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The author, after a brief revision of his ideas on the plant communities dynamism —connected with behavioural gregarism and cultural evolution in the N Spain mountains—, explain two furthest types of gestion: 1) The external or distant one, producing a banalization or ruderalization of landscapes, and 2) The internally active type in every system, always improving adaptation of communities to the environment (geophysical, biotic and also social) of their own valley or country. On cultural aspects —mainly in some mountains—, models will be necessary to understanding the different "homeostatic mechanisms" in every cultural action, the automatic ones. Ecological research must be made together with pasturage activities, artisanats, and mainly an integrated tourism embodied in the country. Biological and cultural diversifications would be also maintained in the more human and alive mountains. We also need to combine our regional activities with the more general project SBI (Sustainable Biosphere Initiative) of the Ecological Society of America. ; [es] El autor resume la evolución de sus ideas a partir del conocimiento botánico de las fitocenosis situadas en un ambiente de montaña diversificado, —con las culturas tradicionales tan especializadas y en continua evolución hasta nuestros días—, para esquematizarlos dos tipos extremos de gestión: 1) La ejercida de lejos, "a distancia" y 2) la "internalizada" o autogestionaria, como propia de cada sistema, la que permite su progreso de acuerdo con la sindinamia comunitaria y facilita tos procesos adaptativos, tanto al ambiente geofísico como al biótico y el social de cada valle y organización política superior, hasta la Comunidad Europea. Les interesa crear "Modelos" a partir del resto de las culturas que persisten o prosperan en ambientes concretos; es útil conocer sus mecanismos reguladores "homeostáticos", precisamente los que lograron mantener su "cohesión cultural" y aún la propagan automáticamente. Conviene mantener la investigación ecológica tradicional, pero completándola con la enseñanza y experimentos realizados en valles de montaña que no quieren morir culturalmente. Podemos "humanizar paisajes", revitalizados en esos ambientes que sólo pueden progresar a partir de sus recursos ganaderos y artesanos, con ayuda del turismo desmasificado, integrado al sistema, al paisaje. Será muy útil plantear acciones concretas en nuestras montañas Peninsulares y conectar con el proyecto SBl ("Sustainable Biosphere Iniciative") de la Ecological Society of America, para investigar a fondo nuestros recursos naturales, bióticos y culturales, los del hombre con su cultura tradicional que debe seguir evolucionando correctamente, para salvar todas las limitaciones actuales. [fr] L'auteur fait un résumé de l'évolution de ses idées suite à la connaissance botanique des phytocénoses situées dans un milieu de montagne diversifié, —avec des cultures traditionnelles très spécialisées et en continuelle évolution jusqu'à nos jours— afin de dresser le schéma des deux types extrêmes de gestion: 1) Celle que l'on exerce de loin, "à distance", et 2) la gestion "internalisée" ou autogestionnaire, propre à chaque système, qui permet une progression en accord avec les tendances communautaires et facilite les processus d'adaptation, aussi bien pour le milieu géophysique que pour le milieu biotique et social de chaque vallée et l'organisation politique supérieure, jusqu'à la Communauté Européenne. Il est intéressant dans ce cadre de créer des "Modèles" à partir du reste des cultures qui persistent ou prospèrent dans des milieux déterminés; il est utile de connaître leurs mécanismes régulateurs "homéostatiques", qui justement sont ceux qui ont permis de maintenir leur "cohésion culturelle" et qui, même, la diffusent automatiquement^ Il convient de poursuivre les recherches écologiques traditionnelles, mais en les complétant avec l'enseignement et les expériences réalisées dans des vallées de montagne qui se refusent à mourir culturellement. Nous pouvons "humaniser les paysages", les revitaliser dans des milieux qui ne peuvent aller de l'avant que grâce aux ressources que l'élevage et l'artisanat leur apportent, avec l'aide du tourisme individualisé, intégré au sein du système et du paysage. Usera très utile de planifier des actions concrètes dans nos montagnes de la Péninsule en veillant à les insérer dans le cadre du projet SBI ("Sustainable Biosphere iniclative") de l'Ecological Society of America, pour étudier à fond nos ressources naturelles, biotiques et culturelles, celles de l'homme avec sa culture traditionnelle qui doit continuer d'évoluer dans le bon sens, afin de contourner toutes les limitations actuelles.

The article focuses on the military, political, administrative and ethnic developments and events which were related to or took place in the Generalgouvernement Belgium, i.e. the German Military Government Zone of Belgium, from August 1914 until November 1918 and which might have constituted significant socio-political conditions of intellectual, literary, and artistic activities in European Expressionism. It is based on the assumption that the unique experiences related to war, occupation, socialist thought, and ethnic emancipation constituted an extraordinary background for both the Youth Movement and the Expressionist literary and artistic perception of the conditio humana. - - - - - Although there are numerous - German and non-German - studies about the First World War, the Kriegsschuld question (discussion about the specific German responsibility for the World War), the German military goals in Eastern and Western Europe, President Wilson's politics and the Versailles Peace Treaty, only a few focus on Belgium, which was occupied nearly from the beginning to the end of the war. There is no comprehensive study about the Beige question within the German war-aim discussion, the war in Belgium or the German occupation and military administration, the Flemish movement and the German Flamenpolitik (Flemish or Flanders policy). A few books and articles are published about some of these aspects, none about the day-to-day policies of the Generaigouvernement and its interactions with Beige institutions, social groups, and Beige and German intellectuals, writers, and artists. Nothing is published about the politics and policies (e.g. toward the radical Jungflamen [Young Flemish] in Ghent) of the SuSupreme Command of the Fourth German Army in the Front and Communication Zones of Belgium outside the territory of the Generaigouvernement. The main reason is that nearly all files of the Reich Chancellor's Office about Belgium and the private records of the second General-Governor of Belgium Bissing are lost and that all records of the Generaloouvemement Belgium with more than 70.000 volumes were burned in 1944 and 19456 Another reason is that the scholarly interest focused on political-military and economic events and not on cultural policies. - - - - - There are some additional restrictions of the research this article is based on. Related to its purpose and time restrictions, the author was not able to do research In the East German Central Archives of Potsdam and Merseburg where some of the remaining files, so e.g. of the Reichsamt (Department) of the Interior, related to Belgium or most of the Kriegszlel (war aim) memoranda are available,7 But this was Justified since all relevant material Is already published and research about Belgium during the First World War proved that even single files of the General-aouvernement do not exist. Relevant single military files about writers and artists who served as soldiers or administrators In the Communications Zone (e.g. the Ghent area) or within the Generalgouvernement (where Brussels belonged to) may still exist in some of the West German federal or state archives also. But this goes beyond the topic of this article. Finally, it was not possible to search extensively for unpublished Beige, esp. Flemish records. It cannot be ruled out that relevant documents still exist In Beige, Netherlands, or French archives, but there Is no Indication in the publications of those countries. The contribution Is therefore mainly based on already published German, Flemish, and French documents, publications, and other sources of the war, inter-war and post World War Two periods. Some of them refer to apparently lost and some unpublished records,8 so e.g. the private files of the third General-Governor Faikenhausen (1917-1918). Very Instructive, but apparently biassed are the Journals and publications of the Flemish and great-Dutch movements (e.g. Dletsche Stemmen. Gazet van Brussel. Vlaamsche Nieuws. De Socialistisch Vlaaming) and related German groups (e.g. the Belfried). As far as they were accessible, these sources are used also.

Obituary for Brooks Hays in the New York Times ; Ex-Rep. Brooks Hays, Aide to Presidents, 83, Dies By Marjorie Hunter Special to The New York Times WASHINGTON, Oct. 12 — Brooks Hays, a voice of Southern moderation in his 16 years in Congress, died in his sleep last night at his home in Bethesda, Md. He was 83 years old. While he had made his home in the Washington area for many years, he was very much the product of his native Arkansas, a fiercely loyal Democrat and an accomplished teller of tales, much in the manner of the late Will Rogers. In his later years in Congress, he was noted for fashioning politically realistic compromises on explosive civil rights issues, and it was he who arranged a meeting between President Eisenhower and Gov. Orval Faubus of Arkansas to discuss the crisis that led to school de-segregation in Little Rock. His moderate stand on racial issues cost him his seat in Congress in 1958 when opponents mounted a successful write-in campaign for Dr. Dale Alford, an outspoken segregationist. Just months later, writing in The New York Times Magazine, Mr. Hays renewed his call for moderation and pre-dicted that the day would come when one could say: "There was a South of fears and misgivings; that South is dead. There is a South of human kind­ness and of law, of justice and of peace - that South, thank God, is living and daily growing stronger.'' Both before entering Congress in 1942 and after his defeat, Mr. Hays served in various capacities in the Federal Government. As an official in the Depart-ment of Agiculture [sic] under President Roosevelt in the 1930's, he was active in pushing through Congress the Bankhead-Jones Act, which provided loans for poor farmers. In his post-Congress years, he served in the White House as a special assistant to President Kennedy and as Assistant Secretary of State for Congressional Relations. He was also a special assist-ant to President Johnson. Mr. Hays also served as president of the nine-million-member Southern Baptist Convention in 1957 and 1958. His anecdotes, centered largely on fellow politicians and humble Arkansans, were a constant enjoyment to his old friends. He was always a center of attention as he held forth at annual gatherings of Former Members of Congress, an organization that he and former Republican Representative Walter Judd of Minnesota founded. One of his favorite tales was about making his maiden speech in the House, The next day, he said, he picked up a copy of the Congressional Record and found, to his dismay, that his speech had been attributed to a fellow Arkansan, Oren Harris. Mr. Hays said he rushed to the record clerk, scolded him for the error, then apologized for his temper. " 'Oh that's all right.' " he said the clerk replied, " 'you should have heard Mr. Harris.' " Lawrence Brooks Hays - he never used his first name - was born Aug. 9, 1898, near Russellville, Ark. He and his father, Steele Hays, were among the few in that section to oppose the Ku Klux Klan in the early 1920's, and the father lost his bid for Congress in 1922 because of his moderate racial vews [sic]. Brooks Hays graduated from the University of Arkansas in 1919 and received a law degree from George Washington University in 1922. In his first bid for political office in 1927 he finished second in a field of seven candidates for Governor. Two years later, he tried again but lost. He was elected Democratic national committeeman in 1932. He was the author of a number of books, including "Hotbed of Tranquillity." He is survived by his wife, Marian Prather Hays; a son, Steel [sic] Hays, an Associate Justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court; a daughter, Betty Brooks Bell of Bethesda; and five grandchildren. Funeral services will be held at 4 P.M. Wednesday at Gawler's Funeral Home in Washington. A second service will be held at 11 A.M. Friday at the Second Baptist Church of Little Rock. Burial will be in Russellville, Ark.

Background & aims: The association between drinking water consumption and adiposity has been poorly explored. Therefore, we aimed to analyse the associations between the frequency of drinking water consumption and body weight and waist circumference changes in an elderly Mediterranean cohort. Methods: A total of 1832 elderly participants (aged 55-75 years) with metabolic syndrome from the PREDIMED-Plus study with baseline data on drinking water and other beverages assessed by a validated 32-item Spanish fluid-intake questionnaire and with data on body weight (BW) and waist circumference (WC) at 1-year and 2-year were included in these prospective analyses. Multivariable linear regression models were fitted to assess the β-coefficients and 95% confidence interval (CI) for BW and WC changes in terms of categories of baseline drinking water consumption (tap water and bottled water). The theoretical effect on BW and WC of replacing several beverages with drinking water was assessed using mathematical models. Results: The baseline frequency of drinking water consumption was inversely associated with 1-year and 2-year changes in BW. β-coefficients (95%CI) across categories of water consumption (<2.5, 2.5 to <5, 5 to < 7.5, ≥7.5 servings/d) expressed in % of weight changes at 2 years of follow-up were 0.0, -0.80 (-1.48, -0.12), -1.36 (-2.18, -0.54), and -1.97 (-3.09, -0.86), respectively. Individuals in the two highest categories of drinking water consumption (5 to < 7, and ≥7.5 servings/d) also showed a higher decrease in WC (expressed as % of change) after 2 years of follow-up: -1.11 (-1.96, -0.25) and -1.45 (-2.66, -0.24) compared to the reference intake (<2.5 servings/day), after adjustment for potential confounding factors. The theoretical replacement of soups, beers, spirits, hot beverages, dairy beverages, and other beverages group with drinking water was associated with greater reductions in BW at one- and two-years of follow-up. Conclusions: Drinking water consumption was inversely associated with 2-year adiposity changes in an elderly Mediterranean cohort at high cardiovascular risk. Our results also suggest that the consumption of drinking water instead of energy-containing beverages is associated with lower weight gain. ; The PREDIMED-Plus trial was supported by the Spanish government's official funding agency for biomedical research , ISCIII, through the Fondo de Investigación para la Salud (FIS) and co-funded by European Union ERDF/ESF, "A way to make Europe"/"Investing in your future" (five coordinated FIS projects led by JS-S and JVid, including the following: PI13/00272, PI13/01123, PI13/00462, PI13/00233, PI13/00728, PI14/01722, PI14/00636, PI14/01206, PI14/01919, PI14/01374, PI16/01873, PI16/01094, PI16/00501, PI16/00533, PI16/00366, PI17/00764, PI17/01827, PI17/01441, PI17/01732, PI17/00926, PI19/00309, PI19/01032, PI19/00576, PI19/00017, and PI19/00781), the Special Action Project entitled: Implementación y evaluación de una intervención intensiva sobre la actividad física Cohorte PREDIMED-Plus grant to JS-S, the European Research Council (Advanced Research Grant 2013–2018, 340918) to MÁM-G, the Recercaixa Grant to JS-S (2013ACUP00194), a grant from the Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO/2017/017), a SEMERGEN grant, and funds from the European Regional Development Fund (CB06/03). Study resulting from the SLT006/17/00246 grant, funded by the Department of Health of the Generalitat de Catalunya by the call "Acció instrumental de programes de recerca orientats en l'àmbit de la recerca i la innovació en salut". We thank the CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya for institutional support. This publication has been possible with the support of the Ministerio de Ciencia , Innovación y Universidades (MICINN) (FPU 17/01925). Jordi Salas-Salvadó, senior author of this study, is partially supported by ICREA under the ICREA Academia programme . IP-G receives a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (FPU 17/01925). Dr. NB-T is supported by a postdoctoral fellowship ( Juan de la Cierva-Formación , FJC2018-036016-I). I.M Gimenez-Alba received an FPU grant from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (reference FPU 18/01703). C.B. received a Fernando Tarongí Bauzà PhD Grant.

En este artículo nos proponemos acercarnos al estudio de las teorías del imperialismo y las características del marxismo en el Socialismo Francés temprano, a través del estudio de un autor particular: Paul Louis (1872-1948), militante de origen Blanquista que desarrolló una vasta obra escrita a lo largo de su vida política. Nuestro primer problema es cuáles son las características específicas de sus análisis del colonialismo/imperialismo: los fundamentos económicos del fenómeno, su caracterización de los distintos países imperialistas y sus conclusiones políticas; vinculado a esto, analizamos su posición frente a algunos debates generales del socialismo de la época: sus posiciones frente al revisionismo y la participación ministerial de los socialistas, la huelga general, la Revolución Rusa de 1905, y la forma de gobierno republicana. Este análisis interno de la producción de Paul Louis será explicado también en el marco de los debates sobre estos tópicos que atravesaron el socialismo francés como un todo, así como las organizaciones políticas en que participó y la Segunda Internacional, para ser capaces de establecer con qué otras posiciones tenían afinidad, y cómo se situaban las mismas en el marco de la disputa de fracciones a nivel tanto nacional como internacional. Nuestra hipótesis es que Paul Louis articuló una visión original del imperialismo vinculado estrechamente a los cambios políticos de su tiempo, desde unos análisis tempranos más vinculados a una serie de herencias republicanas, pasando por un análisis riguroso del imperialismo como fase del capitalismo que influyó en Lenin, hasta una fase final donde se convirtió en una suerte de portavoz partidario sobre el tema, volviendo a una posición más propagandística. A su vez, a partir de 1905 articuló una visión propia del Marxismo que cuestionó varios aspectos de la ortodoxia del Guesdismo, la corriente marxista predominante del Socialismo Francés ; In this article we intend to approach the study of the theories of imperialism and the specific characteristics of Marxism in early French Socialism, through the study of a particular author: Paul Louis (1872-1948), a militant of Blanquist origin that wrote a vast amount of work during his political life. Our first concerns are the specific features of his analysis of colonialism and imperialism: the economic foundations of the phenomenon, his characterization of the different imperialist countries and his political conclusions; tied to this, we analyze his position on some general debates of the socialism of that time: His standings on revisionism and socialists´ ministerial participation, the general strike, the Russian Revolution of 1905, and the Republican form of government. This internal analysis of Paul Louis´ work will be explained also in the framework of the debates over these topics that ran through French Socialism as a whole, as well as the political organizations in which he participated and the Second International, to be able to establish to which other positions they were close, and where were they placed in the fractional disputes on both national and international levels. Our hypothesis is that Paul Louis articulated an original vision of imperialism closely related to the political changes of his time, from some early analyses more related to a series of republican legacies, going through a rigorous analysis of imperialism as a phase of capitalism that influenced Lenin, until a final phase where he became a sort of party spokesman on the subject, returning to a more propagandistic stance. At the same time, from 1905 onwards he formed his own vision of Marxism that questioned many aspects of Guesdist orthodoxy, the predominant Marxist current of French Socialism ; Fil: Quiroga, Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad; Argentina

The early history of the vital statistics system was presented in detail in Vital Statistics of the United States, Volume I, 1950. This earlier document is reprinted in this publication in appendix II. That report begins with the early collection and preservation of registration records as legal evidence of the occurrence of the event, primarily for use in protecting individual rights. It then describes the era in which death records by cause became recognized as essential for control of epidemics and for other public health interests. The report goes on to cover how welfare legislation of the 1930's and emergency World War II legislation of the 1940's brought about an unprecedented demand by individuals for their birth certificates. Included in the earlier report is a description of the long, hard-fought, and often discouraging campaign of individuals, associations, and State and Federal agencies to bring about uniform registration laws and reporting forms that could not only serve the increasing needs of individuals for their records but also provide data for statistical analysis at all levels of government. The establishment, development, and completion of the registration areas designed to provide national birth and death statistics and the early efforts that ultimately led to establishment of similar registration areas for providing marriage and divorce data are described. The report traces the Federal function in vital statistics from its origin in the Bureau of the Census to its placement in the National Office of Vital Statistics in the Public Health Service in 1946. The purpose of this report is to pick up where the 1950 report ended and describe further developments and major activities and accomplishments that occurred from 1950 through 1995. Most of the information included was obtained from or based upon material contained in government reports. Material from the 1950 report is repeated in certain instances to provide an informative context for understanding the more recent developments. Reference is also made to some pre-1950 activities and achievements that were not discussed in the earlier report. All publications that were reviewed by the author in preparing this report are referred to in the text or cited as sources. Because the publications reviewed are in the public domain, much of the material in them is widely used, appears in numerous publications, and consequently, is likely to appear in publications not cited in this report. ; Acknowledgments -- Preface -- Introduction -- -- Organizational changes -- Transfer to the Public Health Service -- National Center for Health Statistics -- -- Supporting activities -- Public Health Conference on Records and Statistics -- National Association for Public Health Statistics and Information Systems -- -- Developmental activities -- Model Vital Statistics Act – U.S. standard certificates and reports -- Registration areas -- -- Improvement of data -- Tests of birth registration completeness -- Query programs for improving birth and death data -- Current Mortality Sample -- Cause-of-death classification -- Comparability studies -- Ranking causes of death -- Automated mortality data system Electronic registration -- Multiple causes-of-death statistics -- Race and ethnicity data -- Fetal death and induced termination of pregnancy data -- Linked birth/infant death data -- Training -- -- Special projects -- Vital statistics rates in the United States: 1940–60 -- Vital and health statistics monographs, 1959–61 -- -- Cooperative developments -- Vital statistics component of the Cooperative Health Statistics System -- State centers for health statistics -- Supplemental data sources -- Follow-back surveys -- National Survey of Family Growth -- National Death Index -- -- Availability of vital statistics data -- Publications -- Public-use data tapes -- CD-ROM with SETS -- Vital statistics in the 21st century: A vision for the future -- -- References -- Appendix I. Appendix I tables -- Appendix II. History and organization of the Vital Statistics System ; February 1997." ; "This report was prepared by Alice M. Hetzel under contract with the National Association for Public Health Statistics and Information Systems (NAPHSIS), formerly the Association for Vital Records and Health Statistics (AVRHS)." - p. iii ; "Includes reprint of 'History and organization of the vital statistics system' to 1950. - cover ; Also available via Internet from the CDC website. Address as of 6/19/07: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/usvss.pdf; current access available via PURL. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 26).

En el marco de las investigaciones en torno a los paisajes territoriales e interculturales,este trabajo recoge experiencias y recorridos literarios, semióticos y culturales en la frontera y al mismo tiempo despliega un relato de los avatares que atraviesa la tarea de exploración, recopilación, construcción y conservación de los archivos de autor que forman parte del patrimonio cultural-literario de la provincia de Misiones, así como sus consecuentes derivas hacia las nuevas formas de preservación y difusión. En este escrito, nos ocuparemos de presentar los criterios, definiciones y avances en la construcción del Banco-Archivo-Biblioteca de los autores territoriales, enmarcado en el proyecto de investigación Territorios literarios e interculturales. Archivos y constelaciones autorales en diálogo. Su aporte consiste en la propuesta de una intercalación teórico-metodológica para el abordaje de los archivos de autor, en tanto propone la resignificación de postulados propios de la crítica genética desde una mirada semiótica e intercultural. Asimismo, nuestra exposición se articulará a partir de la postulación y definición de los autores territoriales como aquellos escritores cuyas producciones han desencadenado una serie de reflexiones en torno al espacio y el contexto en el cual la literatura se produce. Desde esta perspectiva, la literatura del territorio misionero no se limita al simple muestreo de elementos pintoresquistas y esencialistas, del folklorismo o del color local, sino que habilita la conversación y la mirada crítica con una serie de representaciones identitarias, políticas y culturales que se desencadenan de los posicionamientos estratégicos de estos autores e intelectuales. Por tanto, la construcción de este Banco estará acompañada por la puesta en circulación de discursos críticos que problematicen las relaciones entre la escritura literaria y las prácticas culturales: los archivos recopilan las obras (libros, revistas,antologías, etc.) de autores misioneros, pero también atienden a sus archivos personales con la consiguiente selección, digitalización y análisis crítico que posibilitan reconstruir perfiles, imágenes y representaciones múltiples de estos autores, gestores y productores territoriales ; As part of the research on territorial and intercultural landscapes, this paper is about literary, semiotic and cultural experiences on the border. At the same time it unfolds the story about exploration, collection and preservation work around author's files that are part of Misiones' cultural and literary heritage, and its consequent drift towards new forms of preservation and dissemination. In this paper, we present the criteria, definitions and progress in building the territorial authors' Bank-Archive-Library, framed in the research project Intercultural and literary Territories. Authorial files and constellations in dialogue. Its contribution is the proposal of a theoretical and methodological approach to author files, as proposed redefinition of genetic criticism postulates from a semiotic and cultural position. In addition, our presentation will be organized from the postulation and definition of territorial authors as those writers whose productions have triggered some reflections about space and context in which literature is produced. From this perspective, Misiones' territorial literature is not limited to mere sampling of folklore or local color; it enables conversation and critical eye with a series of identity, politics and cultural representations that trigger from strategic positions of these authors and intellectuals. Therefore, the circulation of critical discourses that problematize the relations between literary writing and cultural practices will accompany Bank's construction. These archive collected works (books, magazines, anthologies, etc.) by Misiones'authors but also considered their personal files –with the consequent selection, digitization and critical analysis– that enable to rebuild profiles, images and multiple representations of these authors, managers and territorial producers. ; Fil: Santander, Carmen de Las Mercedes. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales; Argentina ; Fil: Guadalupe Melo, Carmen Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina ; Fil: Adruskevicz, Carla. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales; Argentina

A wise Martin Luther King Jr. once said, "Freedom is never given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed (King 1)." For as long as men and women have shared the planet, sexism has been a universal issue in civilization. In a social justice context, American society has found ways to oppress people for centuries. The Oxford Dictionary defines sexism as a "prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex ("sexism")." Voting rights in America were established in 1790, but it took years of petitioning at various women's rights conventions before the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution stating "the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex" was passed in 1920 ("Nineteenth Amendment"). Traditionally, men were supposed to be the strong, decisive, driven, courageous, money-making breed, while women were expected to be the nurturing, affectionate, weak subordinates. Today, we find men and women working in careers previously linked with sexism; men as nurses and teachers, women as CEOs and factory workers. Statistics show that today there are an increasing number of women providing the financial support in their families. As with sexism, people also have been oppressed by racism for centuries. According to The Oxford Dictionary, racism is defined as a "prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one's own race is superior ("racism")." It has been argued that African Americans have been one of the most oppressed groups in America. Even after they were emancipated in 1865, it was nearly one hundred years later that their rights were protected with the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Before the act's passing, African Americans were denied equal education, employment, housing property, and a political voice. My interest in this topic was peaked right around the same time I became interested in performing on the musical theatre stage. I got my start in local community theatres, and up until college, was the only African American cast in the productions. I started playing multiple ensemble roles per show, and throughout the years advanced myself to "supporting character" but never the lead. Admittedly, there were times when I wasn't as talented as the women who snagged the leading roles, but many a time when I was just as talented or more qualified for the role, it went to another woman —most times of Caucasian descent. What did they have that I didn't have? When I got accepted into The University of Central Florida as a BFA Musical Theatre student, I auditioned for the plays and musicals every semester, and each season I began to see the same patterns of who was cast for each show. Roles I thought I would get often went to White actors. I felt victimized in this modern-day example of racism. But racism goes beyond black and White. Internal racism between the light-skinned and dark-skinned African American women I was competing with became a factor as well. There were many times when an audition notice called for an African American woman; however, an unsettling trend became very apparent to me; if the casting description was for a maid, or something of that nature, larger, dark-skinned women would get the majority of the callbacks, which would lead to them getting cast. On the flip side, if an audition notice called for an African American ingenue type, more of the slimmer, lighter-skinned women were called back and later cast. Has American society cast a racial stigma for African American beauty? ; 2014-05-01 ; B.F.A. ; Arts and Humanities, Dept. of Theatre ; Bachelors ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

As with many cities in Florida, Orlando is becoming a melting pot of various ethnic groups. In particular, the Hispanic population in Orlando and throughout Central Florida is steadily increasing in numbers and influence. Groups such as Cubans, Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, and Colombians are enriching the area with their culture, language, and diversity. Puerto Ricans, the largest of the Hispanic groups in Central Florida, are also emerging as the dominant group in the region as evidenced by their common language, historical and cultural heritage, shared common interests, and in some cases, residence within clear geographical areas. Between 1980 and 1990, Central Florida witnessed its largest influx of Puerto Ricans. In 1980, Orange County had a little over 6,660 Puerto Rican residents, Seminole County had over 2,000 and Osceola County had a mere 417. These numbers rose steadily, and by 2003, the Puerto Rican population in Florida numbered 571,000, ranking second behind New York, and followed only by New Jersey. Central Florida has seen the biggest jump in these numbers and now has more than 250,000 Hispanics of Puerto Rican origin making them the largest single group of Hispanics in the region. They now represent 49 percent of all Hispanics living in Central Florida. My thesis examines the development of the Puerto Rican community in Central Florida, its impact, and its contributions by utilizing such sources as newspaper articles from local papers including Spanish-language papers, interviews with Hispanic community leaders, statistical data, and secondary literature on the overall Puerto Rican migration to the United States and their experiences once here. To fully understand why the Puerto Rican community is developing in the Orlando area, I first place the analysis within the larger scope of immigration history. In this section, I examine some of the debates and patterns in overall immigration to the United States by various groups. Next, I provide a brief introduction to the history of the Puerto Rican people and the reasons for their migration to the United States and how this migration fits into the patterns examined in the first section. Furthermore, this introduction leads to an examination of other cities with large Puerto Rican communities and a comparison between the development of Puerto Rican communities in these cities and Central Florida. Finally, I explore the origin of the majority of Puerto Rican's moving to Central Florida, to discover if they are coming from the U.S. cities that originally saw a huge influx of Puerto Rican immigration (such as New York) or if the population is arriving directly from Puerto Rico. This determination sheds light on why the Puerto Rican population is choosing Central Florida as a place for settlement. I analyze my findings by examining factors such as better employment opportunities, better educational opportunities, and an overall improvement in quality of life, which are drawing Puerto Ricans to this area, when compared to these factors or conditions in Puerto Rico or other cities in Florida. In addition, I seek to determine if there are specific problems occurring in Puerto Rican cities that are compelling native-born Puerto Ricans to leave. I also examine the ways that the growing presence of Puerto Ricans has changed Central Florida economically, socially, and politically. I also discuss the effectiveness of Puerto Rican organizations that have arisen to serve the needs of this population and I seek to gain some indication of the long term implications for the region as a whole, especially in terms of their voting trends. Culminating this section is a description of the unique cultural contributions that the Puerto Rican community is bringing to the area. My thesis proves that Puerto Ricans are finding the Central Florida area is offering them many of the opportunities that cities such as New York City provided them long ago. In addition, it offers the added appeal of a better quality of life than can be found in Puerto Rico or in other American cities, such as New York City. Among the important factors here are affordable housing, good employment opportunities, and more adequate schools. ; 2007-05-01 ; M.A. ; Arts and Humanities, Department of History ; Masters ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the Russian culture and citizens' perceived fairness of the new Criminal Procedural Code of Russia of 2001 (CPC of 2001). The CPC of 2001 is a key policy in the Russian criminal law reform with the purpose of implementing adversarial procedure elements in Russia. The existing literature has documented the lack of public support along with observed violations of the CPC's major provisions which as made this an important area for study. It is theorized that the apparent contradiction between the underlying values of the Russian culture, and CPC's adversarial procedure that reflects anti-cultural values, are responsible for the lack of substantial public support and acceptance of the CPC of 2001. The theory of motivational values developed by Schwartz (1990) is used as a framework to examine the Russian culture. Damaska's (1986) theory of procedural models is used to examine the adversarial elements of the new CPC of 2001. The group value theory of fairness is employed to examine the relationships between Russian cultural values and the public opinion about the criminal procedural law (Lind & Tyler, 1988). The study used a multi-stage stratified random sample of 1,588 Russian residents to explore the relationship between the culture and the perceived fairness of the CPC of 2001. The sample is representative of the Russian Federation population. The data is analyzed through four structural-equation models, a set of non-parametric tests, and descriptive statistical analysis. The findings of this thesis confirmed that cultural values in Russia are predominantly collective. On average, 69% of Russian respondents reported that collective values play a very important role in their life. The type of prevailing values was dependent on the demographic characteristics of the sample: age, gender, place of residence, level of education, marital status, and household income. It was found that the majority of Russian citizens believe that the inquisitional criminal procedure is an ideal of fair law. On average, 72% supported the inquisitorial procedural model in Russia. Unlike the adversarial procedure, the inquisitorial procedural model is not based on competition between the equal parties of prosecution and defense. Instead, it is viewed as a cooperative process between the judge, prosecutor and defense in their inquiry into the circumstances of the case. The adversarial procedural model was not supported by most citizens. Only 33.5% reported that the adversarial procedural model can be considered fair. The study corroborated that the new CPC was not fully supported by the majority of respondents. An average of 27.5% of respondents in Russia reported that the CPC of 2001 is a fair law, in comparison to 72.5% who think that the CPC of 2001 is unfair. The findings validated that the CPC of 2001's inclusion of adversarial procedural elements contradict key values of the contemporary Russian culture. It is concluded that the CPC of 2001 should be reformed to facilitate citizen acceptance. Greater acceptance will support the attempt to advance the democratization of the criminal process through increased civil rights while simultaneously enhancing positive social control. It is proposed that the planned policy reforms that contain additional elements of the adversarial criminal procedure be introduced in a phased manner. It is also recommended that the adversarial procedure values should be publicized through public awareness educational programs. The data analysis also suggests that confounding factors such as citizen distrust of the criminal justice institutions can contribute to problems associated with acceptance of the criminal law reform. The research model developed for this study can be used to examine policies related to criminal law reform in other former Soviet Union countries. ; 2007-12-01 ; Ph.D. ; Health and Public Affairs, Department of Criminal Justice and Legal Studies ; Doctorate ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

Hedonic property value analysis is one of the leading methods of environmental valuation. This non-market technique uses variation in home sales to infer the values of amenities or disamenities. While there have been numerous studies about air quality and hazardous waste, the number of papers focusing on water quality is much smaller. Consequently, there are still many unanswered questions about the proper handling of water quality through hedonic methods. Furthermore, estimates from hedonic property price analyses are rarely used in government cost benefit analyses. This dissertation investigates several important hedonic issues in a large analysis of water quality in central Florida. The first chapter of this paper explores the extent of water quality benefits. Almost all past studies have focused exclusively on waterfront homes. The present paper includes non-waterfront homes and investigates three hypotheses about the marginal impact of water quality. The first hypothesis is that non-waterfront homes are positively affected by water quality, but by a smaller amount than waterfront homes. The second hypothesis is about the effect of lake distance on the relationship between water quality and property prices: this relationship should be negative. The third hypothesis states that properties near larger lakes have a higher implicit price for water quality than homes around smaller lakes, all else constant. These three hypotheses are investigated in each chapter of the dissertation, and provide a unifying theme to the paper. Results from Chapter 1 support all three hypotheses. Most importantly, the empirical estimates indicate that water quality benefits extend beyond the waterfront in a declining gradient. Excluding non-lakefront homes from the analysis can therefore substantially underestimate the total benefits of a water quality improvement. Estimates of the total property price benefits from a one foot increase in water quality were found to double with the addition of non-waterfront homes. The second chapter examines the sensitivity of results to several spatial specifications. Spatial issues can be a problem in analyses of real estate data because of spatially correlated variables, unobservable neighborhood codes and covenants, identical or similar builders, and property appraisal valuation techniques. The focus of the chapter is on the spatial weights matrix (SWM). Six different SWM's are constructed, which are based on popular specifications encountered in the current spatial hedonic literature. An out-of-sample forecasting exercise is used to compare multiple spatial specifications. Results indicate that certain spatial models may be sensitive to the specification of the weights matrix. Furthermore, many popular models currently used in the literature could be improved by allowing more non-zero elements in the SWM. The third chapter investigates the definition of "water quality" and uses several additional quality indicators. Choosing the proper pollution indicator is an issue that has plagued many areas of the valuation literature. While clarity indicators have become popular in hedonic property price analysis, they are not used for the purposes of regulation by many state environmental departments. This chapter uses several indicators that are used by the state of Florida to classify lakes and implement policy. Implicit prices are computed for all of the indicators and issues of benefit extent and total benefits are explored. Instead of finding an optimal indicator for all situations, results indicate that the use of at least two types of indicators may capture a larger range of the true total benefits. The final chapter uses a repeat sales model to address potential problems with omitted variable bias. Due to the size of the data set in this paper, there are a substantial number of homes that have sold more than once. The repeat sales model analyzes differences in property sales prices for the same home over time. The three hypotheses of the first chapter are explored in this alternative model. The implicit price obtained from the repeat sales model is much larger than the regular hedonic model. However, there are some concerns with the smaller population of repeat sales. ; 2009-08-01 ; Ph.D. ; Business Administration, Department of Economics ; Doctorate ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

PURPOSE: Hypertension (HTN) affects one in every three adults in the United States. Often associated with the older population, this silent killer has emerged in an unsuspecting group, young military soldiers. With the rapid succession of multiple deployments, long intervals between blood pressure (BP) assessments, and the absence of cardiovascular (CV) measures during the pre and post deployment health screenings; soldiers may be at higher risk for HTN than their civilian counterparts of the same age. The purpose of this study was to explore real-time continuous CV measures of soldiers before, during, and after exposure to a simulated combat stressor as well as to assess which personal characteristics played a significant role. METHODS: Applying the Allostasis/Allostatic Load theoretical framework, a repeated measure quasi-experimental design was used to compare the CV measures of two groups: one exposed to a physical combat stressor (experimental) and the other exposed to a psychological combat stressor (control). A convenience sample of 60 college Army Reserve Officer Training Corps cadets were fitted with Tiba Medical Ambulo 2400 ambulatory BP monitors for 48 continuous hours. Several CV indices were analyzed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), paired t-test, and independent sample t-test. Four instruments (Participant Information Sheet, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Paintball Perceived Stress Questionnaire, and Army Physical Fitness Test) were used to assess which characteristics played the most significant role in the CV response. RESULTS: Demographic characteristics between the two 30-cadet groups were not statistically different, with the exception of deployment history (experimental = 4, control= 0). Hours after the stress exposure, subjects in the experimental group had a higher mean awake systolic blood pressure (SBP) when compared to the control group (113.76 mm Hg vs 102.98 mm Hg, p= 009). When assessing pre and post stressor morning BP surge and evening BP decline, the control group showed the biggest change. Significant bivariate correlations (p < .05) found that: Females consistently had higher pulse rates (PR) throughout each of the phases. Age positively correlated with elevated BP during the stressor, and increased morning BP surge post stressor. African Americans had higher sleep BPs pre stressor, and decreased SBP recovery post stressor; Hispanics had higher PRs during and after the stressor. Waist circumference positively correlated with elevated BP morning surge pre stressor but, body mass index (BMI) positively correlated with elevated BP morning surge post stressor as well as elevated BP during the stressor. Family history of HTN played no significant role; however, deployment history correlated with mean awake SBP post stressor. Trait anxiety scores negatively correlated with SBP recovery while state anxiety scores positively correlated with post stressor awake mean arterial pressure and evening SPB decline. Perceived stress during the stressor negatively correlated with post stressor SBP morning surge with females reporting higher anxiety and stress. Finally, Army Physical Fitness (APFT) total scores as well as APFT run scores negatively correlated with pre and post stressor sleep PRs. DISCUSSION/IMPLICATIONS: Age, female gender, African American descent, Hispanic ethnicity, waist circumference, BMI, previous deployment history, level of fitness and the psychological stress state during and after a stressor played significant roles in soldiersÃÃ'Â'ÃÂ'Ã'Â' CV response. SBP was the most dynamic and informative of the CV indices and a psychological stressor was comparable to a physical stressor when observing the residual effect of stress. If a combat exercise was enough of a stressor to produce residual CV effects that lasted well into following morning, the residual effect of a lengthy strenuous deployment may be alarming. This study not only provided a snapshot of the CV health of incoming young soldiers, but also provided evidence to support policy change regarding the implementation of regular CV health assessments before and after deployment. ; 2010-08-01 ; Ph.D. ; Other, School of Nursing ; Masters ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

The advance of technology is thought to help ease the myriad tasks that are usually involved in operating equipment. Training and testing in modern times have been replacing with simulation technologies that mimic the actual live operations and testing. Many successful stories of flight simulation come from military fighter aircraft and commercial pilot programs. The possibilities of safety in saving lives, economic incentive in reducing the operational cost and reducing the carbon footprint via simulation makes simulation worth looking into. These considerations quickly boosted the transfer from live training operations to virtual and simulation, as were easily adopted in the history of flight training and testing. Although, there has been a lack of application, the benefits of the computer based simulation as a modeling and simulation (M&S) tool can be applied to the commercial driver license (CDL) for the trucking industry. Nevertheless, this is an uphill battle to convince CDL administrators to integrate modern technology into the CDL program instead of using the traditional daily business of manual testing. This is because the cost of trucking industry live operations is still relatively affordable; individuals and companies are reluctant to adopt the use of the modeling and simulation driving or testing system. Fortunately, cost is not the only variable to consider for the training and testing administrators and their management. There is a need to expand the use of technology to support live operations. The safety of the student, trainer, and tester should be taken into account. The availability of training or testing scenarios is also an influencing factor. Ultimately, the most important factor is driving safety on the American road. The relationship of accidents with driver license fraud has led the Federal Department of Transportation to want to reduce fraud in third-party Commercial Driver License (CDL) administration. Although it is not a perfect solution that can fix all, the utilization of simulation technologies for driving assessment could be a solution to help reduce fraud if it is applied correctly. The Department of Transportation (DOT) authorized the statesÃ'Â' independent authority to administrate the local CDL including the use of the Third-Party Tester (TPT). As a result, some criminal activities prompted the Federal investigation to recommend changes and to fund the states to take action to stay in compliance with the Federal regulation. This is the opportunity for the state CDL administrator to explore the use of M&S to support its mission. Recall, those arguments for the use of the M&S is the thought of safety in saving lives, economic incentive in reducing the operational cost, and reducing the carbon footprint via using simulation. This makes simulation a viable resource. This paper will report the research study of using the computer based testing modeling and simulation tools to replace or augment the current state examiner as means of assessing the CDL TPT proficiency in basic backing skills. This pilot study of this system has several aspects to address. The scenarios must be relevant to test the knowledge of the TPT by using closely comparable scenarios to the current manual testing method. The scenario-based simulation should incorporate randomness to provide a greater sense of reality. In addition, the reconfigurable built-in random behavior scenarios provide the administrator greater control of behaviors and allow the administrator to be able to select among the random scenarios. Finally, the paper will present the data sampling from relevant participants of the CDL TPT and methodology applied. The analysis of data presents in this research study will be valuable for the State and Federal CDL administrator to consider the pros and cons of applying or adding a computer based simulation to their current testing methodology. ; 2010-08-01 ; Ph.D. ; Engineering and Computer Science, Other ; Masters ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management strategies typically include a combination of three approaches, recycling, combustion, and landfill disposal. In the US approximately 54% of the generated MSW was landfilled in 2008, mainly because of its simplicity and cost-effectiveness. However, landfills remain a major concern due to potential landfill gas (LFG) emissions, generated from the chemical and biological processes occurring in the disposed waste. The main components of LFG are methane (50-60%) and carbon dioxide (40-50%). Although LFG poses a threat to the environment, if managed properly it is a valuable energy resource due to the methane content. Currently there are over 550 active LFG to energy (LFGTE) facilities in the US, producing renewable energy from LFG. A major challenge in designing/operating a LFGTE facility is the uncertainty in LFG generation rate predictions. LFG generation rates are currently estimated using models that are dependent upon the waste disposal history, moisture content, cover type, and gas collection system, which are associated with significant uncertainties. The objectives of this research were to: (1) Evaluate various approaches of estimating LFG generation and to quantify the uncertainty of the model outcomes based on case-study analysis, (2) Present a methodology to predict long-term LFGTE potential under various operating practices on a regional scale, and (3) Investigate costs and benefits of emitting vs. collecting LFG emissions with regards to operation strategies and regulations. The first-order empirical model appeared to be insensitive to the approach taken in quantifying the model parameters, suggesting that the model may be inadequate to accurately describe LFG generation and collection. The uncertainty values for the model were, in general, at their lowest within five years after waste placement ended. Because of the exponential nature, the uncertainty increased as LFG generation declined to low values decades after the end of waste placement. A methodology was presented to estimate LFGTE potential on a regional scale over a 25-year timeframe with consideration of modeling uncertainties. The methodology was demonstrated for the US state of Florida, and showed that Florida could increase the annual LFGTE production by more than threefold by 2035 through installation of LFGTE facilities at all landfills. Results showed that diverting food waste could significantly reduce fugitive LFG emissions, while having minimal effect on the LFGTE potential. Estimates showed that with enhanced landfill operation and energy production practices, LFGTE power density could be comparable to technologies such as wind, tidal, and geothermal. More aggressive operations must be considered to avoid fugitive LFG emissions, which could significantly affect the economic viability of landfills. With little economic motivation for US landfill owners to voluntarily reduce fugitive emissions, regulations are necessary to increase the cost of emitting GHGs. In light of the recent economic recession, it is not likely that a carbon tax will be established; while a carbon trading program will enforce emission caps and provide a tool to offset some costs and improve emission-reduction systems. Immediate action establishing a US carbon trading market with carbon credit pricing and trading supervised by the federal government may be the solution. Costs of achieving high lifetime LFG collection efficiencies are unlikely to be covered with revenues from tipping fee, electricity sales, tax credits, or carbon credit trading. Under scenarios of highly regulated LFG emissions, sustainable landfilling will require research, development, and application of technologies to reduce the marginal abatement cost, including: (1) Diverting rapidly decomposable waste to alternative treatment methods, (2) Reducing fugitive emissions through usage daily/intermediate covers with high oxidation potential, (3) Increasing the lifetime LFG collection efficiency, and (4) Increasing LFG energy value - for instance by producing high-methane gas through biologically altering the LFG generation pathway. ; 2011-08-01 ; Ph.D. ; Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering ; Doctorate ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

Foreign aid has become a traditional part of the foreign policy of the United States, but in the eleven years since the enactment of the Marshall Plan there has been a steady increase of opposition to foreign aid programs. The votes in the Senate in favor of the Marshall Plan were 4.06 times the negative votes. Ten years later, in 1958, the "yea" votes in the Senate on the Mutual Security Administration bill were 3.00 times as many as the "nay" votes. The votes in the House for these same two years show an even greater manifestation of a growing opposition to foreign aid. In 1948 the affirmative votes were 4.48 greater than the negative, while in 1958 the figure drops to 1.93. While only two out of the eight Kansans in Congress voted against the Marshall Plan in 1948, three voted against the Mutual Security Act in 1958, and Senator Schoeppel, who did not vote, was known to be against the bill. This indicates that the Kansas Senator s and Representatives in Washington have roughly followed the national trend of a mounting opposition to foreign aid bills (3.00 more "yea" votes as "nay" votes in 1948 as compared to 2.00 more "yea" votes than "nay" votes in 1958). Throughout this study the writer has attempted to show why this opposition has increased as far as the Kansans were concerned. Speeches, both in and out of Congress as well as the public statements of the Kansas Senators and Representatives for the period 1948 to 1959 were checked in an attempt to as certain why these men voted as they did. A study was also made of the Congressional Record, the Topeka Daily Capital, the Hutchinson News-Herald, the Garden City Daily Telegram, the Emporia Gazette, and the Kansas City Star. Letters of inquiry were also submitted t o these men. It is the considered opinion of the author that the main reason for the Kansans voting in favor of foreign aid was basically due to the agricultural interest of their State. If any of the Senators and Representatives from Kansas have attempted to solve the problem of surpluses in agricultural commodities by foreign aid legislation. The majority of these men who voted in favor of foreign aid hoped that these plans would permit the flow of agricultural commodities to the rest of the world. This would, as they believed, solve the problem of hunger in the world while solving the problem of surpluses in the United States. That feeding hungry people is a humanitarian purpose cannot be disputed, but to feed the hungry of the world and collect a return for the food is a degree beyond a humanitarian purpose. The Kansans wanted the United States t o be the chief source of food for the world, yet they wanted the United States to be justly compensated for their food in the form of foreign currencies, strategic materials or military defense in Europe. Not all the Kansans believed foreign aid would solve the agricultural surplus problem in the United States. Those men who voted "nay" on foreign aid measures argued that a better and a cheaper plan could be legislated to solve the surplus problem. They believed that foreign aid measures were not t he best defensive maneuver t he United States could utilize for security in the world. They believed the money collected from taxpayers of t he United States could be used to gain the real advantages of security for the nation. The key to this security for the United States was a financially sound nation, one that built its military defenses upon its own shores, not the far-off shores of foreign countries. Although t he form of foreign aid has changed considerably, such as in the form of the Point Four Program (assistance to underdeveloped countries), Mutual Security Administration, or the International loan Fund; the debate in Congress concerning foreign aid has not actually changed. Those arguments that were used in 1948 were used in 1959.