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This paper examines relative stock market performance following the onset of the coronavirus pandemic for a sample of 80 stock markets. Weekly data on coronavirus cases and deaths are employed alongside Oxford indices on each nation's stringency and government support intensity. The results are broken down both by month and by geographical region. The full sample results show that increased coronavirus cases exert the expected overall effect of worsening relative stock market performance, but with little consistent impact of rising deaths. There is some evidence of significantly negative stock market effects arising from lockdowns as reflected in the Oxford stringency index. There are also positive reactions to government support in March and December in the overall sample-combined with some additional pervasive effects seen in mid-2020 in Latin America.

We augment an otherwise standard business cycle model with a richer government sector, and add a stochastic costly credit production as in Benk at al. (2005), and a modified cash in advance (CIA) considerations. In particular, the cash in advance constraint of Cole (2020) is extended to include private investment and government consumption, and allows an endogenous proportion of total expenditure to be done using credit. This specification is then calibrated to Bulgarian data after the introduction of the currency board (1999-2018). The costly credit production mechanism adds little in explaining business cycle fluctuations. Credit shocks by themselves are an unlikely candidate to drive the business cycle. In addition, the modified CIA constraint produces a transmission mechanism that generates too much investment volatility, and too little variability in hours and wages in the model.

This work was supported in part by Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under projects MAT2017–84959-C2-1-R and the Principality of Asturias (Spain) under project IDI/2018/000185. "This work is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 813439". María Salvador and Amanda Moyano were supported by a "Severo Ochoa" fellowship (Consejería de Educación y Cultura del Gobierno del Principado de Asturias, grants BP19–141 and BP17–152, respectively). María Salvador thanks the University of Oviedo, the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport and Banco Santander for a grant (CEI15-24), and Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for grant MAT2017-84959-C2-1-R.

The use of automated facial recognition in law enforcement is still a novel practice and as a result the legislative framework for this technology is ill-defined. The judgement of The Queen (on application of Edward Bridges) v The Chief Constable of South Wales Police [2020] EWCA Civ 1058 is the first case in the world that examines pertinent legal questions pertaining to this new technology. Automatic facial recognition may be used in law enforcement, but to prevent massive human rights violations, operators should perform their duties within a well-defined legal framework where discretion is kept to the minimum, and strict data-retention policies are followed. Furthermore, human oversight should always be part of an automated facial recognition system to ensure accuracy, fairness, and compliance with the law.

In January 2020, Virginia ratified the Equal Rights Amendment, fulfilling the constitutional ratification requirements and thus enshrining it as the Twenty-Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. This article seeks to highlight and explore the lives and contributions of some of the Virginia women who paved the way for this monumental achievement and shaped our nation and our Commonwealth. From Pocahontas to Barbara Johns and the women of the Virginia Military Institute, the history of Virginia women has been one of grit and determination even in the face of subjugation and exploitation. This article seeks to amplify their voices and their stories for the debt of gratitude we owe these women – and all Virginia women – who have fought to advance the ideals of equality.

The Federal Trade Commission of the United States (FTC) filed a Complaint against Facebook on 9th December 2020, in the midst of the COVID-19 crisis. While facing one of the biggest social and economic crises in American history, FTC has enough time and resources to (re)investigate Facebook's acquisitions of Instagram and WhatsApp. This paper analyses motives and rationale behind the FTC's Complaint requesting Facebook's break-up and what could be possible alternatives from a competition law perspective. All the findings suggest that the FTC's Complaint is politically motivated, and the competition authorities should enable digital platforms to expand. However, the expansion should be controlled, to ensure that the benefits for consumers are not undermined by relatively slower (not diversified) technological development.

Brazilian economic reforms in 21st century have great importance for the international community, especially for other countries of the middle level of development. The authors­ believe that, in spite of all the difficulties and crises, Brazil has made a decisive step forward by reforming its social structure and retaining democracy. Social reforms (especially­ minimal wage) led to strengthening middle class, but also to elevating its social aspirations. At this dramatic junction the economic development of the country was aggravated by external shocks and unsuccessful budget policies. The complex interaction of social macro­economic policies in Brazil with strong external shocks gives lessons to countries with similar characteristics. The pandemic and recession of 2020–2021 have made the path of development more complicated but there is room for optimism for Brazil in the long run.

In March 2020, when the COVID-19 outbreak was declared a global pandemic, I feared that I would never see my parents - who are 79 and 81 - again. Grappling with my fears of this novel disease, I decided to drive from my current home in Iowa to my original home in Buffalo, NY, where they live. The next three months were a challenge that ultimately proved to be rewarding. This essay is a creative nonfiction piece about the experience of going back to my original home and accompanying my parents through the first three months of the pandemic; themes discussed include our conflicts over politics and ideology, the difficulties of an adult only child in individuating from parents, and the familial love that endures despite these obstacles.

Die Literatur zu Globalisierung und (Erwachsenen-)Bildung überschauend, zeigt sich: Die Erwachsenenbildung spielt im Diskurs über Internationalisierung, Europäisierung, Globalisierung und Weltgesellschaft nur eine marginale Rolle – zentrale Fragestellungen und Probleme, die bereits in den 1990er Jahren aufgeworfen worden waren, wurden für dieses Feld bis heute kaum nennenswert weiterbearbeitet. Vor den ForscherInnen im Erwachsenenbildungsbereich liegt folglich, wie der Autor betont, ein breites Untersuchungsfeld, in dem es weit mehr zu entdecken und zu klären gibt als kulturbezogene Thematiken, auf die die Fragen rund um die "Weltgesellschaft" oftmals reduziert werden. Grundlage dieser Einschätzung ist ein detailreicher diskursanalytischer Review des Autors, in dessen Zuge er das schon etwas ältere Werk zum Thema Globalisierung "International Handbook on Globalisation, Education und Policy Research" (2005) mit zwei aktuelleren Handbüchern zur Erwachsenenbildung vergleicht, nämlich mit "The Palgrave International Handbook on Adult and Lifelong Education and Learning" (2018) und "The Handbook of Adult and Continuing Education" (2020). Angereichert durch weitere Literatur vergleicht der vorliegende Review Essay fast zwei Jahrzehnte der akademischen Diskussion zum Thema "Erwachsenenbildung in der Weltgesellschaft" in den deutsch-regionalen und international anglophonen Räumen und versucht dabei wesentliche Themen und konzeptionelle Entwicklungen zu fassen. (Red.)

Abstract:The influence of Western values and ideology has infiltrated Indonesia's national legal instruments through deregulations which appear to always be in favor of the investor interest groups. This can of course be seen from the various laws made to protect the interests of capital owners, one of which is Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation (Job Creation Law). Based on the reasons for considering it, the Job Creation Law was formed to realize the goal of forming the Indonesian state government and to create a prosperous, just, and prosperous society based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. However, if we look closely, the considerations for the formation of the Job Creation Law tend to be economical, not welfare.Keywords: Pancasila; Colonial; Job Creation Act

Esta investigación abordó desde el punto de vista de la taxonomía generacional, la propensión al ahorro de los agentes económicos en tiempos de incertidumbre. Se consideraron los datos de ahorros en la Banca Comercial en Honduras, estableciendo comparación de datos comprendidos entre enero y agosto del año 2019 versus datos del mismo lapso del año 2020; así como estadísticas relacionadas con el número y los saldos de cuentas de ahorro según la edad. Se trata de una investigación de corte documental, informativa, en la que se realizó revisión de literatura y de datos estadísticos disponibles principalmente en la Comisión Nacional de Bancos y Seguros. Finalmente, el estudio permitió establecer una aproximación a las variaciones de las proporciones de los ahorros desde la perspectiva de la taxonomía generacional.

This report examines the impacts of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on labor markets in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Viet Nam. Labor markets in Southeast Asia were particularly hit hard in 2020, when government containment measures were most severe. COVID-19 has exacerbated growing inequalities in the region—hurting not just low-skilled workers but also middle-skilled workers whose jobs were already at risk from automation even before the pandemic. Large gaps in social protection coverage were also exposed. While the policy response has been significant, a narrowing fiscal space and the protracted nature of the pandemic still pose major challenges for recovery. The report aims to help policymakers identify priorities, constraints, and opportunities for developing effective labor market strategies for economic recovery and beyond.

Die Rubrik Parteienfinanzierung im Spiegel der Rechtsprechung nimmt die im Zusammenhang mit der Finanzierung politischer Parteien oder ihnen nahestehender Organisationen ergangene Rechtsprechung in den Blick. Im Berichtsjahr 2020 entschied das Gericht der Europäischen Union (EuG) in einem Verfahren über die Gewährung einer Vorfinanzierung der Parteienfinanzierung für das Jahr 2019 an eine europäische politische Partei (ACRE), die das Europäische Parlament von vorherigen Rückzahlungen von Finanzhilfen für Konferenzen im Ausland und für eine zur Unrecht im Rechenschaftsbericht als Mitgliedsbeitrag ausgewiesene Spende einer außereuropäischen Partei abhängig gemacht hatte. Die AfD unternahm – erfolglos – einen weiteren Versuch, mit ihrer parteinahen Stiftung, der Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung e.V., an der staatlichen Stiftungsfinanzierung zu partizipieren und – ebenfalls erfolglos – sich dem laufenden Normenkontrollverfahren gegen die Erhöhung der absoluten Obergrenze der staatlichen Parteienfinanzierung im Wege des Beitritts zum Verfahren anzuschließen. Das BVerwG sprach das – wohl – letzte Wort in dem Verfahren um die "richtige" Verortung als Einnahmen aus Unternehmenstätigkeit im Rechenschaftsbericht der von der PARTEI aus dem sog. "Geldhandel" erzielten Einnahmen, der als Antwort auf den von der AfD betriebenen "Goldhandel" ins Leben gerufen wurde. Erneut ging es in einem Verfahren auch um die Gemeinnützigkeit des eingetragenen Vereins Attac. Einen Verstoß gegen das Verbot der Annahme anonymer Spenden attestierte das VG Berlin der AfD, die von Dritten finanzierte Werbemaßnahmen im baden-württembergischen Landtagswahlkampf 2016 nicht im Rechenschaftsbericht ausgewiesen hatte.

In this study, the author analyzed the transitivity process of the Covid-19 hoax discourse in the Menkominfo's hoax report released on May 2, 2020. The theory used was the transitivity system proposed by Halliday (2014). The data is the hoax of Covid-19 that attacks various parties, such as: China, people of Chinese descent, the Indonesia, people in Indonesian government positions, attacking products and businesses, attacking community and religious organizations, and attacking other nations and individuals. The results of research on the Covid-19 hoax data that attack various parties include the use of verbal and nominal groups that have negative connotations. There are three types of Transitivity processes from the 15 data analyzed, namely: 7 material processes, 5 relational processes, and 3 verbal processes.

The paper discusses the responses to the COVID-19 crisis in the acute phase of the first wave of the pandemic (February-May 2020) by different Italian regions in Italy, which has a decentralised healthcare system. We consider five regions (Lombardy, Veneto, Emilia-Romagna, Umbria, Apulia) which are located in the north, centre and south of Italy. These five regions differ both in their healthcare systems and in the extent to which they were hit by the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. We investigate their different responses to COVID-19 reflecting on seven management factors: (1) monitoring, (2) learning, (3) decision-making, (4) coordinating, (5) communicating, (6) leading, and (7) recovering capacity. In light of these factors, we discuss the analogies and differences among the regions and their different institutional choices.