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'Politicians' Concept Evolution and Prospects of the Formation of the State Image in Lithuania since 1991. Their Impact on Lithuanian Foreign Policy' analyses the topic of the image formation in the country. The object of the work is the image of the country as a soft power tool in order to realize the strategic nation's goals. Basically nowadays the hard power resigns the place to the methods of the soft power. It goes without saying that both powers always functioned and, in my opinion, will function, but this time there is a clear overbalance in the side of the soft power. In most countries lots of selling companies work in the sort of the same market and offer the same products (democratic, freedom, citizen's relief and all that). The ability to sell their goods (certain interests in the case of the countries') depends on the facility to create their own appropriate image. Therein lays the main connection between the international and country's political image. With reference to Wendt's A. social constructivism theory, the order in the world is determined not only by the distribution of the material capability, but also by inter-subjective ideas which embody the countries' identity and treatment. It is worth to modify that the main essence of the social constructivism theory is to conceive what the country itself is and only then it can be pointed where to go and how to do this. The identity can service for this. The aim of the research is to analyze the politics of the image formatting through the main formatting elements and present the links of the politics and foreign policy characterizing specific problems and setting the recommendations. The hypothesis of the research is to prove that the image of the country can influence the direction of the nation's foreign policy and help to pursue strategic purposes. Has the impact on the country's position in the international relations. It can be recognized that many mistakes are being made in creating the image of Lithuania. An artificially and thoughtlessly formatted conception is interesting only for the founders and it does not reach its goal. On the other hand, I disagree with the thoughts that there is no need to create the image, that the prospect (reality) will create the image itself. The trouble is that the image made by the prospect could not be acceptable for us and as it can be seen from the developing situation, it can not even be formatted, and Lithuania as the country can stay prosy, unknown and unremarkable. The research has shown that Lithuania used its image properly even though obliviously until 2004 while joining the transatlantic organizations when the priorities of the foreign policy were very obvious. After the admission to the transatlantic organizations, Lithuania can not find its own place in the world. The image formation does not have a vivid support because of the vague foreign policy. Another burning problem is that Lithuania confronts with is a continuity of the image formation politics. Finally according to the audit's results which have been accomplished in 2009, it can be emphasized that there is no a united opinion about what a positive image of the country is. The funds are exploited inefficiently therefore they are not followed by 'The umbrella' principle. The present situation has two scripts: Lithuania is still staying as an unknown country for the first case which will have an obvious impact on the economic difficulty because of the 'Made in.' effect and will reform the existing institution of the image formation, dispose all possible actions and create a new strategy which would encompass a slogan and goods' logo. For the strategy not to be accomplished only on the paper, it is essential to reform the main six areas of the image formation adjusting infrastructural problems and finally defining the precise priorities of the foreign policy.

Die militärische Terrorismusbekämpfung der letzten eineinhalb Jahrzehnte gilt heute als kontraproduktiv - hat der »War on Terror« die dschihadistischen Bewegungen tatsächlich gestärkt und ist er der Grund für ihre wachsende Anhängerzahl? Sebastian Langes kommunikations- und organisationstheoretischen Analysen gehen den Eskalationsmechanismen im Verhältnis von transnationalem Terrorismus und staatlicher Terrorismusbekämpfung nach. Die Studie zeigt: Der Identitätskonflikt zwischen modernen Gesellschaften und fundamentalistischer Weltanschauung lässt sich nur dann entschärfen, wenn sicherheitspolitische Überreaktionen vermieden werden.

Qualitative research is a heterogeneous field comprised of different and sometimes competing analytical strategies. A growing number of researchers use computer programs to assist in the analysis of qualitative data. Some analytical tasks are common ground and will be performed by most researchers regardless of their methodological approach.
Software vendors try to accommodate an increasing demand for common and specific analytical needs and include an ever growing number of features in their products. Depending on the methodological point of departure, some functions provided in the current generation of CAQDAS packages may appear controversial because they invite the user to exceed the limits for the conclusions which can be drawn from qualitative analysis.
In this article the limits for drawing conclusions from qualitative data are discussed from a social constructivist, discourse analytical perspective. This is described with the concept of qualitative syllogism logic. Some tools provided by CAQDAS packages are used in most qualitative methodological frameworks. These are discussed before two CAQDAS packages, NVivo 8 and MAXQDA 10, are compared with regard to how intuitively they provide these basic tools along with those that appear controversial because they exceed the limits of qualitative syllogism logic.

Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, welchen Einfluss die Erscheinungsweisen der Netzkommunikation auf Prozesse der Identitätsbildung und der Konstruktion von Geschlecht haben können. Inwieweit führen derartige Praxen dazu, das Theorieverständnis in diesen Bereichen zu verändern und die Vorstellungen eines - auch in postmodernen Theorien immer noch wesentlich autonomen und männlichen - Subjekts durch die Figur eines netzwerkartig konstruierten Selbst in Beziehung zu setzen? Welchen Beitrag dazu theoretische Konstrukte wie die Idee der "Cyborg" von Haraway liefern können, wird ebenso untersucht wie die Frage, welche Veränderungen das Spiel mit der Identität im Netz für eine Veränderung mit sich bringt.

Realism and security studies / William C. Wohlforth -- Liberalism : a theoretical and empirical assessment / Thomas C. Walker and David L. Rousseau -- International political economy and security / Heikki Patomäki -- The english school and international security / Barry Buzan -- Critical security studies / David Mutimer -- Constructivism and securitization studies / Juha Vuori -- Poststructuralist approaches to security / Claudia Aradau and Rens van Munster -- Feminist security studies / Annick T.R. Wibben -- Postcolonialism : interrogating national security and drone warfare / Sheila Nair -- Human security : lessons learned from afghanistan / Gunhild Hoogensen Gjørv -- Risk and security / Karen Lund Petersen -- Security as practice / Christian Bueger -- Terrorism and counterterrorism / Oldrich Bures -- Organised crime / Adam Edwards -- Migration and security / Jef Huysmans and Vicki Squire -- Cyber-security / Ronald Deibert -- War / Christopher Coker -- Ethnic and religious violence / Delphine Alles -- Energy security / Robert W. Orttung -- Resources, the environment, and conflict / Nils Petter Gleditsch and Ole Magnus Theisen -- Pandemics and global health / Simon Rushton and Sonja Kittelsen -- China's rise : counterproductive fearmongering / Jiun Bang and David C. Kang -- Indian security policy / Sumit Ganguly -- Afghanistan : a state in limbo / Amin Saikal -- Iran / Rouzbeh Parsi -- Intervention in Iraq : from regime change to de facto partition / Gareth Stansfield -- The Syrian crisis and international security / Raymond Hinnebusch -- Israel-Palestine : an archipelago of (in)security / Nada Ghandour-Demiri -- Analysing drug violence in Mexico / Kimberly Heinle, Octavio Rodríguez and David A. Shirk -- Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo / Pierre Englebert -- Russia's revival / Jeffrey Mankoff -- Alliances / Carlo Masala and Alessandro Scheffler Corvaja -- International sanctions / Oliver Schmitt -- Deterrence / Richard Ned Lebow -- Nuclear non-proliferation / Wilfred Wan -- Public diplomacy in a national security context / Nancy Snow -- Statebuilding / Tobias Debiel and Patricia Rinck -- Humanitarian intervention / Aidan Hehir -- Global security governance / Thomas J. Biersteker -- Resilience / David Chandler -- The study of crisis management / Arjen Boin, Magnus Ekengren and Mark Rhinard -- "Killer robots" and preventive arms control / Myriam Dunn Cavelty, Sophie-Charlotte Fischer and Thierry Balzacq

Intro -- PROCESS 0 -- Foreword | Design Is Beautiful -- End of Design, Beginning of Process | Manifesto of Process Design -- Introduction | Graphic Design Discourse -- PROCESS 1 Disruption of Convention Against Humanism -- 1-1 The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism -- 1-2 Futurist Painting: Technical Manifesto -- 1-3 Manifesto of Futurist Architecture -- 1-4 Dada Manifesto -- PROCESS 2A Modernism, the Beginning Rational and Critical Thinking -- 2A-1 Discourse on Method -- 2A-2 Critique of Pure Reason -- PROCESS 2B Artist, Designer, and Engineer -- 2B-1 The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered -- 2B-2 Werkbund Theses and Antitheses -- 2B-3 Ornament and Crime -- 2B-4 Concrete Art Manifesto -- 2B-5 Programme of the Staatliches Bauhausin Weimar -- 2B-6 The Realistic Manifesto (Constructivist Manifesto) -- 2B-7 Programme of the First Working Group of Constructivists -- 2B-8 Constructivism andthe Proletariat -- 2B-9 Aesthetic of the Engineer, Architecture -- 2B-9 Argument -- 2B-10 Architecture and the Times -- 2B-10 Aphorisms on Architecture and Form -- 2B-10 On Form in Architecture -- 2B-11 Building -- 2B-12 Manifesto of Concrete Art -- 2B-13 What Pleases the Modern Man -- The Beautiful and the Useful -- PROCESS 3 Language, Type, and Typography -- 3-1 Topography of Typography -- 3-2 The New Typography -- 3-2 Contemporary Typography -- 3-3 The New Typography -- 3-3 New Life in Print -- 3-4 The Crystal Goblet -- 3-5 On Typography -- 3-6 Typography -- 3-7 Grid Systems in Graphic Design -- PROCESS 4 Postmodernism and De(con)structionism -- 4-1 Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture -- 4-2 The Debate -- 4-3 Typography as Discourse -- 4-3 Rethinking Modernism, Revising Functionalism -- 4-4 Some Thoughts on Modernism: Past, Present, and Future -- 4-5 Did We Ever Stop Being Postmodern? -- PROCESS 5A Auteurism Authority and Authenticity

"Unnatural States is a radical critique of international theory, in particular, of the assumption of state agency--that states act in the world in their own right. Peter Lomas argues that since the universal states system is inequitable and rigid, and not all states are democracies anyway, this assumption is unreal, and to adopt it means reinforcing an unjust status quo. Looking at the concepts of state, nation, and agency, Lomas sees populations struggling to find an agreed model of the state, owing to inherited material differences; and unsurprisingly, among theorists of the nation, only controversy and a great confusion of terms. Meanwhile, the functional incarnations of the state agent are caricatures: the mandarin state, the lawyer state, the landlord state, the heir-to-history state, and the patriot state. Yet recent developments in international theory (constructivism, scientific realism, postmodernism) sacrifice state agency only at the price of an unhelpful abstraction. The states system is dysfunctional and obsolete, Lomas contends, and international theory must be recast, with morality as central, to inspire and to guide historic change. He focuses in his conclusion on prescriptions for change, led by four moral concerns: human rights, weapons of mass destruction, relations between rich and poor societies, and the environment."I begin this book," writes Lomas, "with the commonest commonplace of international theory, to expose it as a meaningless cliche. In the masterly hands of Hobbes, it was elaborated into a shock formula for organized society, a reading of history as civilization's failure. Kant sought to rescue morality from Hobbes and create the structures of modernity, but Kant's influence is coming to an end. In the Cold War, politicians disagreeing over another philosopher almost brought the world to an end. Hence the challenges of our time. These are primary and profound. Philosophers have done much to define the modern world. The point of international theory is to change it.""--Provided by publisher.

This volume features essays about and by Paul Benacerraf, whose ideas have circulated in the philosophical community since the early nineteen sixties, shaping key areas in the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of language, the philosophy of logic, and epistemology. The book started as a workshop held in Paris at the Collège de France in May 2012 with the participation of Paul Benacerraf. The introduction addresses the methodological point of the legitimate use of so-called "Princess Margaret Premises" in drawing philosophical conclusions from Gödel's first incompleteness theorem. The book is then divided into three sections. The first is devoted to an assessment of the improved version of the original dilemma of "Mathematical Truth" due to Hartry Field: the challenge to the platonist is now to explain the reliability of our mathematical beliefs given the very subject matter of mathematics, either pure or applied. The second addresses the issue of the ontological status of numbers: Frege's logicism, fictionalism, structuralism, and Bourbaki's theory of structures are called up for an appraisal of Benacerraf's negative conclusions of "What Numbers Could Not Be." The third is devoted to supertasks and bears witness to the unique standing of Benacerraf's first publication: "Tasks, Super-Tasks, and Modern Eleatics" in debates on Zeno's paradox and associated paradoxes, infinitary mathematics, and constructivism and finitism in the philosophy of mathematics. Two yet unpublished essays by Benacerraf have been included in the volume: an early version of "Mathematical Truth" from 1968 and an essay on "What Numbers Could Not Be" from the mid 1970's. A complete chronological bibliography of Benacerraf's work to 2016 is provided. Essays by Jody Azzouni, Paul Benacerraf, Justin Clarke-Doane, Sébastien Gandon, Brice Halimi, Jon Pérez Laraudogoitia, Mary Leng, Antonio León-Sánchez and Ana C. León-Mejía, Marco Panza, Fabrice Pataut, Philippe de Rouilhan, Andrea Sereni, and Stewart Shapiro

This book presents an extensive review of the context and an analysis of the market for clean energy technologies, with batteries as the primary case study. The focus of this book is on clean energy technology and in particular, on renewable energy and portable, mobile, and stationary battery and energy supply. The authors examine how effectively countries with large and advanced economies are building and coaxing the markets needed to effectively mitigate environmental risk. The analysis takes a country-level perspective of some of the largest and most technologically advanced economies in the world including China, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, the United Kingdom and the United States. The authors explore the measures being taken to foster markets that effectively reduce environmental risk, increase its resilience and even its recovery. In the concluding chapter, the authors suggest that while the market for environmental risk mitigation remains nascent, the possibility for its rapid development is high. A number of market coaxing mechanisms to promote its more rapid development are proposed. The book will be of interest to researchers, policy makers, business strategists, and academics in the fields of political science and business management. Barbara Weiss is an analyst at the St. Petersburg Institute of International Political Economy, USA. She has a Master's degree in International Business Studies and a Ph. D. in International Political Economy from the University of Tsukuba, Japan. Her research interests are market structure and competition and risk analysis. She speaks three languages and has lived in Northeast Asia and Europe, as well as in Canada and the US. Michiyo Obi is Professor of Faculty of Policy Studies at Nanzan University, Japan. She holds a Ph. D. in International Political Economy from the University of Tsukuba, Japan. Her research interests include the global governance of climate change based on the theory of social constructivism, focusing on policy ideas, recognition, and norms.

During the Cold War the concept of international security was understood in military terms as the threat or use of force by states. The end of EastÐWest hostilities, however, brought 'critical' perspectives to the fore as scholars sought to explain the emergence of new challenges to international stability, such as environmental degradation, immigration and terrorism. The second edition of this popular and highly respected text offers a wide-ranging and comprehensive analysis of the growing field of critical security studies. All the chapters have been fully revised and updated to map the on-going evolution of debates about international security since 1989, including the more recent shift in emphasis from critiques of the realist practices of states to those of global liberal governance. Topics covered include the relationship between security and change, identity, the production of danger, fear and trauma, human insecurity and emancipation. The book explores the meaning and use of these concepts and their relevance to real-life situations ranging from the War on Terror to the Arab Spring, migration, suffering in war, failed states and state-building, and the changing landscape of the international system, with the emergence of a multipolar world and the escalation of global climate change. Written with verve and clarity and incorporating new seminar activities and questions for class discussion, this book will be an invaluable resource for students of international relations and security studies. K.M. Fierke is Professor of International Relations at the University of St. Andrews, and has taught or held research fellowships at the universities of Minnesota, Amsterdam, Oxford and Queen's Belfast. She is the author of Changing Games, Changing Strategies (1998), Diplomatic Interventions: Conflict and Change in a Globalizing World (2005), Political Self Sacrifice: Agency, Body and Emotion in International Relations (2013) numerous book chapters or articles on constructivism and security in prominent journals and co-editor of Constructing International Relations: The Next Generation (2001).

Purpose: is to study the relationship between the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in formulating effective military diplomacy.
Method: comparative analysis, and synthesis.
Findings: Military capabilities and means have always been used in diplomacy. As a result, military potential plays an important role in supporting state diplomacy and creates conditions for ensuring the country's national interests. The formation of diplomatic strategy at the national level can be systematically implemented. In order to improve military diplomacy, a document on diplomatic policy (white paper) should be prepared. Currently, the Azerbaijani Army has a branch within the International Military Cooperation Department that coordinates the activities of military attachés, but this branch does not have the potential to carry out special tasks related to military diplomacy or prepare for long-term strategies. From this point of view, a Center for military diplomacy might be established at the base of that department, and one of the priority issues should be the formation of the potential to develop strategies that reflect the long-term perspectives of Azerbaijan's military diplomacy.
Theoretical implications: There are many different approaches and theoretical lenses with which to study international relations and to make sense of events, trends and processes. Although such established theoretical lenses as realism, liberalism, constructivism, Marxism, feminism and others exist, neoclassical realism has been chosen as the means to make sense of this case study.
Practical implications: Practitioners in the field of foreign relations will be able to understand the role of the military diplomacy of the Republic of Azerbaijan in ensuring national interests and they will be able to have a clear picture of the ways of its optimization and the factors influencing this role.
Value: the study examines the role of the military diplomacy of the Republic of Azerbaijan in ensuring national interests and presents a clear picture of the ways of its optimization and the factors influencing this role.
Paper type: theoretical.

The article substantiates the importance of nannies' language for the children's development, namely the danger of long-term use of the phonetic, morphological and syntactic properties of babysitters' language in the process of communicating with the child. The theoretical positions that are the basis for the analysis of the collected research material are related to the theories of symbolic interactionism, constructivism, and the ecological theory of human development. In the research it is assumed that the child's development is dynamic and occurs as a result of structuring and restructuring the experience gained during interaction. It is confirmed that development takes place in a certain environment, but it is worth remembering that the child is not a passive imitator of the stimuli, but as a result of mutual interaction with the environment. The child begins to form one's own image of the surrounding world. It has been found that language serves as one of the elements that allow a person to build an idea of the surrounding reality in mind. The article emphasizes the importance of speech and, more broadly, communicative competences for a child's development. The results of a study conducted among mothers of two- to three-year-old children are presented. Considering this stage of the child's development is considered special because of the phase of the child's speech development, as well as the formation of personality. The study presents a diagnostic survey and includes free communication between mother and child. The paper outlines the characteristic properties of the language of nannies. Based on the results of the study, the consequences for the development of long-term use of nanny's language by adults are shown. The article emphasizes the importance and influence of the communication skills and abilities of babysitters and parents on the child's development and further education, as well as the importance of pedagogical support for effective communication in early childhood.

In the digital age, images have pervaded almost all spheres of public life and politics. International relations are no exception. The visual dimension of world politics attracts increasing attention which resulted in the emergence of the so-called visual turn in the theory of international relations. It gained particular prominence within the framework of constructivism and particularly within one of the central and most widespread constructivist theories, i.e. the securitization theory. The first section of the paper examines the concept of 'visual turn'. The second section considers the current state of art of the securitization theory. The third section outlines key features and possible implications of 'visual securitization' to the study of international relations. To this end, the authors refer to a resonant case of a Syrian migrant boy Aylan Kurdi, who died in 2015 while trying to immigrate to Europe. The fourth section examines some limitations of the 'visual securitization' theory. The authors conclude that the 'visual turn' has led to a certain democratization of securitization practices by opening up new opportunities for the 'bottom-up securitization', or 'people's securitization'. Thus, it questions the traditional monopoly of political elites on the molding of a security narrative. At the same time, the 'visual turn' extends the list of possible reference objects of securitization, which comes to include not only domestic audiences, but also other communities. As a result, 'visual securitization' raises a number of new issues. In contrast to a traditional 'speech act', an image can be open to various interpretations and as such would make the process of interaction with the audience too complicated and inconsistent. The possibility of incorrect interpretation places increased demands on the communicative context and hinders the use of an image as an independent securitization tool. The authors argue that the key to addressing these issues lies in a more active use of artificial intelligence technologies and social networks.

Introduction. The article is the first to study the use of the symbol of childhood by the USSR and the USA songs for the representation of Cold War issues. Methods and materials. Based on the methodology of constructivism, the author analyzes the reasons for the politicization of the image of childhood and the role of popular music as an instrument of symbolic politics. Qualitative content analysis is used to examine more than 400 songs of the USSR and the USA related to Cold War issues; about 70 of them use the symbol of childhood. The symbol of childhood in the Soviet song. A study of USSR songs demonstrates that images of children were an important component of the "cultural Cold War" on the musical front. The symbol of childhood in the American song. U.S. musical pieces contributed significantly to the legitimation of the Cold War and the construction of images of "us" and "them," including with the help of images of children. Results. The comparative analysis shows that in both the USSR and the USA, it was used to represent such issues as peace, war, security, nuclear weapons, freedom, justice, and the future of humanity. Not only did it create the image of the enemy, but it also deconstructed it by showing the similarity of the two nations in basic values, including attitudes toward children. In addition to the common features, songs in the USA and the USSR also reveal different characteristics. In the former, children are primarily the object of defense; in the latter, they are also subjects of politics and active fighters for peace. In the former, one can find negative images of childhood in the USSR; in the latter, young Americans are first and foremost children, just like everyone else. In the Soviet song, these images remain practically unchanged; in the American protest song, the symbol under study is used to delegitimize the policy of the authorities.

In the context of modern processes of globalization, the problem of preserving architectural heritage as part of national culture is actualized. At the same time, the need for the final development of historical centers, bringing them to the modern requirements of comfort, accompanied by interference in the historical context, pose the task of developing principles and approaches to combining the "old" and "new", taking into account the categories of "integrity", "value", "authenticity", "spirit places" (genius loci) of the historical environment of the city and contributing to the continuity of urban development.The purpose of the article is to highlight the current principles and approaches to architectural activity in the current urban environment, as well as to identify the prerequisites for their formation.Based on the methods of historical research of the evolution of theoretical foundations in the field of preservation and development of historical centers of cities, the development of architectural trends of the XX century and architectural and artistic analysis of modern world design practice, the following prerequisites for the formation of modern approaches to the connection of the "old" and "new" historical environment are identified: the development of theory and practice in the field of preservation of architectural heritage (approval of the categories "monument", "authenticity", "value", "spirit of the place", "layers of time", etc.); the development of modernist architecture (the concept of the correspondence of architecture to its time); the development of postmodern architecture (the emergence of a modern approach, appeal to the styles of the past, "stylization"); the development of digital design technologies at the turn of the XX–XXI centuries (new possibilities of shaping, de-constructivism, nonlinear parametric architecture). The following principles of formation of approaches of modern project activity in the historical urban environment are highlighted: subordination to context (environmental approach, "stylization"); subordination of "old" and "new" (conceptual approach or equality of "old" and "new"); independence (contrast of "old" and "new").