para estudiar y determinar a través del consenso de sus opiniones espaciales, la probable localización de bienes, servicios y/o eventos en un territorio determinado, conformando de esta manera un proceso de Análisis Espacial Colectivo como soporte a las decisiones espaciales principalmente, para aspectos de planificación, organización y empleo de recursos en el territorio o bien para la evaluación, preparación o adopción de políticas, planes y programas correspondientes. ; El procés de presa de decisions espacials amb fins de planificació, polítiques, plans o programes territorials, esta íntimament vinculat amb el concepte de la localització en l'espai geogràfic respectiu, principalment perquè en base a las ubicacions espacials es pot determinar i relacionar directament i indirecta, molts altres aspectes com són els recursos naturals, les matèries primeres, la infraestructura, la proximitat al mercat, el clima, la cultura, les àrees estratègiques i de seguretat, entre d´altres. Per aquesta raó, i assolint que el espai geogràfic constitueix un sistema complex, és necessari que la presa de decisions espacials destinada a aconseguir aspectes de localització de béns serveis i/o esdeveniments per els fins anteriorment esmentats, s'efectui interdisciplinariament, de manera preferent mitjançant la participació i consens dels actors involucrats.A aquesta tesi es presenta una investigació aplicada que va tenir com a propòsit aportar un arquetip per coadjuvar en el procés de presa de decisions espacials mitjançant el consens espacial entre diversos actors socials, primordialment respecte de la localització de béns, serveis i/o esdeveniments. L'arquetip, basat en la versió espacial del Mètode Delphi modificat, té com a característica principal l'ús de les opinions d'un grup d'experts per resoldre un problema en el context de presa de decisions i/o marc de previsió considerant l'aspecte geogràfic, amb el objectiu d'arribar a un consens respecte a la identificació d'una ubicació òptima en una part limitada del territori.Tot seguint la metodologia d´Investigació en Ciència del Disseny (DSR per el seu acrònim en anglès) i adoptant com a mètodes auxiliars la Investigació Documental i el Desenvolupament de Software Fonamentat en la Reutilització, es va idear l'artefacte anomenat Sistema Geoespacial d'Intel·ligència Col·lectiva (SIGIC), mitjançant del qual es va aconseguir induir i coordinar un comportament d'intel·ligència col·lectiva en grups multidisciplinaris no experimentats en l'ús de geotecnologíes, amb el propòsit de localitzar béns, serveis i/o esdeveniments mitjançant el consens espacial dels participants. Aquest artefacte es va avaluar en cinc situacions diferents de decisió espacial: dos a Itàlia, per a la ubicació d'una estació de monitorització de qualitat de l'aire i per a la zonificació del procés de prostitució del carrer; dos a Equador, per determinar el lloc d'instal·lació d'un posat per a proves de tamisatge de VIH i per establir les ubicacions de llocs per a la campanya anual de col·lecta de sang; i una a l'Antàrtida, Illa de Greenwich, per determinar la ubicació de béns i serveis amb fins de planificació d'activitats de l'Estació Científica Pedro Vicente Maldonado.Els principals resultats exhibeixen que grups multidisciplinaris sense practica en l'ús de les geotecnologíes poden interactuar amb aquestes eines per estudiar i determinar mitjançant el consens de les seves opinions espacials, la probable localització de béns, serveis i/o esdeveniments en un territori determinat, conformant d´aquesta manera un procés d'Anàlisi Espacial Col·lectiu com a suport a les decisions espacials principalment, per aspectes de planificació, organització i ocupació de recursos en el territori o bé per l´avaluació, preparació o adopció de polítiques, plans i programes corresponents. ; Il processo decisionale spaziale ai fini della pianificazione, delle politiche, dei piani o dei programmi territoriali, è strettamente legato al concetto di localizzazione dello spazio geografico di riferimento, principalmente perché in base alle ubicazioni spaziali possono essere determinati e si relazionano direttamente e indirettamente, molti altri aspetti tra i quali le risorse naturali, le materie prime, le infrastrutture, la vicinanza al mercato, il clima, la cultura, le aree strategiche e di sicurezza. Quindi, assumendo che lo spazio geografico costituisce un sistema complesso, è necessario che le decisioni spaziali volte ad ottenere aspetti per la localizzazione di beni e servizi e/o eventi per i fini prima menzionati, siano effettuate in maniera interdisciplinare, preferibilmente attraverso la partecipazione e il consenso tra le parti interessate. In questa tesi viene presentata una ricerca applicata che ha avuto come proposito fornire un archetipo per aiutare nel processo decisionale spaziale per mezzo del consenso speciale tra diversi attori sociali, soprattutto per quanto riguarda la localizzazione dei beni, servizi e/o eventi. L'archetipo, in base alla versione spaziale del Metodo Delphi modificato, ha come caratteristica principale l'uso delle opinioni di un gruppo di esperti per risolvere un problema nel contesto del processo decisionale e/o di un quadro di previsione considerando l'aspetto geografico, con l'obiettivo di giungere ad un consenso riguardo l'identificazione di una posizione ottimale in una parte limitata del territorio. Seguendo la metodologia della Ricerca Scientifica di Progettazione (DSR con il suo acronimo in inglese) e adottando come metodi ausiliari la Ricerca Documentaria e lo Sviluppo del Software Basato sulla Riutilizzazione, è stato messo a punto l'artefatto chiamato Sistema Geo-Spaziale di Intelligenza Collettiva (SIGIC), con il quale è stato possibile indurre e coordinare un comportamento di intelligenza collettiva in gruppi multidisciplinari non sperimentati nell'uso di geo-tecniche, al fine di localizzare beni, servizi e/o eventi attraverso il consenso spaziale dei partecipanti. Questo artefatto è stato valutato in cinque situazioni diverse di decisione spaziale: due in Italia, per l'ubicazione di una stazione di monitoraggio della qualità dell'aria e per la zonizzazione del processo di prostituzione di strada; due in Ecuador, per determinare il luogo di installazione di un centro per i test per l'HIV e per stabilire le ubicazioni di centri per la campagna annuale di donazione del sangue; e una in Antartide, nell'isola Greenwich, per determinare l'ubicazione di beni e servizi al fine di pianificare le attività della Stazione Scientifica Pedro Vicente Maldonado. Dopo aver valutato l'artefatto in cinque differenti situazioni di decisione spaziale, i principali risultati mostrano che i gruppi multidisciplinari senza pratica nell'uso di geo-tecniche possono interagire con questi strumenti per studiare e determinare attraverso il consenso delle loro opinioni spaziali, la probabile localizzazione dei beni, servizi e/o eventi in un determinato territorio, formando così un processo di Analisi Spaziale Collettiva principalmente come supporto alle decisioni spaziali, per gli aspetti di pianificazione, organizzazione e l'uso delle risorse in il territorio o anche per la valutazione, la preparazione o l'adozione di politiche, piani e programmi corrispondenti. ; Postprint (published version)
Capítols 1 i 7 escrits també en anglés ; The spatial decision-making process for the purpose of planning, policies, plans, or territorial programs, is intimately tied to the concept of location in the respective geographical space, mainly because many aspects such as natural resources; raw materials, infrastructure, proximity to markets, weather, culture, safety and strategic areas, among others, can be determined, and directly or indirectly related, based on spatial locations. Because of this and assuming that the geographical space constitutes a complex system, it is necessary that the spatial decision-making process intended for achieving aspects of location of goods and services, and/or events for the aforementioned purposes, is carried out in an interdisciplinary way, preferably through participation and consensus from the involved stakeholders involved.In this thesis, an applied research is presented that had as main purpose to provide an archetype that supports the process of spatial decision-making through the spatial consensus by diverse social actors, specially in regard to the location of goods, services and/or events. The archetype, based on the spatial version of the Delphi method modified, has as main characteristic the use of the opinions from a group of experts to solve a problem in the context of the decision-making process and / or in the framework for foresight while also considering the geographical aspect, all of this in order to reach a consensus in regard to the identification of an optimal location in a limited part of a territory.By following the Design Science Research methodology (DSR) and by adopting as auxiliary methods, Documentary Research and Reuse-Based Software Development, an artifact called Geospatial System of Collective Intelligence (SIGIC) was devised through which a collective intelligence behavior could be induced into multidisciplinary groups not experienced in the use of geotechnologies, and for the purpose of locating goods, services, and / or events through the spatial consensus from the participants. After having evaluated the artifact in five different spatial decision situations, two of them in Italy for the location of an air quality monitoring station, and for the zoning of the street prostitution process; two of them in Ecuador to determine the location for the installation of a booth for the screening of HIV and to state the location of booths for the annual initiative for blood collection, and finally, one more in Antarctica, Greenwich Island to determine the location of goods and services to plan the activities of the Scientific Station Pedro Vicente Maldonado.The main results exhibit that even multidisciplinary groups without previous experience in the use of geotechnologies can interact with these tools to study and determine through consensus of their spatial opinions, the potential location of goods, services and / or events in a given territory, thus achieving in this way a process of Collective Spatial Analysis as support for spatial decisions, mainly in aspects related to planning, organization, and use of resources in the territory, and even for the evaluation, preparation, or adoption of policies, plans, and corresponding programs. ; El proceso de toma de decisiones espaciales con fines de planificación, políticas, planes o programas territoriales, está estrechamente vinculado con el concepto de la localización en el espacio geográfico respectivo, principalmente porque en base a las ubicaciones espaciales se pueden determinar y relacionar directa e indirectamente, muchos otros aspectos como son los recursos naturales, las materias primas, la infraestructura, la proximidad al mercado, el clima, la cultura, las áreas estratégicas y de seguridad, entre otros. Por esta razón, y asumiendo que el espacio geográfico constituye un sistema complejo, es necesario que la toma de decisiones espaciales destinada a lograr aspectos de localización de bienes servicios y/o eventos para lo fines antes mencionados, se efectúe interdisciplinarmente, preferentemente a través de la participación y consenso de los actores involucrados.En esta tesis se presenta una investigación aplicada que tuvo como propósito aportar un arquetipo para coadyuvar en el proceso de toma de decisiones espaciales por medio del consenso espacial entre diversos actores sociales, primordialmente con respecto a la localización de bienes, servicios y/o eventos. El arquetipo, basado en la versión espacial del Método Delphi modificado, tiene como característica principal el uso de las opiniones de un grupo de expertos para resolver un problema en el contexto de toma de decisiones y/o marco de previsión considerando el aspecto geográfico, con el objetivo de llegar a un consenso respecto a la identificación de una ubicación óptima en una parte limitada del territorio.Siguiendo la metodología de Investigación en Ciencia del Diseño (DSR por su acrónimo en Inglés) y adoptando como métodos auxiliares la Investigación Documental y el Desarrollo de Software Basado en la Reutilización, se ideó el artefacto llamado Sistema Geoespacial de Inteligencia Colectiva (SIGIC), con el cual se logró inducir y coordinar un comportamiento de inteligencia colectiva en grupos multidisciplinares no experimentados en el uso de geotecnologías, con el propósito de localizar bienes, servicios y/o eventos mediante el consenso espacial de los participantes. Este artefacto se evaluó en cinco situaciones diferentes de decisión espacial: dos en Italia, para la ubicación de una estación de monitoreo de calidad del aire y para la zonificación del proceso de prostitución de calle; dos en Ecuador, para determinar el lugar de instalación de un puesto para pruebas de tamizaje de VIH y para establecer las ubicaciones de puestos para la campaña anual de colecta de sangre; y una en la Antártida, Isla de Greenwich, para determinar la ubicación de bienes y servicios con fines de planificación de actividades de la Estación Científica Pedro Vicente Maldonado.Los principales resultados exhiben que grupos multidisciplinares sin práctica en el uso de geotecnologías pueden interactuar con estas herramientas para estudiar y determinar a través del consenso de sus opiniones espaciales, la probable localización de bienes, servicios y/o eventos en un territorio determinado, conformando de esta manera un proceso de Análisis Espacial Colectivo como soporte a las decisiones espaciales principalmente, para aspectos de planificación, organización y empleo de recursos en el territorio o bien para la evaluación, preparación o adopción de políticas, planes y programas correspondientes. ; El procés de presa de decisions espacials amb fins de planificació, polítiques, plans o programes territorials, esta íntimament vinculat amb el concepte de la localització en l'espai geogràfic respectiu, principalment perquè en base a las ubicacions espacials es pot determinar i relacionar directament i indirecta, molts altres aspectes com són els recursos naturals, les matèries primeres, la infraestructura, la proximitat al mercat, el clima, la cultura, les àrees estratègiques i de seguretat, entre d´altres. Per aquesta raó, i assolint que el espai geogràfic constitueix un sistema complex, és necessari que la presa de decisions espacials destinada a aconseguir aspectes de localització de béns serveis i/o esdeveniments per els fins anteriorment esmentats, s'efectui interdisciplinariament, de manera preferent mitjançant la participació i consens dels actors involucrats.A aquesta tesi es presenta una investigació aplicada que va tenir com a propòsit aportar un arquetip per coadjuvar en el procés de presa de decisions espacials mitjançant el consens espacial entre diversos actors socials, primordialment respecte de la localització de béns, serveis i/o esdeveniments. L'arquetip, basat en la versió espacial del Mètode Delphi modificat, té com a característica principal l'ús de les opinions d'un grup d'experts per resoldre un problema en el context de presa de decisions i/o marc de previsió considerant l'aspecte geogràfic, amb el objectiu d'arribar a un consens respecte a la identificació d'una ubicació òptima en una part limitada del territori.Tot seguint la metodologia d´Investigació en Ciència del Disseny (DSR per el seu acrònim en anglès) i adoptant com a mètodes auxiliars la Investigació Documental i el Desenvolupament de Software Fonamentat en la Reutilització, es va idear l'artefacte anomenat Sistema Geoespacial d'Intel·ligència Col·lectiva (SIGIC), mitjançant del qual es va aconseguir induir i coordinar un comportament d'intel·ligència col·lectiva en grups multidisciplinaris no experimentats en l'ús de geotecnologíes, amb el propòsit de localitzar béns, serveis i/o esdeveniments mitjançant el consens espacial dels participants. Aquest artefacte es va avaluar en cinc situacions diferents de decisió espacial: dos a Itàlia, per a la ubicació d'una estació de monitorització de qualitat de l'aire i per a la zonificació del procés de prostitució del carrer; dos a Equador, per determinar el lloc d'instal·lació d'un posat per a proves de tamisatge de VIH i per establir les ubicacions de llocs per a la campanya anual de col·lecta de sang; i una a l'Antàrtida, Illa de Greenwich, per determinar la ubicació de béns i serveis amb fins de planificació d'activitats de l'Estació Científica Pedro Vicente Maldonado.Els principals resultats exhibeixen que grups multidisciplinaris sense practica en l'ús de les geotecnologíes poden interactuar amb aquestes eines per estudiar i determinar mitjançant el consens de les seves opinions espacials, la probable localització de béns, serveis i/o esdeveniments en un territori determinat, conformant d´aquesta manera un procés d'Anàlisi Espacial Col·lectiu com a suport a les decisions espacials principalment, per aspectes de planificació, organització i ocupació de recursos en el territori o bé per l´avaluació, preparació o adopció de polítiques, plans i programes corresponents. ; Il processo decisionale spaziale ai fini della pianificazione, delle politiche, dei piani o dei programmi territoriali, è strettamente legato al concetto di localizzazione dello spazio geografico di riferimento, principalmente perché in base alle ubicazioni spaziali possono essere determinati e si relazionano direttamente e indirettamente, molti altri aspetti tra i quali le risorse naturali, le materie prime, le infrastrutture, la vicinanza al mercato, il clima, la cultura, le aree strategiche e di sicurezza. Quindi, assumendo che lo spazio geografico costituisce un sistema complesso, è necessario che le decisioni spaziali volte ad ottenere aspetti per la localizzazione di beni e servizi e/o eventi per i fini prima menzionati, siano effettuate in maniera interdisciplinare, preferibilmente attraverso la partecipazione e il consenso tra le parti interessate. In questa tesi viene presentata una ricerca applicata che ha avuto come proposito fornire un archetipo per aiutare nel processo decisionale spaziale per mezzo del consenso speciale tra diversi attori sociali, soprattutto per quanto riguarda la localizzazione dei beni, servizi e/o eventi. L'archetipo, in base alla versione spaziale del Metodo Delphi modificato, ha come caratteristica principale l'uso delle opinioni di un gruppo di esperti per risolvere un problema nel contesto del processo decisionale e/o di un quadro di previsione considerando l'aspetto geografico, con l'obiettivo di giungere ad un consenso riguardo l'identificazione di una posizione ottimale in una parte limitata del territorio. Seguendo la metodologia della Ricerca Scientifica di Progettazione (DSR con il suo acronimo in inglese) e adottando come metodi ausiliari la Ricerca Documentaria e lo Sviluppo del Software Basato sulla Riutilizzazione, è stato messo a punto l'artefatto chiamato Sistema Geo-Spaziale di Intelligenza Collettiva (SIGIC), con il quale è stato possibile indurre e coordinare un comportamento di intelligenza collettiva in gruppi multidisciplinari non sperimentati nell'uso di geo-tecniche, al fine di localizzare beni, servizi e/o eventi attraverso il consenso spaziale dei partecipanti. Questo artefatto è stato valutato in cinque situazioni diverse di decisione spaziale: due in Italia, per l'ubicazione di una stazione di monitoraggio della qualità dell'aria e per la zonizzazione del processo di prostituzione di strada; due in Ecuador, per determinare il luogo di installazione di un centro per i test per l'HIV e per stabilire le ubicazioni di centri per la campagna annuale di donazione del sangue; e una in Antartide, nell'isola Greenwich, per determinare l'ubicazione di beni e servizi al fine di pianificare le attività della Stazione Scientifica Pedro Vicente Maldonado. Dopo aver valutato l'artefatto in cinque differenti situazioni di decisione spaziale, i principali risultati mostrano che i gruppi multidisciplinari senza pratica nell'uso di geo-tecniche possono interagire con questi strumenti per studiare e determinare attraverso il consenso delle loro opinioni spaziali, la probabile localizzazione dei beni, servizi e/o eventi in un determinato territorio, formando così un processo di Analisi Spaziale Collettiva principalmente come supporto alle decisioni spaziali, per gli aspetti di pianificazione, organizzazione e l'uso delle risorse in il territorio o anche per la valutazione, la preparazione o l'adozione di politiche, piani e programmi corrispondenti. ; Postprint (published version)
The question of how to balance environmental protection with economic growth is at the forefront of policy agendas around the world. For Peru, environmental issues have opened new perspectives on how to manage natural resources while combating poverty and pursuing economic growth. A way of responding to the political and economic crisis of the eighties was the process of stabilisation, structural reform, and reform of the state that took place in Peru starting from 1991. The implementation of reforms, at the national level, implied the adoption of a new institutional and regulatory framework. Those reforms included market liberalisation, privatisation of state-owned enterprises and trade liberalisation. Environmental institutions and regulations have found a place in that framework. The reform process in the Peruvian case refers to a paradigm change from an attempt to emulate the economic and political systems of European welfare states (prevalent in the sixties and seventies) to a liberal political and economic system following the path inspired by the Chicago School of Economics in the eighties. In Peru, the failure in the implementation of successful economic policies targeting the poor ended undermining the system that sustained the political parties, aiding to its atomisation and eventual demise. Thus, in the political realm, Peru is a democracy in transition that still needs to strength the pillars of the democratic institutions that embody the political system. In Peru, the introduction of sustainable development issues took place first at the level of institutions and regulations. One of the sectors that had to adapt the most to the introduction of environmental issues was mining. Peru possess 16 percent of the world reserves of silver, 15 percent of reserves of copper, 7 percent of the world reserves of zinc, and important volumes of reserves on other strategic minerals. Mining is a capital-intensive activity and usually has had an important toll in the regions in which has been carried on. The reforms prompted during the nineties had as aim to open mining resources to foreign and national private investors that, in exchange of favourable tax and revenue conditions, would invest the amounts necessary to develop a sector which was languishing after ten years of internal war. The copper and gold mining sectors have been the busiest during the last decade and represented the most important part of Peruvian mining exports as well. In terms of gold mining production, Peru is consistently the largest producer in Latin America and the eight largest worldwide. Environmental policies in the mining sector were regarded with distrust by the economic actors. The main argument was that environmental conditions would be an additional obstacle to investment, putting the country in disadvantage in relation to others when attracting foreign capital. The approach favoured was to have as few regulations as possible. Mining operators were not motivated to undertake costly industrial renewal and re-engineering techniques. At the same time, environmental NGOs and CBOs were actively advocating for a sound environmental policy framework for the mining sector. Meanwhile, the government was mainly interested in achieving economic growth, with environmental liabilities as a second priority. The approach taken was to facilitate large project investment on natural resources extraction in Peru, particularly in the mining, gas and oil sectors. The subject matter of this research is to study environmental policies in the context of political transition in the mining sector in Peru. This research is set up in the fields of political sciences and public policy. The research focuses on the institutions and actors interacting in the context of public policies for the environment in the mining sector in Peru, taking as case study the conflicts emerged through gold exploration in Northern Peru (Yanacocha, Cajamarca) during the period 1999-2004. Significantly, the research has as background the political struggles emerged during the same period, due to the transition from an authoritarian to a democratic government in the country. The overall objective is to contribute to a better understanding of the role of institutions and actors in the design and implementation of environmental policies through an analysis of the institutional and regulatory framework underlying such policies. The aim of this research is to contribute filling the gap in the academic research on how the implementation of environmental policy at the national level takes place, in the context of political change. This research will provide insight on in how far environmental problems are rooted in the overall development problems the country faces. The research shall contribute to the discussion on environmental policy in unstable political settings, adding inputs into the debate on the process of reform of the state, as proposed in Peru in the last years. The final aim is to contribute to an improved policy making process in the environmental field, taking into account the case of countries like Peru, subject to political instability and dependant on natural resources extraction for economic growth. The case study of this research is gold mining extraction in the Peruvian Northern Andes (Cajamarca) carried out by Minera Yanacocha S.R.L., a joint venture of Newmont Mining Co. (U.S.A.), Compañía de Minas Buenaventura S.A. (Peru), and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) of The World Bank Group. Yanacocha is the second biggest goldmine in the world. The Yanacocha case brings together issues of interaction between government agencies at the national and at the regional and local levels, public participation and grievances, interaction of power and lobby groups, environmental damages with international repercussions, environmental issues as trigger for political claims, foreign investment involvement added to international financial institutions backing, among the most important. MYSRL is now the largest Latin American gold producer, while Cajamarca from being the fourth poorest department in Peru has gone to become the second poorest. The Peruvian case is worth studying, as environmental institutions and regulations have been set up in the context of a state under reform and political instability. Mining in Peru is an economic sector in strong conflict with environmental interests. To study the case of the Peruvian gold mining can give us important lessons to draw on for the design and implementation of environmental policy and law in the context of political change processes. For that reason, it is an ideal ground for exploring in how far successful environmental policies are possible to achieve under reform and transition conditions. Because of the economic importance of mining in the Peruvian context and the different interests at stake, a case study for the analysis of the institutional and regulatory framework for the environment in Peru is relevant as it helps analyse the links between political and economic issues and environmental problems. Furthermore, the mining sector reflects almost accurately the balance of interests, power and decision making processes (relating to public policy and environment) in Peru. Chapter 2 presents an analysis of the theoretical building blocks that inform the concept of "environmental policy." In Chapter 3, a historical perspective is taken to analyse the introduction of environmental issues in the Latin American context. In Chapter 4, after an introduction to the political system of Peru, the political and economic background of the country is discussed, in the light of the process of reform of the state that took place during the nineties, parallel to the introduction of environmental policies in Peru. In Chapter 5, the Peruvian institutional and regulatory framework for the environment is analysed. Further, Chapter 5 analyses the environmental policies introduced in the country as part of the process of reform of the state during the nineties. Chapter 6 presents the mining sector and the environment in Peru. In Chapter 7, the case of gold exploration in the Northern Peruvian Andes by Minera Yanacocha Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada is analysed. This is an example of the problems stemming from large-scale mining projects. In the light of the conflicts of Cajamarca, environmental, mining and public policies need to be reassessed to attain a logical framework that can effectively serve to promote private investment, while, at the same time, strengthening human rights. The inclusion of participation, empowerment, good governance, and accountability in the Peruvian political system is a duty to allow democracy to take root in the context of a society that still has very much to overcome and achieve to deliver effectively the promise of development to its citizens. ; Umweltpolitik im politischen Übergangsprozess - Der peruanische Bergbausektor und der Yanacocha Goldbergbau Die Frage, wie Umweltschutz mit wirtschaftlichem Wachstum in ein Gleichgewicht gebracht werden kann, ist Gegenstand politischer Programme auf der ganzen Welt. Für Länder wie Peru haben Umweltfragestellungen neue Perspektiven eröffnet, insbesondere wie natürliche Ressourcen gemanagt werden können, während zugleich die Armut bekämpft und wirtschaftliches Wachstum erreicht wird. Wege, um den politischen und wirtschaftlichen Krisen in den achtziger Jahren zu begegnen, waren ein Prozess der wirtschaftliche Stabilisierung, strukturelle Reformen und die Reform des Staates, welche in Peru seit 1991 unternommen werden. Die Implementierung der Reformen auf der nationalen Ebene implizierte die Annahme eines neuen institutionellen und rechtlichen Rahmens. Diese Reformen umfassten die Liberalisierung des Marktes, die Privatisierung von staatseigenen Unternehmen und die Liberalisierung des Handels. Umwelt Institutionen Umweltrecht haben einen Platz in diesem Rahmen gefunden. Der Transformationsprozess beruht auf einem Paradigmenwechsel ausgehend von dem Versuch, den wirtschaftlichen und politischen Systemen der europäischen Wohlfahrtsstaaten nachzueifern (weit verbreitet in den sechziger und siebziger Jahren) hin zu einem liberalen politischen und wirtschaftlichen System, das den von der Chicago School of Economics in den achtziger Jahren empfohlenen Weg verfolgte. Im Falle Perus bewirkte das Scheitern des Versuchs einer erfolgreichen, auf die Bekämpfung der Armut abzielenden Wirtschaftspolitik, eine Schwächung jenes Systems, das die politischen Parteien aufrecht hielt und führte zu seiner Atomisierung und endgültigen Auflösung. Auf der anderen Seite ist Peru im politischen Bereich eine Demokratie in Übergang, die Säulen des politischen Systems und die demokratischen Institutionen, die es verkörpern, weiter stärken muss. In Peru wurden Fragestellungen einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung zuerst auf der Ebene der Institutionen und der gesetzlichen Bestimmungen behandelt. Einer der Sektoren, der sich am meisten auf die Einführung von Umweltregelungen anpassen musste, war der Bergbau. Peru besitzt 16 Prozent der Weltreserven an Silber, 15 Prozent der Reserven an Kupfer und 7 Prozent der Weltreserven an Zink, sowie wichtige Anteile an den Reserven anderer strategischer Mineralien. Bergbau ist ein kapitalintensives Betätigungsfeld und für gewöhnlich hat er in den Regionen, in denen er sich entwickelte, bedeutende Auswirkungen entfaltet. Die in den neunziger Jahren veranlassten Reformen hatten zum Ziel, die Ressourcen innerhalb des Bergbaus ausländischen und nationalen privaten Investoren zu öffnen, die im Austausch mit günstigen Steuerbedingungen und Gewinnmöglichkeiten die notwendigen immensen Beträge investieren würden, um einen Sektor zu entwickeln, der nach zehn Jahren Bürgerkrieg stagnierte. Der Kupferbergbau und der Goldbergbau waren in der vergangenen Dekade am größten und stellten zugleich den wichtigsten Teil der peruanischen Exporte aus dem Bergbausektor. Im Hinblick auf die Produktion von Gold im Bergbau ist Peru der größte Produzent in Lateinamerika und der achtgrößte weltweit. Umweltpolitik im Bergbausektor wurde mit Zweifel betrachtet. Das Hauptargument lag darin, dass Umweltkonditionen zusätzliche Hindernisse darstellen, die das Land gegenüber anderen im Hinblick auf die Gewinnung von ausländischen Investitionen benachteiligt. Der bevorzugte Ansatz war, so wenig gesetzliche Bestimmungen wie möglich zu haben. Im Bergbau aktive Konzerne besaßen keine Motivation, kostspielige industrielle Erneuerungen auf sich zu nehmen und neue Techniken einzuführen. Nichtregierungsorganisationen (NGOs) im Bereich der Umwelt und in den Gemeindeverwurzelte Organisationen (CBOs) traten aktiv für einen soliden (rechtlichen) Rahmen zur Umweltpolitik im Bergbausektor ein. Das Interesse der Regierung galt indessen nur dem wirtschaftlichen Wachstum, sogar auf Kosten von Belastungen für die Umwelt. Ihr Ansatz war, jedes größere Investitionsprojekt bezüglich des Abbaus von natürlichen Ressourcen in Peru zu fördern, im Besonderen im Bergbau und in den Sektoren Gas und Öl. Das Thema dieser Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Umweltpolitik im Bergbausektor im Kontext des politischen Übergangs in Peru. Diese Forschungsarbeit ist den Bereichen der Politikwissenschaft und der öffentlichen Politik zuzuordnen. Sie legt einen Fokus auf die Institutionen und Akteure, welche im Kontext der Umweltpolitik im Bergbausektor in Peru interagieren. Als Fallbeispiele werden die Konflikte gewählt, welche aufgrund des Goldabbaus im Norden Perus (Yanacocha, Cajamarca) im Zeitraum 1999-2004 aufkamen. Bedeutungsvoll ist, dass die politischen Auseinandersetzungen, die im gleichen Zeitraum angesichts des Übergangs von einer autoritären zu einer demokratischen Regierungsform im Land stattfanden, den Hintergrund der Untersuchung bilden. Die allgemeine Zielsetzung besteht darin, einen Beitrag zu einem besseren Verständnis der Rolle von Institutionen und Akteuren hinsichtlich der Gestaltung und Implementierung von Umweltpolitik, durch eine Analyse des dieser zugrunde liegenden institutionellen und rechtlichen Rahmens, zu leisten. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, dazu beizutragen, die Lücke in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung hinsichtlich der Frage zu schließen, wie sich die Implementierung von Umweltpolitik auf der nationalen Ebene im Kontext eines politischen Wandels vollzieht. Diese Arbeit wird in ein Thema Einblick gewähren: Inwieweit sind Umweltprobleme in den allgemeinen Entwicklungsproblemen verwurzelt, mit denen das Land konfrontiert wird? Die Untersuchung soll einen Beitrag zur Diskussion über Umweltpolitik in einer unsicheren politischen Umgebung leisten und der Debatte über einen Reformprozess eines Staates – wie der Reformprozess, der in Peru in den letzten Jahren stattfand – Impulse gab. Letztendlich ist das Ziel, zu einem verbesserten Prozess der Politikgestaltung im Umweltbereich für Länder wie Peru beizutragen, die politische Instabilität unterworfen sind und für wirtschaftliches Wachstum vom Abbau natürlicher Ressourcen abhängig sind. Das Fallbeispiel dieser Dissertation ist der Abbau von Gold in den nördlichen peruanischen Anden (Cajamarca), die von "Minera Yanacocha S.R.L." vorgenommen wird, einem Gemeinschaftsunternehmen der "Newmont Mining Co." (Colorado, U.S.A.), der "Compañía de Minas Buenaventura S.A." (Lima, Peru) und der "International Finance Corporation" (IFC) der Weltbankgruppe. Yanacocha ist die zweitgrößte Goldmine der Welt. Der Fall Yanacocha vereint unter anderem Fragen des Zusammenspiels zwischen Behörden auf der nationalen sowie der regionalen und lokalen Ebene, öffentliche Partizipation und Beschwerden, das Zusammenspiel von Macht und Lobbygruppen, Umweltschäden mit internationalen Auswirkungen, Umweltfragestellungen als Auslöser für politische Ansprüche, die Beteiligung ausländischer Investoren, die von internationalen Finanzinstitutionen unterstützt werden. MSRL ist mittlerweile der größte Goldproduzent Lateinamerikas, während Cajamarca vom viert ärmsten Department in Peru zum zweit ärmsten geworden ist. Eine Untersuchung von Peru lohnt sich, da die Institutionen und gesetzlichen Bestimmungen bezüglich der Umwelt im Kontext eines reformierenden Staates und politischer Instabilität festgelegt wurden. Peru hat mit dem Bergbausektor einen wirtschaftlichen Bereich, der Umweltinteressen konfliktreich gegenüber steht. Im Rahmen der Untersuchung des peruanischen Goldabbaus können wichtige Schlussfolgerungen in Bezug auf die Ausgestaltung und Implementierung vom Umweltpolitik und Umweltrecht im Kontext von politischen Veränderungsprozessen gezogen werden. Aus diesem Grunde ist das Fallbeispiel ideal, um zu ergründen, inwieweit die Realisierung einer erfolgreichen Umweltpolitik unter Reform- und Transformationsprozessen möglich ist. Aufgrund der wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung des Bergbaus in Peru und wegen der verschiedenen und oft konträren Interessen, die auf dem Spiel stehen, ist eine Fallstudie für die Analyse der institutionellen und rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen für die Umwelt in Peru relevant, da sie die Verbindungen zwischen politischen und wirtschaftlichen Fragestellungen sowie Umweltproblemen veranschaulicht und wichtigen Schlussfolgerungen für die Zukunft ermöglicht. Der Bergbausektor zeigt zudem unterschiedliche Interessen sowie die Macht- und Entscheidungsprozesse (bezüglich Politik und Umwelt), auf da für gewöhnlich die Entscheidungen hinsichtlich des Bergbausektors aufgrund der bereits erwähnten wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung auf der höchsten Ebene getroffen werden. Kapitel 2 bietet eine Analyse der Bausteine des theoretischen Gerüstes, das das Konzept der "Umweltpolitik" behandelt. In Kapitel 3 wird eine historische Perspektive vorgenommen, um die Einbringung von Umweltfragestellungen im lateinamerikanischen Kontext zu analysieren. In Kapitel 4 wird nach einer Einführung in das politische System Perus der politische und wirtschaftliche Hintergrund Perus im Lichte des Reformprozesses des Staates diskutiert, der in den neunziger Jahren parallel zur Einführung einer an der Umwelt orientierten Politik eingeleitet wurde. In Kapitel 5 wird der institutionelle und rechtliche Rahmen bezüglich der Umwelt des Landes analysiert. Weiter, Kapitel 5 analysiert weiter die Umweltpolitik, die als Teil des Reformprozesses des Staates in den neunziger Jahren im Land eingeführt wurde. Kapitel 6 stellt den Bergbausektor und die Umwelt in Peru vor. In Kapitel 7 wird das Fallbeispiel des Goldabbaus durch die Minera Yanacocha Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada (MYSRL) in den peruanischen nördlichen Anden analysiert. Im Lichte der Konflikte in Cajamarca müssen die Umweltpolitik, die Politik hinsichtlich des Bergbaus und die öffentliche Politik überdacht werden, um schlüssige Rahmenbedingungen zu schaffen, mit denen wirksam für private Investitionen geworben werden kann, und die zugleich nicht die Bürger gegenüber den privaten Investoren ungeschützt lassen. Die Einbeziehung von Partizipation, empowerment, good governance und Verantwortlichkeit in das politische System Perus ist eine Pflicht, damit die Demokratie in einer Gesellschaft Wurzeln schlagen kann, die noch immer viel überwinden und erreichen muss, um wirkungsvoll das seinen Bürgern gegebene Versprechen auf Entwicklung einzulösen.
A review article devoted to the book of Andrzej Blikle – Doktryna jakości. Rzecz o skutecznym zarządzaniu. As pointed out by the Author, the book is a case of a work rare on the Polish publishing market, written by an outstanding scientist, who successfully runs a business activity. The combination of practical experience with theoretical knowledge gave a result that may be satisfying both for practitioners as well as theorists, and also those who want to get to know the ins and outs of an effective and efficient business management. The Author of the review believes that it is an important voice for shaping an inclusive socio-economic system, which constitutes a value in itself. Although the book is mainly concerned with business management, its message has a much wider dimension and is concerned with real measures of wealth, money and people's lives. The book was awarded The SGH Collegium of Business Administration Award "For the best scientific work in the field of business administration in the years 2014-2015".
Andrzej Jacek Blikle Doktryna jakości. Rzecz o skutecznym zarządzaniu (The Doctrine of Quality. On Effective Management) Gliwice, Helion Publishing Company, 2014, p. 546
Introduction
One of the distinctive features of the contemporary economy and contemporary world is a kind of obsession of quantity which is related to thoughtless consumerism, unfavourable to the care for the quality of the work and the quality of the produced and consumed goods and services. It is accompanied by culture (or rather non-culture) of singleness. Therefore, the book The Doctrine of Quality by Andrzej Blikle is like a breath of fresh air.
It is a different perspective on the economy and the model of operation of enterprises, on the model of work and life of people. A. Blikle proves that it can be done otherwise. He proves it on the basis of careful studies of the source literature – as expected from a professor of mathematics and an economist, but also on the basis of his own experience gained during the scientific and educational work, and most of all through the economic practice. In the world governed by the obsession of quantity, characterised by fragility, shortness of human relationships, including the relationship of the entrepreneur – employee, A. Blikle chooses durability of these relations, creativity, responsibility, quality of work and production, and ethics. The Doctrine of Quality is a rare example of the work on the Polish publishing market, whose author is a prominent scientist, successfully conducting a business activity for more than two decades, which has contributed to the development of the family company – a known confectionery brand "A. Blikle". The combination of practical experience with theoretical knowledge gave a result that may be satisfying both for practitioners as well as theorists, and also those who want to get to know the ins and outs of an effective and efficient business management, or develop the knowledge on this topic. In an attractive, clear narrative form, the author comprehensively presents the complexities of business management, indicating the sources of success, but also the reasons and the foundations of failures.
At the same time, he presents these issues with an interdisciplinary approach, which contributes to thoroughness of the arguments and deeper reflections.
Holism, typical to this book, is also expressed in the focus of A. Blikle not only on the economic, but also on social and ecological issues. Here, the author points to the possibility and need of reconciliation of the economic interests with social interests, and the care for the public good. Analyses of this subject are presented using the achievements of many areas of studies, in addition to economic sciences, including mathematics, sociology, psychology, medicine, and others. This gives a comprehensive picture of the complexity of business management – taking into account its close and distant environment.
There are no longueurs in the book, although extensive (over 500 pages), or lengthy, or even unnecessary reasoning overwhelming the reader, as the text is illustrated with a number of examples from practice, and coloured with anecdotes. At the same time, the author does not avoid using expressions popular in the world of (not only) business. He proves that a motivational system which is not based on the approach of "carrot and stick" and without a devastating competition of a "rat race" is possible. The author supports his arguments with references not only to the interdisciplinary scientific achievements, but also to the economic historical experiences and to a variety of older and newer business models.
There is a clear fascination with the reserves of creativity and productivity in the humanization of work. In fact, the author strongly exposes the potential of productivity and creativity in creating the conditions and atmosphere of work fostering elimination of fear of the future. He shows that such fear destroys creativity. It is not a coincidence that A. Blikle refers to the Fordist principles, including the warning that manufacturing and business do not consist of cheap buying and expensive selling. He reminds that Henry Ford, a legendary creator of the development of the automotive industry in the United States, put serving the public before the profit. The Doctrine of Quality is at the same time a book – proof that one of the most dangerous misconceptions or errors in the contemporary understanding of economics is finding that it is a science of making money, chremastics. Edmund Phelps and others warned against this in the year of the outbreak of the financial crisis in the USA in 2008, reminding that economics is not a science of making money but a science of relations between the economy and social life [Phelps, 2008]. Economics is a science of people in the process of management. Therefore, by definition, it applies to social values and ethos. Ethos is a general set of values, standards and models of proceedings adopted by a particular group of people. In this sense, ethos and economics as a science of people in the process of management are inseparable. Detaching economics from morality is in contradiction to the classical Smithian concept of economics, as Adam Smith combined the idea of the free market with morality. He treated his first work, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, as an inseparable basis for deliberations on the nature and causes of the wealth of nations, which was the subject of the subsequent work of this thinker [Smith, 1989; Smith, 2012]. Identifying economics with chremastics would then mean that all actions are acceptable and desired, if their outcome is earnings, profit, money. The book of A. Blikle denies it. It contains a number of case studies, which also stimulate broader reflections. Therefore, and also due to the features indicated above, it can be a very useful teaching aid in teaching entrepreneurship and management.
The appearance of a book promoting the doctrine of quality and exposing the meaning of ethos of work is especially important because today the phenomenon of product adulteration becomes increasingly widespread, which is ironically referred to in literature as the "gold-plating" of products [Sennett, 2010, pp. 115-118], and the trend as "antifeatures", that is intentionally limiting the efficiency and durability of products of daily use to create demand for new products. A model example of antifeature is a sim-lock installed in some telephones which makes it impossible to use SIM cards of foreign operators [Rohwetter, 2011, p. 48; Miszewski, 2013]. These types of negative phenomena are also promoted by the development of systemic solutions aiming at the diffusion of responsibility [Sennett, 2010]. This issue is presented among others by Nassim N.N. Taleb, in the book with a meaningful title Antifragile: How to Live in a World We Don't Understand? The author proves that the economy and society lose their natural durability as a result of the introduction of numerous tools and methods of insurance against risks, but mostly by shifting the burden of risks on other entities [Taleb, 2012]. N.N. Taleb illustrates his arguments with numerous convincing examples and references to history, recalling, inter alia, that in ancient times there was no building control, but the constructors, e.g. of bridges had to sleep under them for some time after their construction, and the ancient aqueducts are still working well until today. So, he shows that a contemporary world, focused on quantitative effects, does not create a sound base for ethical behaviours and the care for the quality of work and manufacturing.
Andrzej Blikle points to the need and possibility of opposing this, and opposing to what the Noble Price Winner for Economics, Joseph Stiglitz described as avarice triumphs over prudence [Stiglitz, 2015, p. 277]. The phrase emphasised in the book "Live and work with a purpose" is the opposition to the dangerous phenomena listed above, such as for example antifeatures.
convincing that although the business activity is essentially focused on profits, making money, limited to this, it would be led to the syndrome of King Midas, who wanted to turn everything he touched into gold, but he soon realised that he was at risk of dying of starvation, as even the food turned into gold. What distinguishes this book is that almost every part of it forces in-depth reflections on the social and economic relations and brings to mind the works of other authors, but at the same time, creates a new context for them.
So, A. Blikle clearly proves that both the economy and businesses need social rooting. This corresponds to the theses of the Hungarian intellectual Karl Polanyi, who in his renowned work The Great Transformation, already in 1944 argued that the economy is not rooted in the social relations [Polanyi, 2010, p. 70]. He pointed to the risk resulting from commodification of everything, and warned that allowing the market mechanism and competition to control the human life and environment would result in disintegration of society. Although K. Polanyi's warnings were concerned with the industrial civilization, they are still valid, even now – when the digital revolution brings fundamental changes, among others, on the labour market – they strengthen it. The dynamics of these changes is so high that it seems that the thesis of Jeremy Rifkin on the end of work [Rifkin, 2003] becomes more plausible. It is also confirmed by recent analyses included in the book of this author, concerning the society of zero marginal cost and sharing economy [Rifkin, 2016], and the analyses concerning uberisation [Uberworld, 2016].
The book of Andrzej Blikle also evokes one of the basic asymmetries of the contemporary world, which is the inadequacy of the dynamics and sizes of the supply of products and services to the dynamics and sizes of the demand for them. Insufficient demand collides with the rapidly increasing, as a result of technological changes, possibilities of growth of production and services. This leads to overproduction and related therewith large negative implications, with features of wasteful economy of excess [Kornai, 2014]. It is accompanied by phenomena with features of some kind of market bulimia, sick consumerism, detrimental both to people and the environment [Rist, 2015]. One of the more compromising signs of the economy of excess and wasting of resources is wasting of food by rich countries, when simultaneously, there are areas of hunger in some parts of the world [Stuart, 2009].
At the same time, the economy of excess does not translate to the comfort of the buyers of goods – as in theory attributed to the consumer market. It is indicated in the publication of Janos Kornai concerning a comparative analysis of the features of socio-economic systems. While exposing his deep critical evaluation of socialist non-market systems, as economies of constant deficiency, he does not spare critical opinions on the capitalist economy of excess, with its quest for the growth of the gross domestic product (GDP) and profits. As an example of the economy of excess, he indicates the pharmaceutical industry, with strong monopolistic competition, dynamic innovativeness, wide selection for the buyers, flood of advertisements, manipulation of customers, and often bribing the doctors prescribing products [Kornai 2014, p. 202]. This type of abnormalities is not alien to other industries. Although J. Konrai appreciates that in the economy of excess, including the excess of production capacities, the excess is "grease" calming down and soothing clashes that occur in the mechanisms of adaptation, he also sees that those who claim that in the economy of excess (or more generally in the market economy), sovereignty of consumers dominates, exaggerate [Kornai, 2014, pp. 171-172], as the manufacturers, creating the supply, manipulate the consumers. Thus, there is an excess of supply – both of values as well as junk [Kornai, 2014, p. 176]. Analysing the economy of excess, J. Kornai brings this issue to the question of domination and subordination. It corresponds with the opinion of Jerzy Wilkin, according to whom, the free market can also enslave, so take away individual freedom; on the other hand, the lack of the free market can lead to enslavement as well. Economists willingly talk about the free market, and less about the free man [Wilkin, 2014, p. 4].
The economy of excess is one of the consequences of making a fetish of the economic growth and its measure, which is the gross domestic product (GDP) and treating it as the basis of social and economic activity. In such a system, the pressure of growth is created, so you must grow to avoid death! The system is thus comparable to a cyclist, who has to move forwards to keep his balance [Rist, 2015, p. 181]. It corresponds with the known, unflattering to economists, saying of Kenneth E. Boulding [1956], criticising the focus of economics on the economic growth, while ignoring social implications and consequences to the environment: Anyone who believes in indefinite growth in anything physical, on a physically finite planet, is either mad or an economist. [from: Rist, 2015, p. 268].
GDP is a very much needed or even indispensable measure for evaluation of the material level of the economies of individual countries and for comparing their economic health. However, it is insufficient for evaluation of the real level of welfare and quality of life. It requires supplementation with other measures, as it takes into account only the values created by the market purchase and sale transactions. It reflects only the market results of the activity of enterprises and households. Additionally, the GDP account threats the socially desirable and not desirable activities equally. Thus, the market activity related to social pathologies (e.g. functioning of prisons, prostitution, and drug dealing) also increase the GDP. It was accurately expressed already in 1968 by Robert Kennedy, who concluded the discussion on this issue saying that: the gross national product does not allow for the health of our children, the quality of their education or the joy of their play. It does not include the beauty of our poetry or the strength of our marriages, the intelligence of our public debate or the integrity of our public officials. It measures neither our wit nor our courage, neither our wisdom nor our learning, neither our compassion nor our devotion to our country, it measures everything in short, except that which makes life worthwhile [The Guardian, 2012].
While Grzegorz W. Kołodko even states that it should be surprising how it is possible that despite a number of alternative measures of social and economic progress, we are still in the corset of narrow measure of the gross product, which completely omits many significant aspects of the social process of reproduction [Kołodko, 2013, p. 44]. In this context he points to the necessity of triple sustainable growth – economic, social, and ecological [Kołodko, 2013, p. 377]. Transition from the industrial civilisation model to the new model of economy, to the age of information, causes a kind of cultural regression, a phenomenon of cultural anchoring in the old system. This type of lock-in effect - described in the source literature, that is the effect of locking in the existing frames and systemic solutions, is a barrier to development. The practice more and more often and clearer demonstrates that in the conditions of the new economy, the tools and traditional solutions turn out to be not only ineffective, but they even increase the risk of wrong social and economic decisions, made at different institutional levels.
All this proves that new development models must be searched for and implemented, to allow counteraction to dysfunctions of the contemporary economy and wasting the development potential, resulting from a variety of maladjustments generated by the crisis of civilisation. Polish authors who devote much of their work to these issues include G.W. Kołodko, Jerzy Kleer, or Maciej Bałtowski. Studies confirm that there is a need for a new pragmatism, new, proinclusive model of shaping the social and economic reality, a model which is more socially rooted, aiming at reconciling social, economic and ecological objectives, with simultaneous optimisation of the use of the social and economic potential [Kołodko, 2013; Bałtowski, 2016; Kleer, 2015]. There is more and more evidence that the barriers to economic development growing in the global economy are closely related with the rooting of the economy in social relations. The book of A. Blikle becomes a part of this trend in a new and original manner. Although the author concentrates on the analyses of social relations mainly at the level of an enterprise, at the same time, he comments them at a macroeconomic, sociological and ethical level, and interdisciplinary contexts constitute an original value of the book.
Conclusion
I treat the book of Andrzej Blike as an important voice in favour of shaping an inclusive social and economic system, in favour of shaping inclusive enterprises, that is oriented on an optimal absorption of knowledge, innovation and effective reconciliation of the interests of entrepreneurs with the interests of employees and the interests of society. Inclusiveness is indeed a value in itself. It is understood as a mechanism/system limiting wasting of material resources and human capital, and counteracting environmental degradation. An inclusive social and economic system is a system oriented on optimisation of the production resources and reducing the span between the actual and potential level of economic growth and social development [Reforma, 2015]. And this is the system addressed by Andrzej Blikle in his book. At least this is how I see it. Although the book is mainly concerned with business management, its message has a much wider dimension and is concerned with real measures of wealth, money and people's lives.
Global agriculture will face multiple challenges over the coming decades. It must produce more food to feed an increasingly affluent and growing world population that will demand a more diverse diet, contribute to overall development and poverty alleviation in many developing countries, confront increased competition for alternative uses of finite land and water resources, adapt to climate change, and contribute to preserving biodiversity and restoring fragile ecosystems. Climate change will bring higher average temperatures, changes in rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme events, multiplying the threats to sustainable food security. Addressing these challenges requires co-ordinated responses from the public and private sectors and civil society that will need to be adapted to the specific circumstances of different types of farmers in countries at all levels of development. The recommendations provided are broadly of two types: specific actions that can contribute in some way to improving productivity growth or sustainable resource use (whether building on existing initiatives or suggesting new activities) and more general proposals that may not be actionable as presented but that serve to highlight areas for priority attention. This report also invites G20 countries to engage in a medium, to long-term, analysis-based peer review of policies fostering sustainable productivity growth, which would identify specific constraints and opportunities, beginning with their own food and agriculture sectors. In addition to possible benefits to participating countries, a peer review process could contribute to the identification of best policies and best policy packages to achieve the widely held aim of sustainably improving productivity of the global food and agriculture system. While such an initiative is proposed to and for G20 countries, it could have much wider application to interested countries.
A comprehensive look at the world of illicit trade. Though mankind has traded tangible goods for millennia, recent technology has changed the fundamentals of trade, in both legitimate and illegal economies. In the past three decades, the most advanced forms of illicit trade have broken with all historical precedents and, as Dark Commerce shows, now operate as if on steroids, tied to computers and social media. In this new world of illicit commerce, which benefits states and diverse participants, trade is impersonal and anonymized, and vast profits are made in short periods with limited accountability to sellers, intermediaries, and purchasers. Louise Shelley examines how new technology, communications, and globalization fuel the exponential growth of dangerous forms of illegal trade--the markets for narcotics and child pornography online, the escalation of sex trafficking through web advertisements, and the sale of endangered species for which revenues total in the hundreds of millions of dollars. The illicit economy exacerbates many of the world's destabilizing phenomena: the perpetuation of conflicts, the proliferation of arms and weapons of mass destruction, and environmental degradation and extinction. Shelley explores illicit trade in tangible goods--drugs, human beings, arms, wildlife and timber, fish, antiquities, and ubiquitous counterfeits--and contrasts this with the damaging trade in cyberspace, where intangible commodities cost consumers and organizations billions as they lose identities, bank accounts, access to computer data, and intellectual property. Demonstrating that illicit trade is a business the global community cannot afford to ignore and must work together to address, Dark Commerce considers diverse ways of responding to this increasing challenge
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