Suchergebnisse

Als Teil der kollaborativen Aktionsforschung des Deutsch-Französischen Zukunftswerkes beleuchtet diese Studie die aktuellen Entwicklungen der Universitätsstadt Marburg in ihren Bestrebungen, bis 2030 klimaneutral zu werden. Die Analyse skizziert die Chancen und Herausforderungen lokaler Klimapolitik. Sie zeigt auf, wie trotz einer hohen Motivation seitens der lokalen politischen Führung und der Zivilgesellschaft, die Klimaneutralität zu erreichen, strukturelle Hemmnisse – wie zum Beispiel eine versäulte Verwaltung, Mangel an Kapazitäten und Ressourcen für die Messung des Fortschritts und für strukturierte Beteiligungs- und Kollaborationsmöglichkeiten – die Umsetzung des lokalen Klima-Aktionsplans ausbremsen können. Anhand der Daten über einen Beobachtungszeitraum von einem Jahr erläutert die Analyse ebenso, wie transformative Forschungsansätze, in Form von regelmäßigen Reflektionen mit Akteur:innen vor Ort, lokale Bestrebungen der Klimapolitik unterstützen und vorantreiben können. ; This paper reflects on how, and under what conditions local transformative change towards climate neutrality can flourish, based on the case of the German city of Marburg, which has committed to become a climate neutral city by 2030. The research findings are drawn from the work of the Franco-German Forum for the Future established in 2020. The Forum seeks to accelerate social and ecological transformation through collaborative action research with pioneering municipalities in France and Germany, through the fostering of dialogue among these initiatives and through the development of political recommendations for the respective national governments. We show how despite a strong political will in Marburg among both political leadership and civil society to act decisively for the achievement of climate neutrality, institutional constraints, such as a lack of flexibility within the local administration, shortage of capacity and resources for the monitoring of progress and the absence of institutionalised mechanisms for citizen ...

Most rural women smallholder farmers in Kenya generate income from the sale of small ruminant animals. However, diseases such as Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) prevent them from optimizing earnings. A crucial aspect for the control of CCPP is vaccination. In Kenya, CCPP vaccines are distributed through a government delivery mechanism. This study examines gaps and barriers that prevent women smallholder farmers from accessing CCPP vaccines. Qualitative data collection tools used were focus groups discussions, focus meals, jar voices and key informant interviews. Using outcome mapping (OM) methodology, critical partners and stakeholders in the CCPP vaccine value chain (CCPP-VVC) were identified to be the manufacturers, importers, distributors, agrovets, public and private veterinarians, local leaders, and farmers. Respondents highlighted the barriers to be limited access to vaccines due to cold chain problems, inadequate and late delivery of services, lack of information and training on vaccines, and financial constraints. Identified opportunities that can support women's engagement in the CCPP-VVC are the Kenya Governments two-third gender rule, which requires that not more than two thirds of the members of elective or appointive bodies shall be of the same gender, and positive community perception of female veterinarians. We conclude that more resources and training should be made available to women farmers, and that gender perspectives on policy development related to livestock production and disease prevention are urgently needed to improve livestock productivity and increase agency for women.

The sustainability of coastal communities is emerging as a primary topic in policy groups. In Korea, the multifunctionality of small-scale fisheries is being emphasized, and the government has attempted various policies, such as the promotion of in-migration and the fishery industry. However, despite the diverse alternatives, the population and fisheries have been continuously downsizing. This trend threatens the sustainability and pluralistic values of coastal communities. This study identifies the crucial determinants needed to expand small-scale fisheries and enhance the economic motivation for sustainable coastal communities. The analysis is conducted with a two-stage Heckman selection model using the Korea Fishery Census and the Agricultural Census. The estimation results show that the socioeconomic incentives and performance of fisheries in coastal areas are limited. In particular, although the policy pays attention to young, highly educated, and in-migrant groups, it seems to have a limited preference for small-scale fisheries due to economic, societal, and institutional constraints. On the other hand, the family-oriented fishing activities and self-governance unique to fishing villages in Korea could improve the multifunctionality of small-scale fisheries in Korea. In addition, when a fishery household engages in production and sales activities as a member of a fraternity or collective wholesale contract, economic outcomes significantly increase. The results suggest that it is necessary to sustain communal socioeconomic activities by opening up communities and adjusting specific operating systems of self-governance.

Will environmental "fee-to-tax", which strengthens the rigidity of levies and increases the environmental costs of heavy pollution enterprises, force heavy pollution enterprises to de-capacity. This paper examines the impact and heterogeneity of the environmental "fee-to-tax" on heavy pollution enterprises' de-capacity by taking the official implementation of the Environmental Protection Tax Law of the People's Republic of China in 2018 as the institutional impact and the listed industrial enterprises in Shanghai and Shenzhen A-shares from 2015 to 2019 as the sample. The study found that environmental "fee-to-tax" pushed heavy pollution enterprises to de-capacity. After parallel trend tests, placebo tests, eliminate policy interference, propensity score matching, and replacement variables, the findings of this paper are robust. Further analysis shows that the effect of environmental "fee-to-tax" on heavy pollution enterprises' de-capacity is more significant in state-owned enterprises, high financing constraints enterprises, and areas with higher tax collection and management; this effect is still effective and more significant in areas with low economic development because all environmental tax revenues are included in local finance. This paper follows up and tests the implementation effect of environmental regulations in China and provides a valuable reference for the government to promote the task of de-capacity and green transformation and upgrading of industrial structure through actively playing the role of environmental protection.

This text is an artwork of institutional critique, notes of artistic research or a painting in matter and words. It does not reflect the whole of the artworld, it deconstructs the sustainability of its foundations and the boundaries of the frames drawn. This text analyses the conflicting vectors of action by different art institution functions, discusses the origins of differences in the worldviews, interests and activities as conditions of the inevitable conflict and the freedom of art as a possible common vector, a unique feature for the positioning of art – a precondition for the sustainability of the value of the art institution. Discussions about the practices of art institutions and the norms that discipline art are the object of the institutional critique. Therefore, this research of the institutional constraints includes the institutional critique discourse issues and the institutional critique discussions such as the politicality of art, the notions of loyalty, the autonomy and their affiliation with the institution as well as the alternative scenarios for the power play in order to develop the bargaining power of the art institution in society. The aim of this research focuses at discussing the assumptions, limitations and opportunities that allow or prevent the establishment by an art institution of its position in the market, strengthening of the institution's value center – art – and the role of the institutional critique in this process.

This introductory article provides rationales and contextual background for the special issue which examines how weak states in Asia actualise and exercise their agency in the twenty-first century regional or global environments. The article opens with a consideration of why attention is drawn to the agency of the weak. Weak states are often treated as 'objects' of international politics rather than 'subjects', and their foreign policy actions are commonly taken to be 'reflexive' of external constraints, such as fluctuations in the balance of power in the international system. We disagree with this view. We argue that weak actors can demonstrate varieties of agency regardless of their position in the international system in terms of material capabilities. To clarify this point, the article reflects on the changed and changing global and regional environments and order. Rather than seeing them through the lens of great power politics and its signature concept of 'polarity', the article offers an alternative notion, namely a 'multiplex' world, and identifies the key nature of order therein: multiplicity and fluidity. Both material and normative power have already and continue to become fragmented, decentralised, and dispersed within and across states. While emphasising that such a multifaceted and fluid world opens up a wide avenue of agency for weak actors, this article also notes that the weak has varieties of agency as potentials. (Pac Rev/GIGA)

This study aims to determine the implementation of BPJS employment in legal protection, constraints, and efforts in providing social security for workers at PT. Rimba Mujur Mahkota. This research was conducted at PT.Rimba Mujur Mahkota in Natal area, Mandailing Natal Regency, North Sumatra.Data collection techniques are in the form of interviews and documentation.The data that has been obtained from the results of the research will then be collected and analyzed descriptively, namely an analysis that describes the content and will be discussed in the form of an elaboration by giving meaning according to the applicable legislation so as to arrive at conclusions based on this research. From the results of the study it was found that: PT.Rimba Mujur Mahkota 1) There is no violation of the fulfillment of Article 14 of Law Number 24 of 2011, because all workers at PT.Rimba Mujur Mahkota participates in BPJS Employment.2) Has given social security rights to all workers at PT.Rimba Mujur Mahkota. Efforts made by BPJS Employment so that workers at PT.Rimba Mujur Mahkota provides social security benefits, namely, Carrying out program functions provided by BPJS Employment, namely Work Accident Protection, Old Age Protection, Pension Protection, and Death Protection. Legal protection for workers of PT.Rimba Mujur Mahkota who is experiencing social welfare problems, such as health, and old age is to provide social security organized by BPJS Employment.As stipulated in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 24 of 2011 concerning the Social Security Administering Body (BPJS).

Russia's post-1991 nation-building project has been torn between competing interpretations of national identity. Whereas the other former Soviet republics opted for nation-building centered on the titular nation, Russia's approach to national identity was framed by the fact that the RSFSR had been defined not as a designated national homeland but as a multi-ethnic federation. This, coupled with Russia's definition as the legal successor of the Soviet Union, suggesting continuity and a history of uninterrupted statehood, has enabled a range of rivaling understandings of how to define the "nation." Focusing on top-down official nation-building, this article examines how, against a backdrop of shifting political contexts, structural constraints, and popular attitudes, the Kremlin has gradually revised its understanding of what constitutes the "Russian nation." Four models for post-Soviet Russian nation-building are identified – the ethnic, the multi-national, the civic, and the imperial. Over time, the correlation of forces among these has shifted. The article concludes that, despite some claims of an ethno-nationalist turn after 2014, the Kremlin still employs nationalism instrumentally: National identity has undoubtedly become more russkii-centered, but, at the same time, the Kremlin keeps the definition of "Russianness" intentionally vague, blurring the boundaries between "nation" and "civilization." ; Russkii as the New Rossiiskii? Nation-Building in Russia After 1991 ; publishedVersion

In the broader context of a research project about political participation on Facebook during the Portuguese electoral year of 2019 - for the European Parliament in May, and for the National Parliament in October -, a dataset of more than 9,000 posts and corresponding reactions and comments had been previously retrieved using Facepager. Participating in a data sprint came up as an opportunity to explore some specific questions in an intensive and time-bound context, using a subset of the data tailored to the purpose of discovering: 1) how differently official parties tried to engage with Facebook users before, during, and after the campaigns for the major elections periods ("supply side"), and 2) what type of content received the most attention and engagement ("demand side"). Our results show that regardless of the party's age and position in the political spectrum, the persistent main categories are "National Politics", "Fundamental Rights", and "Self-Promotion" for both elections. Also, we found that posts with images attract more attention, and apparently this may be leveraged if the textual content of the post is in topics of "National Politics". However, this finding requires further investigation. Along with details about the research during the data sprint and the main findings, this paper is also a testimony about the singularities and learnings of a process built upon the constraints of taking data sprints situation as a workflow. ; publishersversion ; published

Urban sprawl is a universal phenomenon and can be seen as a city's low-density and haphazard development from the centre to suburban areas, and it has different adverse environmental effects at local and regional scales, including increasing the cost of infrastructure. Geospatial data and technology can be used to measure urban sprawl and predict urban expansion. This technology can shed light on the characteristics, causes, and consequences of urban expansion. Unlike other studies, the methodology proposed in this paper works on a regional level rather than an individual city. In this article, Land Use Land Cover changes and the magnitude and direction of city-region sprawl in the Isfahan Metropolitan area were modelled using a multi-temporal analysis of remote sensing imagery. Shannon's Entropy was used to quantify city-region dispersion during the last fifty years. A Multi-Layer Perceptron Neural Network and Markov Chain Analysis were then used to forecast future city-region sprawl based on past patterns and physical constraints. The results revealed that this region has been suffering from sprawl during this period in different directions. Moreover, it will continue in specific directions due to several economic, political, demographic, environmental, and (urban) planning factors. In addition, the size and speed of city-region sprawl were higher than core city sprawl. The proposed approach can be generalized for other city-regions with a similar spatial structure. ; European Commission Horizon 2020 ; Update citation details during checkdate report - ROR

The Stone Guest. The Soviet Rediscovery of Formal Linguistics Towards the Early Chomsky After Stalin's death, Soviet linguistics seemingly steered in a new direction, enthusiastically adopting mathematical methods within the upsurge of interest in machine translation. This fos- tered the acceptance of formal models disjointed from the rigid dictates of dialectical materialism and paved the way for the rediscovery of the scientific legacy of (post-)structuralist Euroamerican schools. In the eyes of the protagonists of this epistemological change, linguistics seemed to be freed from the traditional methodological constraints imposed by philology and literature. This short- lived yet intense period, however, is characterized by the polyphonic coexistence of several ideas and personalities, whose research activity can be properly understood and evaluated only from a broader historical perspective, encompassing both earlier and later stages, thus substantially cur- tailing the explanatory power of historical and thematic periodization. The study aims at examin- ing the salient characteristics of the scientific environment surrounding the early critical reception of Noam Chomsky's Syntactic Structures in the Soviet Union. By tackling specific terminological and epistemological issues, it is argued that the evolution of Soviet linguistics was not defined by abrupt saltational processes, but rather by a constant pendular oscillation which – depending on cultural, political, and historical circumstances – would grant temporary priority to some scientific approaches and orientations at the expense of others.

The demands for solving public problems have shifted the viewpoint of the role of the government as the sole provider of services towards participatory governance as a form of democracy that can adapt to change. These demands must be addressed wisely by reconciling the expectations of the community and organizational capabilities, as well as reducing bias in the capacity of public organizations as service providers. This study identified the factors that work in the process of implementing integrated service policy in an archipelago in facing the transformation of ICT-based services, analyzed the ability and commitment of one-door integrated service (PTSP) implementers, coordination patterns, private sector cooperation, and community participation in services so that it can provide a holistic and complete picture of implementation. The method used was descriptive qualitative by determining informants using purposive sampling. The data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and document study. Next, semantic coding was carried out using the NVivo 12 Plus to determine the categories/themes to be generalized. The results of the study reveal that there is a community culture that encourages the mobile PTSP service system by GA and the involvement of NGA who works voluntarily and in business. Public support is very high, but the implementation performance has not yet reached the goal of self-help service (OSS) policy due to technical constraints, namely geographical distance, equipment, and budget.Keywords: cultural, commitment, informal, policy implementation

Extreme Heat Events (EHE) are a major concern for many urban areas worldwide and are considered as one of the deadliest natural hazards globally. Climate change and socioeconomic trends (exposure and susceptibility) are expected to exacerbate the risk of urban heat stress. Several urban areas have recently declared a climate emergency and initiated the adaptation process, but progress is still patchy, uncoordinated, and of varied quality. The main constraint is the lack of mechanisms for monitoring and reporting adaptation strategies, not allowing the supervision and evaluation of the adaptation process. The EU-funded project U-ADAPT! (Urban-Adaptation) focuses on the concrete expression of adaptation to evaluate the current implementation and effectiveness of adaptation measures and strategies to reduce Heat Disaster Risk (HDR), moving the emphasis from the study of vulnerability, resilience, and potential adaptation (adaptation capacity) of communities to the actual depth and pace of the past and current adaptation process. In this article, we discuss the theoretical support and design of the project and set the base for next project stages, which ultimately aims to create a unique interdisciplinary framework and a replicable multidimensional indicator on adaptation to EHE that empower European Union citizens to demand a safe and sustainable environment and hold institutions accountable for the adaptation process to current and upcoming risks. ; Departamento de Geografía, Historia y Filosofía, Universidad Pablo de Olavide

Politische Entscheidungsträger sind zunehmend besorgt über die hohe und steigende Einkommens- und Vermögensungleichheit weltweit (Kanbur, 2019; Wood, 2018). Ein wesentlicher Faktor ist die ungleiche Verteilung von Bildung und produktiven Fähigkeiten innerhalb von Gesellschaften sowie zwischen Ländern (Martin, 2018; Stijn et al., 2019). Die Förderung von benachteiligten Bevölkerungsgruppen neue Kompetenzen zu erwerben ist daher ein wichtiger politischer Hebel zur Bekämpfung von Ungleichheiten (OECD, 2019). Diese Dissertation liefert neue Erkenntnisse darüber, wie Trainingsmaßnahmen gestaltet werden können, um das wirtschaftliche Wohlergehen von Teilnehmer effektiv zu verbessern. Auf der Grundlage kontrafaktischer Wirkungsevaluierungen wird in den vier Kapiteln die Effektivität von Trainingsmaßnahmen in drei zentralen Politikbereichen analysiert: berufliche Fähigkeiten, Unternehmertum und finanzielle Bildung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, wie wichtig es ist, zielgerichtete und maßgeschneiderte Maßnahmen zu entwickeln, welche gleichzeitig auf verschiedene Bedürfnisse, Einschränkungen und Chancen von geringer-qualifizierten, benachteiligten Personen eingehen. ; Policymakers are increasingly concerned about high and rising inequality of earnings and wealth globally (Kanbur, 2019; Wood, 2018). One key driver is the unequal distribution of productive skills within societies and across countries (Martin, 2018; Stijn et al., 2019). Improving opportunities for disadvantaged population groups to acquire new skills, therefore, presents an important policy lever to tackle inequalities (OECD, 2019). This thesis provides new evidence on how to design skills trainings that effectively improve participants' economic well-being. Based on counterfactual impact evaluations, the four chapters assess the effectiveness of training pro-grams in three core policy areas: vocational skills, entrepreneurship, and financial literacy. The findings demonstrate the importance of designing well-targeted and tailored interventions that simultaneously address the multi-faceted needs, constraints, and opportunities faced by lower-skilled, disadvantaged individuals.

Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) requires ensuring universal energy access. Yet, governments of low-income countries face significant budget constraints for the capital-intensive infrastructure required to reach the hundreds of millions of households and businesses without grid electricity. In this context, private investors are the key actors capable of channelling such large capital requirements. Compared to the previous decades, the 2010s witnessed a growing mobilization of private funding in the off-grid electricity access sector, including some success stories. Nonetheless, with less than ten years left until the SDGs horizon, off-grid companies systematically struggle to ensure the financial sustainability of projects, as the industry still seeks to demonstrate its maturity and profitability. In this paper, we critically review the main business approaches adopted by private decentralised electricity access service providers. The aim of the analysis is to identify the main drivers of risk and failure which have been hindering sectoral investment. We then propose and discuss four potential game-changing factors that could foster the next generation of private investment in decentralised electricity solutions: (i) anchor-businesses-community (ABC) models; (ii) the design of integrated business models centred around income generation; (iii) the growing role for "local" financiers; (iv) the securitization of assets. Our paper targets private infrastructure developers and financiers aiming at fostering investment in financially sustainable decentralised electricity access projects.