Suchergebnisse

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT -- PROGRAM PERFORMANCE -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS -- A. Creating Fiscal Space for Education while Advancing Structural Fiscal Reforms -- B. Supporting Price Stability and Reserve Accumulation with Continued Exchange Rate Flexibility -- C. Strengthening Financial Resilience -- D. Harnessing Structural Reforms to Promote More Inclusive Growth -- PROGRAM ISSUES AND FINANCING -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Developing Local Capital Markets in Georgia -- 2. Female Labor Force Participation in Georgia -- FIGURES -- 1. Real Sector and Inflation Developments -- 2. External Sector Developments -- 3. International Investment Position -- 4. Fiscal Sector Developments -- 5. Financial Sector Developments -- 6. Macro-Financial Developments -- 7. Macro-Structural Challenges -- 8. Public Sector Debt Sustainability Analysis - Baseline Scenario -- 9. Public Sector Debt Sustainability Analysis - Composition of Public Debt and Alternative Scenarios -- 10. External Debt Sustainability: Bound Tests -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic and Financial Indicators, 2017-24 -- 2. Balance of Payments, 2017-24 -- 3a. General Government Operations, GFSM2001 2017-24 (In millions of GEL) -- 3b. General Government Operations, GFSM2001 2017-24 (In percent of GDP) -- 4. Monetary Survey, 2017-20 -- 5. Selected Monetary and Financial Soundness Indicators, 2016 - Mar 2019 -- 6. External Vulnerability Indicators, 2017-24 -- 7. Gross External Requirements, 2017-24 -- 8. Indicators of Fund Credit, 2018-24 -- 9. Schedule of Reviews and Available Purchases -- 10. External Debt Sustainability Framework, 2015-2024 -- ANNEXES -- I. Risk Assessment Matrix -- II. External Sector Assessment -- APPENDICES -- I. Letter of Intent -- Attachment I. Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies -- Attachment II. Technical Memorandum of Understanding.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- ASSESSING HOUSE PRICES IN CANADA -- A. Introduction -- B. Static Borrowing-Capacity Approach -- C. Data and Assumptions -- D. Results -- E. Other Findings -- F. Summary and Policy Implications -- References -- FIGURES -- 1. Effect on Interest Rates on Loan-to-Income Multiple -- 2. Observed Aggregate House Prices in Canada vs. "Attainable" House Prices -- 3. Edmonton: Contribution of Interest and Income Using the SBC Model -- 4. Implied Share of Debt-Service to After-Tax Median Household Income -- 5. Closing the Valuation Gap with Stronger Income Growth -- APPENDIX -- I. Data and Additional Results -- HOW TO IMPROVE INFLATION FORECASTING IN CANADA -- A. Introduction -- B. Data -- C. Time Series Properties of Inflation -- D. Bank of Canada Staff's Inflation Forecast Errors -- E. What Went Wrong? -- F. The Output Gap and the Neutral Nominal Policy Rate in Real Time -- G. Summary and Policy Messages -- References -- FIGURES -- 1. Inflation -- 2. Inflation Persistence -- 3. Inflation Cross-Correlations -- 4. Inflation and Expectations -- 5. Inflation Forecast Errors and Contributions -- 6. Historical Shock Dompositions: Inflation and Forecast Errors -- 7. Real-Time Output Gap and Policy Rate -- 8. Recent Estimates of Neutral Policy Rate (U.S.) -- TABLES -- 1. Inflation Statistics Since 2000 -- 2. Inflation Forecast Errors -- 3. Explaining Staff's Core Inflation Forecast Errors -- APPENDIX -- I. Definitions and Model -- INTERNAL TRADE: CASE FOR LIBERALIZATION -- A. Introduction -- B. Interprovincial Versus International Trade -- C. Estimating the Costs of Internal Trade Barriers: Methodology -- D. Estimates of the Costs of Internal Trade Barriers -- E. What are the Gains from Liberalizing Internal Trade? -- F. Can the Federal Government Secure Free Internal Trade?.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS -- PREFACE -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- I. WHY INTRODUCE SPENDING REVIEWS IN CHILE? -- II. INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE WITH SPENDING REVIEWS -- A. Introduction -- B. Objectives of Spending Reviews -- C. Types of Spending Reviews -- D. Key Lessons Learned -- III. ESTABLISHING THE SPENDING REVIEW FRAMEWORK IN CHILE -- A. Current Situation in Chile -- B. Overview of Proposed Approach and Framework for Chile -- C. Organizing Structure: Roles and Responsibilities -- D. Recommendations -- IV. PROCESS FOR CONDUCTING A SPENDING REVIEW -- A. Introduction -- B. Stage 1: Prepare Review Parameters -- C. Stage 2: Analyze Spending and Develop Policy Options -- D. Stage 3: Decision-Making -- E. Stage 4: Implementation -- F. Recommendations -- V. INSTITUTIONALIZING SPENDING REVIEWS -- A. Introduction -- B. Establishing a Legal Basis for Spending Reviews -- C. Integrating Spending Reviews into the Budget Process -- D. Linking the Spending Review Process with the Evaluation Framework -- E. Supporting PFM Reform and Building Capacity for Spending Reviews -- F. Recommendations -- VI. NEXT STEPS -- A. Develop a Concept Note and Reinforce the Spending Review Unit -- B. Selection of Reviews for FY2020 and Beyond -- BOXES -- 1. The UK's Experience with Comprehensive Spending Reviews -- 2. Targeted Spending Reviews: Types of Review Topics -- 3. Spending Reviews: Lessons from OECD Countries -- 4. Spending Review of Online Education in Denmark -- 5. Examples of Possible Measures to Be Considered -- 6. Case Study: UK Government Property Optimization 2010 -- FIGURES -- 1. Expenditure in Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health -- 2. Adoption of Spending Reviews, 2011 to 2018 -- 3. Evolution of Spending Reviews in OECD Countries -- 4. Options for Spending Review Programs -- 5. Proposed Organizational Structure.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- PREFACE -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- FISCAL REPORTING -- 1.1. Coverage of Fiscal Reports -- 1.2. Frequency and Timeliness -- 1.3. Quality -- 1.4. Integrity -- 1.5. Conclusions and Recommendations -- FISCAL FORECASTING AND BUDGETING -- 2.1. Comprehensiveness of Budget Documentation -- 2.2. Orderliness and Timeliness of the Budget Process -- 2.3. Policy Orientation -- 2.4. Credibility -- 2.5. Conclusions and Recommendations -- FISCAL RISKS -- 3.1. Disclosure and Analysis -- 3.2. Risk Management -- 3.3. Fiscal Coordination -- 3.4. Conclusions and Recommendations -- BOXES -- 1. The Colombian Pension System -- 2. The Comptroller General of the Republic (CGR) -- 3. Possible Structure and Content of an Annual Fiscal Risk Statement -- 4. State-Owned Financial Institutions -- 5. Legal Form of Colombian SOEs -- FIGURES -- 1. Summary Assessment -- 2. Fiscal Transparency Evaluation Scores - International Comparison -- 3. OBI Score (2015 Survey) -- 4. Coverage of Public Sector Institutions in Fiscal Reports -- 5. Public Sector Balance Sheet Coverage in Fiscal Reports, 2015 -- 6. Public Sector Net Worth in Selected Countries -- 7. Public Sector Gross Liabilities in Selected Countries -- 8. Tax Expenditures, 2015 -- 9. Tax Expenditures in Selected Countries -- 10. Evaluation of Macroeconomic and Fiscal Forecasts, 2009-2016 -- 11. Unsolicited PPP Proposal in Colombia in Comparative Perspective -- 12. Distribution of Public Procurement by Modality, 2016 -- 13. GDP Volatility -- 14. Payments Under Legal Claims -- 15. Forecast Transfers from the Budget to the Pension Scheme -- 16. Government Guarantees in Selected Countries 2015 -- 17. PPP Projects by Type and Contingent Exposure, 2016-27 -- 18. Fogafin Reserve Developments -- 19. A Layered Approach to Disaster Risk Financing -- 20. SOE Portfolio

Cover -- CONTENTS -- POLICYMAKING IN A NEW POLITICAL LANDSCAPE -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- ENSURING MACRO STABILITY AND EMBARKING ON A NEW WAVE OF STRUCTURAL REFORMS -- A. Fiscal Policy: Create Fiscal Space to Accommodate Infrastructure Needs and Enhance Progressivity -- B. Monetary and Exchange Rate Policies: Continue to Strive for Stability -- C. Macro-Financial Policies: Remain Vigilant and Strengthen the Regulatory Framework -- D. Macro-Structural Policies: A New Wave of Reforms to Move to a Higher Income Status, and Reduce Poverty and Inequality -- E. Safeguards Procedures -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Mexico's Defined-Contribution Pension System -- 2. Fiscal Transparency Evaluation (FTE) -- 3. Corporate Stress Tests -- 4. AML-CFT Assessment -- 5. Crime and Economic Activity -- 6. Female Labor Force Participation -- FIGURES -- 1. Real Sector -- 2. Labor Market -- 3. Prices and Inflation -- 4. External Sector -- 5. Reserve Coverage in an International Perspective, 2017 -- 6. Fiscal Sector -- 7. Financial Sector -- 8. Banking Sector -- 9. Nonfinancial Corporate Sector -- 10. Social Indicators -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic, Financial, and Social Indicators -- 2. Statement of Operations of the Public Sector, Authorities' Presentation -- 3. Statement of Operations of the Public Sector, GFSM 2014 Presentation (In percent of GDP) -- 4a. Summary Balance of Payments (In billions of U.S. dollars) -- 4b. Summary Balance of Payments (In percent of GDP) -- 5. Financial Soundness Indicators -- 6. Financial Indicators and Measures of External Vulnerabilities -- 7. Baseline Medium-Term Projections -- 8. Monetary Indicators -- ANNEXES -- I. Risk Assessment Matrix -- II. External Sector Assessment -- III. Debt Sustainability Analysis -- IV. Staff GDP and Inflation Forecast Errors -- V. Tax Revenue Mobilization.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS -- A. Delivering a Short-Term Fiscal Impulse and Initiating a Medium-Term Consolidation -- B. Keeping Monetary Policy Data Dependent and Credible -- C. Maintaining Financial Stability and Fostering Financial Development -- D. Driving Growth and Expanding Social Protection Through a Broad Structural Reform Agenda -- E. Authorities' Views -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Productivity Trends at the Macro and Micro Level -- 2. Governance and Corruption -- 3. Poverty and Inequality Reduction During the Commodity Boom -- 4. Pension Projections and Reform Scenarios -- FIGURES -- 1. Real Sector Developments -- 2. Fiscal Sector Developments -- 3. External Sector Developments -- 4. Financial Sector Developments -- 5. FX and Capital Market Developments -- 6. Balance Sheet Indicators -- 7. External Debt Sustainability: Bound Tests -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic Indicators -- 2. Nonfinancial Public Sector Main Fiscal Aggregate -- 3. Statement of Operations of the General Government -- 4. General Government Stock Positions -- 5. Balance of Payments -- 6. Monetary Survey -- 7. Financial Soundness Indicators -- 8. Financial and External Vulnerability Indicators -- 9. Medium-Term Macroeconomic Framework -- 10. External Debt Sustainability Framework -- ANNEXES -- I. Implementation of Past Fund Advice -- II. External Sector Assessment -- III. Macro-Financial Stability Update -- IV. Staff GDP Forecast Errors -- V. Risk Assessment Matrix -- VI. Public Sector Debt Sustainability Analysis -- VII. Impact of Non-Resident Holdings of Local Currency Bonds on Local Currency Yields -- VIII. Key FSAP Recommendations -- IX. The Potential for Fintech to Improve Financial Inclusion in Peru -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- RELATIONS WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.

Hochtechnologie wirkt sich auf den internationalen Arbeitsmärkten so aus, daß Forschung und Entwicklung in den Industrieländern konzentriert ist und die Produktion in den Entwicklungsländern. Da die Industrien eine hohe geographische Mobilität aufweisen, sind für die Länder, die sich nur auf die Produktion stützen, hohe Beschäftigungsrisiken gegeben. (IAB)

The purpose of this project is to increase our knowledge about trade-offs between productivity and labour market participation across the OECD, and more specifically in the European Union. The inquiry is focused around the question whether there is a trade-off between labour participation and productivity and, if so, how big it is and how long does it last. In particular, through a series of panel regressions we isolate the structural or long-term relationships, as well as identify how long the "longterm" is. We also investigate the extent to which the trade-offs can be associated with particular types of workers (in terms of age or gender). Our main findings are, firstly, that the negative productivity response elasticity to a 1% rise in participation (measured as the employment rate) is less than 0.3 and peters out in less than 5 years. Secondly, increased participation is the key factor related to this productivity growth tradeoff. We find little effect of hours per worker on productivity. Thirdly, female participation has the strongest negative impact on productivity growth, but it is associated with specific age and/or cohort effects that are likely to diminish in the longer run. Finally, we investigate simple scenarios to look at the effect of increases in participation on productivity and per capita income, showing the large potential for income gains without much loss in productivity.

All years, on a regular basis, a calendar month coincides with the farandole of the marriage fairs. That seems to be the moment to say "yes" and it is not without a certain emotion that, despite the success of multifaceted free love contracts, we continue to marry in white. You will certainly understand that it has not been so easy to attribute a very precise title to our communication, but we will say, exculpatory, that the expression and its related words are commonly accepted to refer to the same phenomenon in fact. White marriage is above all a metaphor. It is a marriage where one looks like, where you do "as if", in the context of an entirely different reality. From this small comedy, the pseudo-spouses seek to gain an advantage: avoiding a military service obligation, collecting a dot, to take examples from a little old 1, but imagination has no limits a priori. In the international order, stuffing makes it possible to obtain an effect which only an international marriage can confer, such as the acquisition of the nationality of the spouse or the acquisition of a residence permit. Recently, the Journal de l'Ile, dated 19 April 2002, repeated the story of two 'plucked love' by a couple of Mauricians who wanted to settle in Réunion and who had used marriage bias to be certain of staying permanently in our department. The stratagems are multiple and there are also several expressions to refer to white marriage. Often referred to as 'fictitious' or 'simulated' marriage. The formula for marriages of convenience is also used 2, although complacency, emotional, economic or social, still exists in marriage. In all cases, it is clear that the formula is used today only in the restricted context of 'authoritative' or 'naturalising' marriages. This is the point of meeting, without ever saying, white marriage and private international law. ; International audience ; All years, on a regular basis, a calendar month coincides with the farandole of the marriage fairs. That seems to be the moment to say "yes" and it is not ...

Le Tribunal international du droit de la mer est une juridiction internationale qui traite des différends d'ordre maritime. Le Tribunal est ouvert aux Etats, aux organisations internationales et à d'autres entités. L'Annuaire offre aux juristes, aux universitaires, aux étudiants, ainsi qu'au public dans son ensemble, l'accès à des informations concernant la compétence, la procédure et l'organisation du Tribunal, ainsi que la composition de celui-ci au cours de l'année 2000. L'Annuaire a été établi par le Greffe du Tribunal. Le Tribunal a également publié un volume de textes de base contenant des documents qui constituent le fondement du mandat et du fonctionnement du Tribunal, et qui représentent l'essentiel de la documentation relative aux règles de fond et de procédure qu'applique le Tribunal. L' Annuaire est aussi disponible en anglais (Yearbook)