Suchergebnisse

The carbon dioxide taken up by the ocean is increasing as levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide increase, thus lowering the ocean pH and altering the carbonate system. In this laboratory study, we evaluated the physiological responses of juvenile mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis from Galician waters (NW Iberian Peninsula) exposed to control (500 µatm) and elevated (800 or 1200 µatm) seawater pCO2 conditions under 2 different feeding regimes (optimal and suboptimal). Shell properties such as compressive strength and composition (organic matter and aragonite:calcite ratio) were negatively affected by high seawater pCO2, regardless of food availability. This result suggests that water chemistry is a main driver for shell development. Under the optimal feeding regime, mussel feeding rates increased in response to elevated pCO2, presumably as a strategy to maintain a high strength of attachment. In contrast, mussels on the suboptimal diet showed weak attachment and narrow valve opening at the highest pCO2 condition. Thus, our results suggest that with optimal food availability, mussels were resilient to water acidification with respect to feeding activity, valve opening and attachment strength. Under a suboptimal diet, however, the ability of mussels to respond to acidification was compromised. These results highlight complex ecophysiological interactions for calcifying organisms subjected to climate change ; This study was funded by the Spanish government through the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad that included European FEDER funds (projects Ref. AGL-2013-45945-R, CTM2016-76146-C3-2-R/ CTM2016- 76146-C3-1-R). J.L. acknowledges funding from the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) through the Program ICOOP+ 2016 (Ref. ICOOPA20147) ; Peer reviewed

Forms of Indonesia as an archipelagic state struggle began Juanda Declaration of 1957 to the United Nations on the Law of the Sea in 1982. As a form of struggle Negara Indonesia in defending its maritime territory, there are legal barriers in an effort to enforce the maritime vision requiring maritime diplomacy as one solution. Through maritime diplomacy, national interests can be accommodated. The complexity of the problems that arise in the maritime region of Indonesia, the government of Indonesia should strengthen sectors including sectors related to maritime law. The purpose of this study are expected to know at the same time prevent any obstacles that arise in the implementation of maritime diplomacy. This study uses normative. (

Legislators and ship operators are continually seeking cleaner ship operations. One route to achieving this is through some form of electric propulsion, which, when coupled to energy storage systems, can realise the goal of zero-emission operation. With electric propulsion, the propulsion load, in whole or in part, becomes another consumer to be supplied by the ship's electric power generation and distribution systems. This leads to a considerable increase in the electrical power that must be generated and managed. As every ALevel student knows, power is the product of voltage and current. Any increase in the power generated must be achieved by an increase in voltage, or current, or both. To increase the current leads to greatly increased heating and requires heavier conductors, so the preferred option is to increase the voltage. This raises the question of safety. There is a perception that high voltage (HV) systems are inherently 'more dangerous' than low voltage (LV) ones, but the Authors contend that it is meaningless to argue that one system is 'less safe' than the other since LV can kill just as effectively as HV. The real issue is that the practicalities and safety implications of HV and LV systems are different, although there are some points in common. In this paper we shall review the hazards and safety implications peculiar to HV and to LV, and those common to both. In the process we shall review operational practices and how they apply to HV and LV systems on board current platforms. Finally, we shall examine whether there is any transfer between LV and HV concluding on how best practice can be applied to future platforms to provide a greater assurance of safety at system level.

Este artículo contiene 22 páginas, 8 figuras, 1 tabla. ; Despite their abundance in benthic ecosystems, life cycles and reproductive features of most sponge species remain unknown. We have studied the main reproductive features of two demosponges, Dysidea avara and Phorbas tenacior, belonging to phylogenetically distant groups: Orders Dictyoceratida and Poecilosclerida, respectively. Both sponges are abundant and share habitat in the Mediterranean rocky sublittoral. They brood parenchymella larvae with different morphology and behaviour. Sampling was conducted monthly over a two-year period in a locality where both species coexist. The two species reproduced in spring-summer, and presented species-specific reproductive features despite being subject to the same environmental conditions. D. avara has a shorter reproductive period than P. tenacior, ending before the peak of temperature in summer, while the reproductive period of P. tenacior lasts until beginning of autumn. Brooding larvae were present in June-July in D. avara, and in August-October in P. tenacior. Larval size, reproductive effort and number of larvae produced (measured the month with the maximum production) were significantly higher in D. avara than in P. tenacior. A higher reproductive effort and larval traits point to a more opportunistic life strategy in D. avara than in P. tenacior. A lack of overlap in the timing of larval release, as well as different reproductive traits, may reduce competition and facilitate the coexistence of these two sympatric and abundant sponges. ; Financial support was provided by projects INTRAMURAL CSIC 201330E065, PopComics (CTM2017-88080) and CTM2007-66635 from the Spanish Government. Funding was also provided by the Catalan Government (consolidated research groups 2017SGR378, 2017SGR1120, and 2017SGR1521). ; Peer reviewed

A sub adult Caretta caretta was found on the 23rd August, 2014 ca. 16 nautical miles south off S. Miguel Island, Azores (Northeast Atlantic), with a large pelagic trawl hook inside its mouth. The individual was kept in a basin of sea water and sent by boat to Terceira Island following instructions by the Azores Regional Government via the Environmental Authority in order to be examined by the author and, if possible, undergo the necessary hook removal procedures. In this note, we describe the surgical procedures and how the turtle was evaluated both pre- and post-surgery.

Extrait du corpus d'Orléans, réalisé dans le cadre de l'Enquête SocioLinguistique à Orléans à la fin des années 1960. ; 01 né à Orléans03 ville assez agréable ; beaucoup évoluée depuis la guerre, à son avantage04 oui T1 commence de parfumerieT2 RR description du travailT4 avait l'intention d'être dans la marineT5 croît que c'est une nécessité ; pas pour, ni contre ; mais la place de femme est dans son foyerE1 RR ce que l'on dispense aujourd'hui est assez bon, mais on oublie un peu le sens moral ; langues vivantes très importantesE2 n'en a jamais fait ; utilité dépend de la profession E4 RR question d'intelligence, puis de l'entourage E5 RR ça dépend de l'intelligence des enfants, ect.P9 nonP1 on ne fait jamais assezP4 très peu de choses à Orléans ; différences entre Paris et OrléansQuestionnaire Sociolinguistique ; Identifiant du témoin : DA 740 Homme, 47 ans (né en 1922 à Orléans), parfumeur. Enregistré par Dorothy Parkin, le 28 mars 1969 au domicile du témoin. Questionnaires enregistrés : questionnaire sociolinguistique; questionnaire ouvert(questions 01 ; 03-04 ; T1-T2 ; T4-T5 ; E1-E2 ; E4-E5 ; P1 ; P4 ; P9). Classe politique du témoin : Centre Indépendant Acoustique : moyenne, se détériore dans la deuxième partie.

Enthält: Interview mit Tan Sri Abdul Aziz Jaafar. - S. 18-22

"Serial no. 112-41." ; Shipping list no.: 2012-0223-P ; Mode of access: Internet.

Shipping list no.: 2010-0036-P. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Observation and measurement of the ocean's ecosystems is demanding and costly. It makes verification of our theories difficult and forces us to engage in collective action based upon often very imperfect concepts of the dynamics of the system. Once we establish the institutions of col-lective action we adopt 'official' conceptions of system dynamics and generate expectations about how the natural system will react to our collective actions. In response individuals invest-ment in skills, knowledge, capital, technology, business plans, scientific agendas and so on. The self-interest reflected in these investments filters the amount and the quality of private information provided to the public so that it is consistent with the self-interest of agents who acquire that information. This limits and biases the private information available to managers. If the system being managed is simple (or if we think it is) and the costs of data collection minor, these impairments are not of any account (or we may think they are not); under these circumstance, a public science body should be able to gather whatever information is necessary for continuing adaptive governance. In a complex system, however, these impairments deprive the governance process of valuable information, and reduce the scope of collective action (the set of feasible rules). This creates path dependent lock-in that reduces adaptive capacity, generating, thereby, the circumstances for still another tragedy. Our way out of this dilemma rests in an understanding of the limits of our ability to predict and control natural systems. We are most able to predict a response to our actions at broad, slow moving ecological scales, e.g., a single stock of fish next year. Consequently, we gravitate towards institutional solutions that cater to that predictive ability. But these kinds of solutions impair feedback and make us vulnerable to surprises that develop over a longer period of time and at finer ecological scales. Maintaining adaptive capacity, consequently, means moving toward institutions that are less specific and longer-term, i.e., multi-scale and system based. This tends to improve feedback by reduc-ing the bias and increasing the breadth of private information provided to the public. This cannot be accomplished, however, without taking into account the constraints on the efficient flow of information within institutions/organizations. Recognizing these limita-tions is the other part of our way out. In particular, we cannot afford to base governance on a centralized organization that operates only at a broad scale; by doing so, we misalign private incentives and social objectives, incur very high enforcement costs, forfeit the ability to use a broad range of policies necessary for sustainability and, overall, create an environment in which information about the environment and the impact of our activities is very costly