Globalization makes immigration a lot easier and more efficient among people coming from different backgrounds and cultures. Interested in the lives of foreigners in China, we turned our attention to the African community in Yiwu. Why do these people come to Yiwu and more importantly, how do they adapt themselves to a society which is very different from their own? This thesis tries to find the origins of the city's attractiveness and if it is immigrant-friendly. Numerous field trips have been made between 2015 and 2016, 81 international businessmen have been interviewed, 32 coming from Africa, with interviews as well as questionnaires. This population is mainly attracted by the commercial advantages of the city. These people are strongly focused on commercial activities, which is their most important immigration motivation. Once settled, they actively try to integrate into local society, as well as to devote themselves successfully to their commercial activities. However, these efforts are strictly limited in their professional life. On the one hand, the governments, both local and central, are not fully welcoming to foreign residents. Multiple administrative restrictions have been observed which prevent them from a better adaptation. On the other hand, important cultural and religious differences between the Africans and the local population create a spontaneous barrier which is practically impossible to exceed. Because of that, African businessmen tend to associate more with people from the same region and avoid the locals when seeking for a deeper connection. They usually stay within their own community in daily and social life. Even if outside-of-work exchanges exist, they are generally a way to enhance the business and therefore not efficient enough in terms of understanding and communication. In other words, real integration is rather an ideal state which still needs a lot of devotions, if it is possible at all. ; La mondialisation rend plus faciles les échanges entre personnes venant de cultures et d'origines différentes. S'intéressant à la vie des étrangers en Chine, notre étude porte sur la population africaine installée à Yiwu, ville qui accueille la deuxième plus grande communauté africaine en Chine, après Guangzhou. Cette thèse s'interroge sur la source de l'attractivité de Yiwu et sur sa capacité d'intégration. Pour apporter des éléments de réponse, nous avons recueilli entre 2015 et 2016, sous forme de questionnaires et d'entretiens, les témoignages de 81 commerçants étrangers, dont 32 d'origine africaine. L'enquête révèle que la majorité de la population analysée a été attirée par les avantages commerciaux que la ville propose. Le commerce est donc la motivation et le centre d'intérêt de cette communauté, dont les membres, une fois installés, s'efforcent de s'intégrer à la vie commerciale. Néanmoins, leur effort se limite pour l'essentiel à la vie professionnelle. D'une part, le gouvernement local de Yiwu n'est pas totalement ouvert à la population étrangère. Il existe de nombreuses restrictions, qui font obstacle à une intégration complète. D'autre part, les grandes différences culturelles et religieuses forment une barrière spontanée et profonde, presque impossible à dépasser. Ainsi, les commerçants africains fréquentent bien plus leurs compatriotes que leurs partenaires commerciaux chinois. Ils restent principalement au sein de leur communauté dans la vie quotidienne et sociale. Même s'il leur arrive de fréquenter des Chinois en dehors du commerce, cette fréquentation est souvent utilitariste et peu affective. La vraie intégration est donc un état idéal qui demande encore beaucoup d'investissement, si elle est réellement possible.
Las redes sociales se han integrado en las rutinas productivas de los periodistas. Se han convertido en otro altavoz para la difusión de contenidos y la interacción con el público. En cambio, en su papel de fuente informativa despiertan controversia. Para informarse, los profesionales suelen optar por la inmediatez de Twitter. El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar el contenido de los tuits asociados a hashtags, para calibrar su potencial como fuente informativa de sucesos imprevistos. Para este propósito, con las técnicas del análisis de contenido cuantitativo y cualitativo, se han analizado los tuits vinculados a #ArdeValencia, etiqueta que alude a los incendios forestales de julio de 2012 en Valencia (España), que quemaron 50000 hectáreas. Las conclusiones indican que se difunde poca información exclusiva. Sin embargo, es frecuente la reiteración de opiniones y datos ya publicados en los medios tradicionales. Desde esta perspectiva, es cuestionable el valor de Twitter como fuente informativa, pero puede funcionar como termómetro del ambiente. Al respecto, casi la mitad de tuits contiene comentarios y críticas contra el Gobierno valenciano, por los recortes presupuestarios en prevención de incendios. En este sentido, se constata el uso del hashtag como herramienta de posicionamiento ideológico. ; Journalists have integrated social networks in their professional routines. Social networks allow spreading content and interacting with the audience. However, in its role as an information source, they are controversial. Journalists often choose the immediacy of Twitter to get information. The aim of this paper is to analyze the content of tweets associated to hashtags to measure its potential as an information source of unexpected events. In order to do so, we have used a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques of content analysis. We have studied the tweets linked to #ArdeValencia, a tag about the wildfires in July 2012 in Valencia (Spain), which burned 50000 hectares. The findings indicate that almost no scoop is disseminated. We detect little exclusive information. Nevertheless, it's frequent to find reiterative comments, data and news previously published in the traditional media. From this perspective, Twitter's role as an information source is doubtful, but it can work as an ambiental thermometer. In fact, about half of tweets criticize the Valencian Government, due to their budget cuts on wildfire prevention. Therefore, we note users use hashtags to take sides and express their ideology. ; As redes sociais têm se integrado nas rotinas produtivas dos jornalistas. Têm-se convertido em outro alto-falante para a difusão de conteúdos e a interação com o público. No entanto, em seu papel de fonte informativa despertam controvérsia. Para se informar, os profissionais costumam optar pela imediatez do Twitter. O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o conteúdo dos tweets associados a hashtags, para calibrar seu potencial como fonte informativa de acontecimentos imprevistos. Para este propósito, com as técnicas da análise de conteúdo quantitativo e qualitativo, se têm analisado os tweets vinculados a #ArdeValencia, etiqueta que alude aos incêndios florestais de julho de 2012 em Valência (Espanha), que queimaram 50.000 hectares. As conclusões indicam que difunde-se pouca informação exclusiva. No entanto, é frequente a reiteração de opiniões e dados que têm sido publicados nos meios tradicionais. Desde esta perspectiva, é questionável o valor do Twitter como fonte informativa, mas pode funcionar como termómetro do ambiente. Ao respeito, quase a metade de tweets contém comentários e críticas contra o Governo valenciano, pelos recortes orçamentários em prevenção de incêndios. Neste sentido, constata-se o uso do hashtag como ferramenta de posicionamento ideológico.
Document de travail du LATTS - Working Paper, n°17-2 ; Over the past decade, many city governments have increasingly joined property developers, service providers, and investors on real estate trade fairs. The Marché international des professionnels de l'immobilier (Mipim), where policymakers and planners showcase their localities and major flagship projects that they seek to promote towards these professionals, is a case in point. This paper compares two city governments who have been regular attendees despite their opposition on the political spectrum, namely the municipality of Saint-Ouen located in the Paris city-region, and the Grand Lyon metropolitan authority. Based on an empirical research on their participation to Mipim, it shows that both local delegations seek to sell real estate opportunities on the global real estate market, but not with the same priority. Additionally, there are differences in terms of organisation: the Grand Lyon delegation is based on a coalition between the metropolitan mayor and economic development department with local real estate brokers and developers, whereas Saint-Ouen's elected officials rely on the intermediation of the district authority. This generated divergent outcomes over urbanism insofar that the conversion of policymakers to the strategies and criteria of investors to which they have thus been exposed is stronger in the Grand Lyon case. The paper therefore makes a twofold contribution to urban studies. First, it demonstrates that real estate fairs are key infrastructures in the financialisation of the urban built environment through the circulation of investors' expectations. Second, to the extent that this conversion does not only unfold in situ, it explains why and how real estate fairs need to be re-embedded into the wider urban development policies and politics. ; Au cours de la dernière décennie, de nombreux gouvernements urbains ont rejoint les promoteurs, investisseurs et autres fournisseurs de services sur les salons immobiliers. C'est tout particulièrement le cas du Marché international des professionnels de l'immobilier (Mipim), où les élus et leurs administrations exposent leurs territoires et leurs projets d'aménagement iconiques à l'attention de ces derniers. Cet article propose une comparaison de ces activités de promotion dans le cas de deux participants réguliers du salon, à savoir la municipalité de Saint-Ouen située dans la métropole parisienne, et la communauté urbaine du Grand Lyon. À partir d'une recherche empirique sur leur participation au Mipim, nous montrons que ces délégations locales cherchent à promouvoir des opportunités sur le marché global de l'immobilier, mais que cet objectif partagé n'est pas aussi prioritaire d'un cas à l'autre. De plus, nous mettons en évidence des modalités divergentes de participation : la délégation lyonnaise se caractérise par une coalition associant le pouvoir exécutif, les services de développement économiques et des acteurs immobiliers locaux, tandis que les élus audoniens se greffent sur la structure départementale. Il s'ensuit des effets distincts sur les pratiques d'aménagement et d'urbanisme, dans la mesure où la conversion des élus et urbanistes aux stratégies et critères des investisseurs immobiliers est plus importante dans le cas lyonnais. Cette recherche permet ainsi de dégager deux apports pour les études urbaines. D'une part, nous démontrons qu'à travers la circulation des attentes des investisseurs, les salons immobiliers sont des infrastructures contribuant à la financiarisation de la production des espaces urbains. De l'autre, dans la mesure où cette circulation ne se réalise pas seulement lors des salons, mais également durant les activités de préparation, nous expliquons pourquoi et comment leur analyse nécessite de ré-encastrer ces objets dans les politiques de développement urbain.
Officers of the State Police Force are subjected to stressful conditions during their work shift, which may compromise their quality of life, health, as well as their physical and psychological well-being. Despite these factors, little attention is given to occupational risks of this profession. This study aimed to give greater emphasis to health promotion and disease prevention for State police officers and assess the comfort of these professionals when wearing bulletproof vests and their possible associations with fatigue and pain. Research was conducted from a structured questionnaire with questions related to the comfort of the bulletproof vest, to pain and fatigue at the end of the work shift. Sample was formed by 29 male police officers. Results showed an association among general discomfort degree, occupational activities and the vest's weight (Spearman correlation equal to 0.697 and 0.7091, respectively). There were complaints related to pain in the lumbar region and fatigue at the end of the work shift. Police officers demonstrated dissatisfaction regarding the bulletproof vest comfort and complained about fatigue and pain. ; O policial militar é submetido a condições fatigantes em seu turno de trabalho, que podem comprometer a qualidade de sua vida, saúde e bem-estar físico e psicológico. Apesar desses fatores, pouca atenção é dada aos riscos ocupacionais dessa profissão. Este estudo teve como objetivo dar uma maior ênfase à promoção de saúde e prevenção de doenças do policial militar e avaliar o conforto desses profissionais em relação ao colete balístico e suas possíveis associações com quadros de fadiga e de dor. A pesquisa foi realizada a partir de um questionário estruturado com questões relacionadas ao conforto em relação ao uso do colete balístico, à dor e à fadiga no fim do turno de trabalho. A amostra foi composta de 29 policiais militares do sexo masculino. Os resultados mostraram associação entre o grau de desconforto geral e nas atividades ocupacionais e o peso do colete (correlação de Spearman igual a 0,697 e 0,7091, respectivamente). Houve queixas relacionadas à dor na região lombar e fadiga no fim do turno de trabalho. Os policiais militares demonstraram insatisfação em relação ao conforto com o colete balístico e queixas de fadiga e dor. ; El oficial de policía militar es sometido a condiciones agotadoras en su turno de trabajo, que pueden comprometer la calidad de su vida, salud y bienestar físico y psicológico. Además eses factores, poca atención es dada a los riesgos laborales de esa profesión. Este estudio tuvo como objectivo dar una mayor énfasis a la promoción de salud y prevención de enfermidades del oficial de policía militar y evaluar la comodidad de eses profesionales en relación al chaleco balístico y sus posibles asociaciones con cuadros de fatiga y dolor. La investigación fue realizada desde un cuestionario estructurado con cuestiones relacionadas a la comodidad en relación al uso del chaleco balístico, al dolor y a la fatiga el fín del turno de trabajo. La muestra fue compuesta por 29 oficiales de policía militar del sexo masculino. Los resultados mostraron asociación entre el grado de incomodidad general y en las actividades laborales y el peso del chaleco (correlación de Spearman igual a 0,697 e 0,7091, respectivamente). Hubo quejas relacionadas al dolor en la región lumbar y fatiga el fín del turno de trabajo. Los oficialies de policía militar demostraron insatisfación en relación a la comodidad con el chaleco balístico y quejas de fatiga y dolor.
Document de travail du LATTS - Working Paper, n°17-2 ; Over the past decade, many city governments have increasingly joined property developers, service providers, and investors on real estate trade fairs. The Marché international des professionnels de l'immobilier (Mipim), where policymakers and planners showcase their localities and major flagship projects that they seek to promote towards these professionals, is a case in point. This paper compares two city governments who have been regular attendees despite their opposition on the political spectrum, namely the municipality of Saint-Ouen located in the Paris city-region, and the Grand Lyon metropolitan authority. Based on an empirical research on their participation to Mipim, it shows that both local delegations seek to sell real estate opportunities on the global real estate market, but not with the same priority. Additionally, there are differences in terms of organisation: the Grand Lyon delegation is based on a coalition between the metropolitan mayor and economic development department with local real estate brokers and developers, whereas Saint-Ouen's elected officials rely on the intermediation of the district authority. This generated divergent outcomes over urbanism insofar that the conversion of policymakers to the strategies and criteria of investors to which they have thus been exposed is stronger in the Grand Lyon case. The paper therefore makes a twofold contribution to urban studies. First, it demonstrates that real estate fairs are key infrastructures in the financialisation of the urban built environment through the circulation of investors' expectations. Second, to the extent that this conversion does not only unfold in situ, it explains why and how real estate fairs need to be re-embedded into the wider urban development policies and politics. ; Au cours de la dernière décennie, de nombreux gouvernements urbains ont rejoint les promoteurs, investisseurs et autres fournisseurs de services sur les salons immobiliers. C'est tout particulièrement le cas du Marché international des professionnels de l'immobilier (Mipim), où les élus et leurs administrations exposent leurs territoires et leurs projets d'aménagement iconiques à l'attention de ces derniers. Cet article propose une comparaison de ces activités de promotion dans le cas de deux participants réguliers du salon, à savoir la municipalité de Saint-Ouen située dans la métropole parisienne, et la communauté urbaine du Grand Lyon. À partir d'une recherche empirique sur leur participation au Mipim, nous montrons que ces délégations locales cherchent à promouvoir des opportunités sur le marché global de l'immobilier, mais que cet objectif partagé n'est pas aussi prioritaire d'un cas à l'autre. De plus, nous mettons en évidence des modalités divergentes de participation : la délégation lyonnaise se caractérise par une coalition associant le pouvoir exécutif, les services de développement économiques et des acteurs immobiliers locaux, tandis que les élus audoniens se greffent sur la structure départementale. Il s'ensuit des effets distincts sur les pratiques d'aménagement et d'urbanisme, dans la mesure où la conversion des élus et urbanistes aux stratégies et critères des investisseurs immobiliers est plus importante dans le cas lyonnais. Cette recherche permet ainsi de dégager deux apports pour les études urbaines. D'une part, nous démontrons qu'à travers la circulation des attentes des investisseurs, les salons immobiliers sont des infrastructures contribuant à la financiarisation de la production des espaces urbains. De l'autre, dans la mesure où cette circulation ne se réalise pas seulement lors des salons, mais également durant les activités de préparation, nous expliquons pourquoi et comment leur analyse nécessite de ré-encastrer ces objets dans les politiques de développement urbain.
In an effort to become more competitive in the global market, Colombia, as many other Latin American countries, has declared English the dominant foreign language to be taught in schools and universities across the country. To support this measure, in the last 16 years, the government, through its National Ministry of Education, has launched a series of programs such as National Program of Bilingualism 2004-2019; the Program for Strengthening the Development of Competences in Foreign Languages; The National English Program: Colombia Very Well 2015-2025; and most recently, Bilingual Colombia 2014-2018. Results from studies conducted by local researchers across the country suggest that the regulation has posed a series of challenges for public primary school teachers, which these programs have not been able to address. These challenges can be divided into two categories: professional and work related. The purpose of this article is twofold: First, the article intends to provide a critical overview of the four programs that the Colombian government has launched since 2004. Second, the article aims to present some conclusions and recommendations for language policy design and implementation in Colombia. ; En un esfuerzo por volverse más competitivos en el mercado global, Colombia, como muchos otros países de América Latina, ha decretado que todas las escuelas y universidades del país impartan instrucción en inglés como lengua extranjera. Para apoyar esta medida, en los últimos 16 años, el gobierno, a través del Ministerio de Educación Nacional ha lanzado una serie de programas tales como el Programa Nacional de Bilingüismo 2004-2019, el Programa de Fortalecimiento al Desarrollo de Competencias en Lenguas Extranjeras, el Programa Nacional de Inglés: Colombia Very Well 2015-2025, y más recientemente Colombia Bilingüe 2014-2018. Los resultados de algunos estudios llevados a cabo por investigadores locales en varios puntos del país sugieren que esta apuesta nacional ha traído consigo una serie de retos para los docentes de primaria, los cuales no han podido ser solucionados por estos programas. Estos retos pueden ser divididos en dos categorías: profesionales y de trabajo. Este artículo tiene un doble propósito: El primero, es hacer una revisión crítica de los cuatro programas que el gobierno ha lanzado desde 2004. El segundo, es presentar algunas conclusiones y recomendaciones para el diseño y la implementación de políticas lingüísticas educativas en Colombia. ; Com um esforço para tornar-se mais competitiva no mercado global, a Colômbia, como muitos outros países da América Latina, declarou inglês como a língua estrangeira dominante a ser ensinada nas escolas e universidades de todo o país. Para apoiar esta medida, nos últimos 16 anos, o governo, através do Ministério Nacional da Educação, lançou uma série de programas como o Programa Nacional de Bilinguismo 2004-2019; o Programa para o Fortalecimento do desenvolvimento de Competências em Línguas Estrangeiras; O Programa Nacional de Inglês: Colômbia "Muito Bem" 2015-2025; e, mais recentemente, Colômbia Bilingual 2014-2018. Resultados de estudos conduzidos por pesquisadores locais em todo o país sugerem que o regulamento tem emitido uma série de desafios para os professores de escolas públicas primárias, em que estes programas não têm sido capazes de resolver. Estes desafios podem ser divididos em duas categorias: profissional e trabalhos relacionados. O objetivo deste artigo é duplo: Primeiro, o artigo tem a intenção de fornecer uma visão crítica dos quatro programas que o governo Colombiano lançou desde 2004. Segundo, este artigo tem objetivo de apresentar algumas conclusões e recomendações para a concepção de políticas de linguagem e implementação na Colômbia.
Journalists have integrated social networks in their professional routines. Social networks allow spreading content and interacting with the audience. However, in its role as an information source, they are controversial. Journalists oftn choose the immediacy of Twitter to get information. The aim of this paper is to analyze the content of tweets associated to hashtags to measure its potential as an information source of unexpected events. In order to do so, we have used a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques of content analysis. We have studied the tweets linked to #ArdeValencia, a tag about the wildfires in July 2012 in Valencia (Spain), which burned 50000 hectares. The findings indicate that almost no scoop is disseminated. We detect little exclusive information. Nevertheless, it's frequent to find reiterative comments, data and news previously published in the traditional media. From this perspective, Twitter's role as an information source is doubtful, but it can work as an ambiental thermometer. In fact, about half of tweets criticize the Valencian Government, due to their budget cuts on wildfire prevention. Therefore, we note users use hashtags to take sides and express their ideology. ; Las redes sociales se han integrado en las rutinas productivas de los periodistas. Se han convertido en otro altavoz para la difusión de contenidos y la interacción con el público. En cambio, en su papel de fuente informativa despiertan controversia. Para informarse, los profesionales suelen optar por la inmediatez de Twitter. El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar el contenido de los tuits asociados a hashtags, para calibrar su potencial como fuente informativa de sucesos imprevistos. Para este propósito, con las técnicas del análisis de contenido cuantitativo y cualitativo, se han analizado los tuits vinculados a #ArdeValencia, etiqueta que alude a los incendios forestales de julio de 2012 en Valencia (España), que quemaron 50000 hectáreas. Las conclusiones indican que se difunde poca información exclusiva. Sin embargo, es frecuente la reiteración de opiniones y datos ya publicados en los medios tradicionales. Desde esta perspectiva, es cuestionable el valor de Twitter como fuente informativa, pero puede funcionar como termómetro del ambiente. Al respecto, casi la mitad de tuits contiene comentarios y críticas contra el Gobierno valenciano, por los recortes presupuestarios en prevención de incendios. En este sentido, se constata el uso del hashtag como herramienta de posicionamiento ideológico. ; As redes sociais têm se integrado nas rotinas produtivas dos jornalistas. Têm-se convertido em outro alto-falante para a difusão de conteúdos e a interação com o público. No entanto, em seu papel de fonte informativa despertam controvérsia. Para se informar, os profissionais costumam optar pela imediatez do Twitter. O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o conteúdo dos tweets associados a hashtags, para calibrar seu potencial como fonte informativa de acontecimentos imprevistos. Para este propósito, com as técnicas da análise de conteúdo quantitativo e qualitativo, se têm analisado os tweets vinculados a #ArdeValencia, etiqueta que alude aos incêndios florestais de julho de 2012 em Valência (Espanha), que queimaram 50.000 hectares. As conclusões indicam que difunde-se pouca informação exclusiva. No entanto, é frequente a reiteração de opiniões e dados que têm sido publicados nos meios tradicionais. Desde esta perspectiva, é questionável o valor do Twitter como fonte informativa, mas pode funcionar como termómetro do ambiente. Ao respeito, quase a metade de tweets contém comentários e críticas contra o Governo valenciano, pelos recortes orçamentários em prevenção de incêndios. Neste sentido, constata-se o uso do hashtag como ferramenta de posicionamento ideológico.
Las redes sociales se han integrado en las rutinas productivas de los periodistas. Se han convertido en otro altavoz para la difusión de contenidos y la interacción con el público. En cambio, en su papel de fuente informativa despiertan controversia. Para informarse, los profesionales suelen optar por la inmediatez de Twitter. El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar el contenido de los tuits asociados a hashtags, para calibrar su potencial como fuente informativa de sucesos imprevistos. Para este propósito, con las técnicas del análisis de contenido cuantitativo y cualitativo, se han analizado los tuits vinculados a #ArdeValencia, etiqueta que alude a los incendios forestales de julio de 2012 en Valencia (España), que quemaron 50000 hectáreas. Las conclusiones indican que se difunde poca información exclusiva. Sin embargo, es frecuente la reiteración de opiniones y datos ya publicados en los medios tradicionales. Desde esta perspectiva, es cuestionable el valor de Twitter como fuente informativa, pero puede funcionar como termómetro del ambiente. Al respecto, casi la mitad de tuits contiene comentarios y críticas contra el Gobierno valenciano, por los recortes presupuestarios en prevención de incendios. En este sentido, se constata el uso del hashtag como herramienta de posicionamiento ideológico. ; As redes sociais têm se integrado nas rotinas produtivas dos jornalistas. Têm-se convertido em outro alto-falante para a difusão de conteúdos e a interação com o público. No entanto, em seu papel de fonte informativa despertam controvérsia. Para se informar, os profissionais costumam optar pela imediatez do Twitter. O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o conteúdo dos tweets associados a hashtags, para calibrar seu potencial como fonte informativa de acontecimentos imprevistos. Para este propósito, com as técnicas da análise de conteúdo quantitativo e qualitativo, se têm analisado os tweets vinculados a #ArdeValencia, etiqueta que alude aos incêndios florestais de julho de 2012 em Valência (Espanha), que queimaram 50.000 hectares. As conclusões indicam que difunde-se pouca informação exclusiva. No entanto, é frequente a reiteração de opiniões e dados que têm sido publicados nos meios tradicionais. Desde esta perspectiva, é questionável o valor do Twitter como fonte informativa, mas pode funcionar como termómetro do ambiente. Ao respeito, quase a metade de tweets contém comentários e críticas contra o Governo valenciano, pelos recortes orçamentários em prevenção de incêndios. Neste sentido, constata-se o uso do hashtag como ferramenta de posicionamento ideológico. ; Journalists have integrated social networks in their professional routines. Social networks allow spreading content and interacting with the audience. However, in its role as an information source, they are controversial. Journalists oftn choose the immediacy of Twitter to get information. The aim of this paper is to analyze the content of tweets associated to hashtags to measure its potential as an information source of unexpected events. In order to do so, we have used a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques of content analysis. We have studied the tweets linked to #ArdeValencia, a tag about the wildfires in July 2012 in Valencia (Spain), which burned 50000 hectares. The findings indicate that almost no scoop is disseminated. We detect little exclusive information. Nevertheless, it's frequent to find reiterative comments, data and news previously published in the traditional media. From this perspective, Twitter's role as an information source is doubtful, but it can work as an ambiental thermometer. In fact, about half of tweets criticize the Valencian Government, due to their budget cuts on wildfire prevention. Therefore, we note users use hashtags to take sides and express their ideology.
Nos últimos anos, constata-se a necessidade de reorganização dos currículos dos cursos superiores da área da saúde buscando formar profissionais capazes de efetivar os princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), na perspectiva da integralidade. Na vertente da pesquisa qualitativa, este estudo teve como objetivo identificar as percepções e opiniões de estudantes de graduação em Fisioterapia em relação à integralidade da assistência e acerca da inclusão desse princípio em sua formação universitária. Foram realizados 3 grupos focais (GFs) com 30 estudantes do último ano do curso de graduação em Fisioterapia matriculados em 3 instituições de ensino superior (IESs) no Distrito Federal (DF). Após análise de conteúdo, os dados apontam que, apesar dos esforços governamentais e das mudanças nas propostas curriculares, observa-se que o ensino em Fisioterapia ainda não privilegia o SUS e seus princípios e eixos norteadores, em especial a integralidade. Faz-se necessário o investimento em espaços críticos e reflexivos que articulem universidade (docentes e discentes), serviços de saúde, instâncias gestoras e políticas municipais e movimentos sociais, a fim de produzir novas possibilidades de ensino-aprendizagem que contribuam para a transformação da formação para o SUS. ; En los últimos años, ha habido una necesidad de reorganización de los planes de estudio de los cursos superiores del área de salud buscando formar a profesionales capaces de llevar a cabo los principios del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS), en la perspectiva de la integralidad. En la vertiente de la investigación cualitativa, este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar las percepciones y opiniones de estudiantes de pregrado de Fisioterapia en cuanto a la integralidad de la asistencia y acerca de la inclusión de este principio en su formación universitaria. Se realizaron 3 grupos de enfoque (GEs) con 30 estudiantes del último año del curso de pregrado de fisioterapia inscritos en tres instituciones de educación superior (IESs) en el Distrito Federal (DF). Después del análisis de contenido, los datos mostraron que, a pesar de los esfuerzos del gobierno y cambios en las propuestas curriculares, se observa que la educación en Fisioterapia todavía no privilegia el SUS y sus principios y ejes orientadores, especialmente la integralidad. Es necesario invertir en espacios críticos y reflexivos que articulan la universidad (docentes y estudiantes), los servicios de salud, los niveles de gestión y las políticas municipales y los movimientos sociales, con el fin de producir nuevas posibilidades de enseñanza-aprendizaje que contribuyan a la transformación de la formación para el SUS. ; In recent years, there has been the need to reorganize the curriculum of undergraduate courses in the health science field in order to educate professionals to be able to practice the principles of the Brazilian Unified Health System from the perspective of integrality. From a qualitative research perspective, this study aimed to identify the perceptions and opinions of physical therapy undergraduate students regarding comprehensive health care and about the principle of comprehensive health care in their education. Three focus groups were conducted with students in their senior year of the undergraduate course in physical therapy enrolled in three universities in the Federal District. After analyzing the content, results show that despite government efforts and changes in the curriculum proposals, it was observed that undergraduate education in physical therapy still does not favor the Brazilian Unified Health System and its guiding principles, in particular comprehensive health care. It is necessary to invest in reflective spaces that articulate university (faculty and students), health services, management authorities, municipal policies and social movements in order to yield new teaching and learning possibilities that will contribute to the transformation of the university education aimed at the Brazilian Health System.
In: Regions & cohesion: Regiones y cohesión = Régions et cohésion : the journal of the Consortium for Comparative Research on Regional Integration and Social Cohesion, Band 2, Heft 2, S. 57-82
Water in the western United States sustains multiple purposes despite being over-allocated, over-used, and o en quality-impaired. Interstate river watersheds, where rivers pass through jurisdictional boundaries of two or more states, face particular management challenges to facilitate cooperation across multiple state and local jurisdictional boundaries. This paper focuses on mechanisms of cooperation used to manage water quality across western interstate watersheds. A range of cooperative mechanisms were examined, from meetings to watershed management and creation of memoranda of understanding. To understand different stakeholders' perceptions of successful cooperation, fortyeight watershed professionals were surveyed across six study areas. Ordinal logistic regression analysis indicated that survey respondents perceived watershed organizations, watershed partnerships, and meetings as the most successful cooperative activities for addressing water quality issues. This paper discusses the relationships between mechanisms of cooperation and additional variables examined in the study, and offers insights into regional cooperation and social cohesion over shared environmental resources. Spanish En el oeste de los Estados Unidos, el agua tiene varios usos a pesar de su sobreasignación, sobreuso/explotación, y el frecuente deterioro de su calidad. Las "cuencas interestatales" de esta región, referidas a aquellos ríos que cruzan dos o más estados, enfrentan desafíos particulares para la cooperación a través de múltiples fronteras estatales y jurisdicciones locales. Este artículo se enfoca en los mecanismos de cooperación para manejar la calidad del agua en estas cuencas. Se examinan reuniones de trabajo, consejos/manejo de cuencas, y la creación de memorandums de entendimiento. Para comprender las percepciones de cooperación exitosa, se entrevistaron a 48 profesionales de cuencas hidrográ ficas a través de seis áreas de estudio. Los entrevistados perciben los organismos/asociaciones de cuencas hidrográ ficas y sus respectivas reuniones, como las actividades de cooperación más exitosas para abordar las cuestiones de calidad del agua. El artículo analiza las relaciones entre los mecanismos de cooperación y otras variables, y ofrece una visión sobre la cooperación regional y la cohesión social sobre los recursos ambientales compartidos. French En dépit d'une eau souvent de mauvaise qualité et soumise à une surexploitation et une surutilisation, ce e ressource remplit de nombreuses missions dans l'Ouest des États Unis. Les bassins hydrographiques interétatiques (où les fleuves traversent les frontières juridictionnelles de deux États ou plus) rencontrent des problèmes de gestion particuliers, dont le dé fiest surtout de faciliter la coopération interétatique et les frontières juridictionnelles locales. Cet article met l'accent sur les mécanismes de coopération mis en place dans la gestion de la qualité de l'eau des bassins interétatiques de l'Ouest du pays. Un éventail de mécanismes de coopération a été examiné, allant de réunions à la gestion de bassins et la création de mémorandums d'entente. A fin de comprendre la perception d'une coopération réussie des différents acteurs, quarante-huit professionnels des bassins hydrographiques ont participé à une étude sur six cas. L'analyse de la régression logistique ordinale a révélé que les participants percevaient les organisations des bassins, les partenariats de bassins et les réunions comme les activités de coopération les plus réussies pour aborder les questions de qualité de l'eau. Cet article examine les liens entre les mécanismes de coopération et les variables additionnelles examinées dans ce e étude, et propose un aperçu de la coopération régionale et de la cohésion sociale concernant le partage de ressources environnementales.
COVID-19 pandemic has had a far-reaching impact along the agricultural value chains in Kenya. The Kenyan government placed drastic impact measures to flatten the curve of COVID-19 infections, which affected the value chain actors differently. To counter the economic mayhem caused by the pandemic, the usefulness of digital platforms has been amplified in agricultural value chains, especially in vegetables, root and tubers. It is not clear if, how and to what extent the existing digital platforms developed by several private companies or supported by donors have contributed and are still contributing to maintaining agri-food chains functional and securing the livelihoods of associated value chain actors in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC) countries during COVID 19 pandemic. It is on the foregoing that International Potato Center (CIP) implemented a study to understand the role of digital platforms in maintaining the value chains of vegetable, root and tuber crops functional in the face of COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya. Web-based portal, Android mobile App and Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) Short code services were the main digital platforms of focus. The study was built on case studies from Viazi Soko (NCPK) digital platform for farmers, Twiga food for traders and Soko Kijiji groceries digital platform for consumers. A participatory research methodology was used to integrate the desktop research, key informant/expert interviews, focus group discussion (FGD) and the surveys involving various value chain actors along the food value chain i.e., traders, transporters, consumers, and farmers. The study adopted mixed method approach with concurrent nested option. Both Quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Quantitative aspects of the study were collected using a structured questionnaire administered through face-to-face interviews to solicit primary information from 355 consumers, 100 traders and 370 farmers in the targeted sub-counties selected using multistage sampling technique. Quantitative data obtained was analyzed using Stata version 17 and SPSS version 28.0 to generate descriptive statistics. Propensity Score Matching was used to estimate the impact of the digital platforms on (i) the quantity of certified potato seeds used and (ii) the average weekly household expenditure on vegetables and fruits during the lockdown period. Structural equation model (SEM) was used to investigate (i) how producers' personality traits influence the usage of ViaziSoko for accessing quality farm Inputs and services and (ii) the role of entrepreneurial behavior in influencing use of digital platform in food purchase among consumers. For farmers, findings indicated that awareness and use of the digital platforms is still low. Approximately 32% of the interviewed farmers were aware of the digital platforms. Majority (86.55%) of those aware were medium and large-scale farmers. The use of apps through a mobile phone was the most preferred digital platform by roughly 91% of the farmers. The ease of accessing input information/services and awareness of digital application inspired the use of digital platforms. Farmers' attitude and proactiveness influenced perceived usefulness of the digital platforms. Despite being in existence even before the pandemic, most of the farmers started using digital platforms in response to the pandemic. Relatively, majority of farmers (32.05%) started using digital platforms to access quality seeds, while 12.82% started using them to access extension and advisory services on Good Advisory Practices (GAPs)as well as access to market/output information in response to the pandemic. The digital intervention contributed significantly to the increase in the frequency of use of digital platforms. The greatest increase in the frequency was observed in the services related to access to market/output information 3.85% (from 19.23% to 23.08%), extension and advisory services on GAPs 6.41% (from 16.67% to 23.08%) as well as pest and disease advisory services 6.41% (from 12.82% to 19.23%) respectively. The digital platform showed a gradual role in bridging the gap in terms of input access by farmers during the pandemic and approximately 95% of the interviewed farmers confirmed their intention to continue using the digital platforms (ViaziSoko) beyond the pandemic. For traders, the results revealed that most of them had procured their supplies over the mobile phone (91%) and through online platform (81%). On average, a single trader dealt in 16 different products. Vegetables was the most traded commodity across the three tie periods of analysis compared to roots and tubers. Fear or worry of getting infected with COVID-19 and liquidity constrain were the major threats affecting the business. Most of the traders procured their supplies from Nakuru before and during COVID-19 (77.97% and 88.52%). The increase in supplies during COVID-19 for Nakuru county resulted from Twiga foods supplies. Other traders procured their supplies from Nyandurua, Meru and Narok county. The quantity of vegetables and fruits sold to direct consumers, brokers/agents and sold to other outlets increased during COVID-19. Most traders (90.12%) started using online platform and 82.35% social media in response to the pandemic. Despite being the most adopted strategy in response to the pandemic, about 15% of traders are likely to cease or reduce the use of mobile phones to procure their supplies. This could be attributed to the high transaction costs involved in making payments for the supplies. Further, based on the perishability nature of agricultural products, traders would wish to physically see and choose products before making payments. Major sales and distribution strategies used in response to the pandemic are sales and distribution through social media (54.55%) and online platform (66.67%). Majority of traders (86%) reported to have made payments and financing electronically followed by advancing products as in-kind/trade creditors (73%) and lending cash to business partners (72%). Change in business working hours to avoid curfew and travel restrictions (90%) as well as the use of own savings to support business operation (86%) were the major business adaptation strategies used by traders. For consumers, about 41% used digital platforms to purchase fruits and vegetables out of which 97% of them used mobile application. Convenience (95.86%) and fear of health-related complication (84.83%) were the major motivational factors to use digital platforms. COVID-19 pandemic increased the demand for digital platforms among 85% of the consumers (where 63% started using and 22% increased the use digital platforms). About 81% of consumers were mainly using digital platforms to access market information. Consumer willingness to adopt the digital platform was influenced positively by group membership and negatively by age and education level of the household head and the dependency ratio. Group membership were basically social and informal groups in the urban areas where among other issues consumers discuss food and digital related issues as well as procurement strategies) Most consumers (76.56%) purchased fruits and vegetables from designated points followed by local retailers in the neighborhood (49.26%). Digital platforms gained popularity (from 13.35% to 38.53%) during the pandemic compared to other channels Streetcar booths (2.83%) was a new channel during the pandemic. Despite reducing popularity during the pandemic, designated markets channel supported about 48% of the proportion of purchase. Users of digital platform experienced fluctuating but above average in the weekly expenditure compared to their counterparts. Change in price of the vegetables and fruits was the major contributor to the fluctuation (90.54%). Findings revealed that at one point in time during the pandemic. all sampled consumers who purchased through the digital platform used mobile money transfer to make pay for fruits and vegetables, with 99.31% likely to continue using the platform beyond the pandemic. In terms of entrepreneurial behavior, proactiveness and Innovativeness positively and significantly influenced perceived behavioral control. This implies that the more a consumer acts in anticipation of future problems, needs, or changes and use of new ideas or methods, the more they will think of themselves as having the efficacy to use the digital platforms in purchasing vegetables. Attitude positively and significantly influence perceived usefulness implying that the more favorable a consumer's opinion of the vegetables purchasing digital tool is, the more the consumer will view the tool as useful. Perceived behavioral control influenced perceived usefulness positively implying that the more consumers considered themselves to have the ability to use the vegetables purchasing digital tool, the higher they will consider the tool as useful. Subjective norm was also found to positively and significantly influence perceived usefulness meaning that the more positive the consumer's peers' opinion about the vegetables purchasing digital tool is, the more the consumer will view the tool as useful. The study recommends the following suggestions: • It is clear agritech companies seeing pandemic is an opportunity for strengthening food value chain. However, they still lack sustainable business models for the agriculture contexts. Therefore, design for digital platforms need to integrate sustainable business models to avoid collapsing of the platforms due to heavy reliance on external support and inadequate revenue models. Adoption of a self-sustainable business approach as well as re-orienting the business approach towards public private partnerships and diversifying product/service portfolio by integrating different services and value chains, backward and forward integration to create new revenue streams provides some of the options for consideration by service providers. • Develop a framework for embedding farmer oriented in existing local extension services to support practical implementation of agronomic recommendations. • Enhancing entrepreneur behavior of farmers and traders is critical in adoption of agri-digital solutions. • Building agile business with flexibility to adjust to various shocks beyond the pandemic. Focusing on the transition post COVID will be critical in maintaining the business space of the digital platforms by building strong market offering. • Donor support is critical for digital startups at the beginning of the business as many startups are coming up during this pandemic time, however, it is critical for donor to analyze their business model for sustainability of digital platform especially the platforms with little or no commercial orientation but have a clear welfare gain with social enterprise business model. • Strong bio-security measures in the context of COVID-19 are important in enhancing trust especially in product handling by the agricultural digital service providers. • Combined county permits to allow one easily transaction in any county with fresh produce among digital platforms with strong cross county distribution of products to traders. This has implication in increasing cost of business. • Product differentiation is key in making the digital platforms competitiveness. Strong focus of the digital platforms in providing unique products and solutions in ever-changing environment is key in keeping pace with consumers dynamic needs, key among them Enhance interactiveness between agricultural digital solutions and clients e.g. chatbot Integrating youth entrepreneurs and higher education students to support development of ICT related agri solutions e.g., accessible database by use of USSD code for vendors to easily authenticate the quality of the produce as well as data science. This will facilitate creation of robust learning curve to trigger development of marketable and viable agricultural digital services.
The subject of the study is theoretical and practical aspects of democratization of management and regulation of the development of enterprises of the socio-cultural sphere of Ukraine with the use of organizational and financial-economic instruments and mechanisms. The purpose of the work is to identify and address the challenges and problems of developing the socio-cultural sphere to improve the management and regulation of its enterprises and institutions on the basis of democratization in conditions of decentralization of power, European integration influences and using organizational and financial and economic instruments. Methodological basis of the article became as general scientific, and special methods of scientific knowledge. Were used methods: dialectical, monographic, historical, system-structural analysis and synthesis, problem and program-target approaches. Results of work. The article reveals that the decentralization of power in Ukraine and the pursuit of European standards of life place new demands on development, hence the management of national socio-cultural space. It has been established that the management of enterprises and organizations in the socio-cultural sphere should be based on the consistent democratization of the entire management system. To this end, the expediency of introducing the public-public model into the system of management of them, the involvement of social entrepreneurship instruments and social responsibility has been substantiated. The challenges and positive trends of the socio-cultural sphere development are revealed. New effective mechanisms, methods and tools for management, related to forecasting, designing and implementation of innovations, program-target planning in the mode of constant correction of goals and tasks and monitoring of socio-cultural space are proposed. The field of application of results. Conclusions and results of the article can be used in the educational-scientific process of the economic faculties of higher educational institutions. It is expedient to transfer them for practical use in the management of cultural and artistic institutions, enterprises of social infrastructure in the countryside. They also represent a practical interest in the work of rural communities and the development of rural areas. Conclusions. Democratization of the management of enterprises of socio-cultural sphere is carried out on the principles of decentralization of power, gradual formation of civil society, in accordance with the processes of European integration and in response to internal and external socio-economic challenges. At the same time, the latest methods, mechanisms and instruments of management and regulation should be applied. In their totality, the comprehensive implementation deserves programming and planning activities. It means the development of specific programs with a scientifically developed conceptual framework for the development of financially sustainable socio-cultural enterprises or activities. In the future, it is also necessary to develop criteria that will allow an assessment of the effectiveness of the implementation of these programs, provide options for their adverse development and remedial action in such cases. Executive activities in this context should include the creation of regulatory and legal networks and organizational structures that will allow for the unification of constructive processes of self-organization and specific management measures, the introduction of new mechanisms for the implementation of the potential of a program that forms relevant logistical, labor and financial and economic resources, information bases and innovations.
This article is focused on a documentary analysis about computer crimes with the highest frequency rates in Ecuador and the sanctions established in the COIP, which is a compendium of legal rules of a penitentiary nature, that is, a legislative compendium that institutes crimes and penalties under Ecuadorian prison regulations. For the development of this work, a theoretical description of each of the computer crimes and the penalties established in the regulation is included, as well as describing what are the most common purposes at the time of carrying out these crimes and the technological mechanisms used in them. To conclude, it is investigated what methods or what proposals the national state has to ensure the security and confidentiality of information in each of the public or private institutions, in addition to analyzing whether our country has specialized agencies or laws that manage to give due defense. to the multiple computer systems and citizens who are victims of these crimes. ; El presente articulo está enfocado a un análisis documental acerca de los delitos informáticos con mayores índices de frecuencia en el Ecuador y las sanciones establecidas en el COIP, mismo que es un compendio de reglas jurídicas de carácter penitenciario, o sea un compendio legislativo que instituye delitos y penas bajo el reglamento penitenciario ecuatoriano. Para el desarrollo de este trabajo se incluye una descripción teórica de cada uno de los delitos informáticos y las penalizaciones establecidas en el reglamento, además de describir cuáles son los fines más comunes al momento de realizar estos delitos y los mecanismos tecnológicos utilizados en los mismos. Para concluir se investiga que métodos o que propuestas tiene el estado nacional para asegurar la seguridad y confidencialidad de la información en cada una de las instituciones públicas o privadas, además de analizar si nuestro país cuenta con organismos especializados o leyes que logren dar una debida defensa a los múltiples sistemas informáticos y ciudadanos víctimas de estos delitos. ; Este artigo está focado em uma análise documental sobre os crimes de informática com as maiores taxas de frequência no Equador e as sanções estabelecidas no COIP, que é um compêndio de normas jurídicas de natureza penitenciária, ou seja, um compêndio legislativo que institui crimes e penas sob Regulamentos penitenciários equatorianos. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, inclui-se uma descrição teórica de cada um dos crimes informáticos e das penas previstas no regulamento, bem como descrever quais são as finalidades mais comuns no momento da realização desses crimes e os mecanismos tecnológicos utilizados na eles. Para concluir, investiga-se quais métodos ou quais propostas o Estado nacional tem para garantir a segurança e confidencialidade das informações em cada uma das instituições públicas ou privadas, além de analisar se nosso país possui órgãos especializados ou leis que conseguem dar a devida defesa . aos múltiplos sistemas informáticos e aos cidadãos que são vítimas destes crimes.
Die COVID-19-Pandemie hat weitreichende Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitswelt. Besondere Herausforderungen bringen Tests und Impfungen im Arbeitsverhältnis mit sich. Durch Testungen auf SARS-CoV-2 kann festgestellt werden, ob eine Erkrankung vorliegt. Arbeitnehmer sind durch die öffentlich-rechtliche 3G-Regel am Arbeitsort mittelbar verpflichtet sich testen zu lassen, sofern kein anderer Nachweis geringer epidemiologischer Gefahr erbracht wird. Strengere Testpflichten bedürfen einer Betriebsvereinbarung nach § 96 Abs 1 Z 3 ArbVG. Bei einem COVID-19-Infektionsfall im Betrieb kann der Arbeitgeber die SARS-CoV-2-Testung für alle Arbeitnehmer anordnen, auch wenn sie nicht als Kontaktperson iSd COVID-19-Gesetzgebung gelten. Kein derartiges Weisungsrecht besteht gegenüber Reiserückkehrern, die nicht aufgrund öffentlich-rechtlicher Vorgaben zum Testen verpflichtet sind. Allerdings haben Arbeitnehmer auf Nachfrage ihren Urlaubsort bekanntzugeben. Die Impfung gegen COVID-19 zählt zu den wirksamsten Maßnahmen im Kampf gegen die Pandemie, da sie zur dauerhaften Reduktion der Viruszirkulation führt. Es ist zulässig, dass Arbeitgeber die Einstellung an den Impfstatus knüpfen und im Bewerbungsprozess die notwendige Frage stellen. Stellenwerber haben wahrheitsgemäß zu antworten oder die Auskunft zu verweigern. Derzeit gibt es keine Impfflicht für Arbeitnehmer, da weder das COVID-19-IG noch die COVID-19-IV direkte Auswirkungen auf das Arbeitsverhältnis haben. Die Pflicht zur Vornahme der Impfung kann aber vertraglich vereinbart werden. Daneben ist es Arbeitgebern erlaubt die Impfmotivation durch die Einführung von Impfanreizsystemen positiv zu beeinflussen. Verweigern Arbeitnehmer eine verpflichtende Testung oder weisen sie einen negativen Impfstatus auf, haben sie in erster Linie mit einer Dienstfreistellung ohne Entgeltfortzahlung oder einer Kündigung zu rechnen. Letztere ist in der Regel aufgrund des Überwiegens der Arbeitgeberinteressen gerechtfertigt. ; The COVID 19 pandemic has far-reaching implications for the working environment. Tests and vaccinations in the employment relationship bring with them particularly significant challenges. Testing for SARS-CoV-2 can determine whether disease is present. Employees are indirectly obligated to be tested at the place of work by the public-law 3G rule unless other evidence of low epidemiological risk is provided. Additional testing obligations require a collective agreement in the legal sense of § 96 Abs 1 Z 3 ArbVG. In the event of a COVID-19 infection case in the establishment, the employer may order SARS-CoV-2 testing for all employees, even if they are not considered contacts within the meaning of COVID-19 legislation. No such right to instruct exists in relation to travel returnees who are not obliged to be tested on the basis of public law requirements. However, employees must truthfully disclose their vacation location upon request. Vaccination against COVID-19 is one of the most effective measures in the fight against the pandemic, as it leads to a permanent reduction in the circulation of the virus. It is permissible for employers to link hiring to vaccination status and ask the necessary question during the application process. Job applicants must answer truthfully or refuse to give the information. Currently, there is no vaccination mandate for employees, as neither COVID-19-IG nor COVID-19-IV have a direct impact on the employment relationship. But the obligation to vaccinate can be contractually agreed on. In addition, employers are allowed to positively influence the motivation to vaccinate by introducing vaccination incentive systems. If employees refuse obligatory testing or if they have a negative vaccination status, they have to expect garden leave without continued payment or dismissal. The latter is usually justified due to the preponderance of the employer's interests. ; Arbeit an der Bibliothek noch nicht eingelangt - Daten nicht geprüft ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Diplomarbeit Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz 2022
Der zentrale Begriff dieser Arbeit ist die "nicht-wirtschaftliche (Dienst)Leistung von allgemeinem Interesse". Der Begriff ist zwar schon länger geläufig, hat aber durch seinen Eingang in die VergabeRL neue Dynamik entwickelt. Die Absicht dahinter war eine Ausnahme für Mitgliedsstaaten im Sozialbereich zu schaffen, um unnötig langen Vergabeverfahren entgehen zu können. Dies vor allem im Hinblick auf die Versorgungssicherheit der Bevölkerung, welcher ein höherer Stellenwert zugeschrieben wird als dem freien Markt. Durch das neue BVergG 2018 hat diese Ausnahme auch Eingang in die österreichische Gesetzgebung gefunden. Da jedoch weder die Richtlinie noch das Vergabegesetz eine Legaldefinition nennen, ist der genaue Umfang der Ausnahme fraglich. In einem ersten Schritt befasst sich die Arbeit daher mit der Frage inwieweit der EU-Gesetzgeber durch die Verträge überhaupt bemächtigt ist in die Gesundheitspolitik der Mitgliedsstaaten einzugreifen. Ob eine Dienstleistung oder sogar ein gesamter Bereich im Staatswesen nicht-wirtschaftlich ist, hat enorme Auswirkungen auf die Einflussmöglichkeiten eines Landes. Mit diesem Versuch einer Begriffsbestimmung der "nicht-wirtschaftlichen Dienstleistung" wird sich der Hauptteil der Arbeit beschäftigen. Um das Ganze auf Österreich umlegen zu können, muss das österr Gesundheitswesen analysiert werden, um zu prüfen, ob diese neu geschaffene Ausnahme prinzipiell zur Anwendung kommen kann. Selbst wenn jedoch ein System als nicht-wirtschaftlich definiert wird, können einzelne Teile sehr wohl dem Vergaberecht unterworfen sein, wenn in diesem Bereich ein funktionierender Markt besteht und ein Wettbewerb herrschen könnte. Als konkretes Beispiel wird auf die Kassenverträge eingegangen. Sollte sich der Kassenvertrag unter den Begriff der Nicht-Wirtschaftlichkeit subsumieren lassen, wäre die gängige Praxis damit abgesichert. Es gibt jedoch plausible Gründe, die dagegensprechen und den Kassenvertrag als einen Konzessionsvertrag definieren. ; The central concept of this work is the "non-economic (service) performance of general interest". The term has been around for a long time, but has developed new dynamics through its inclusion in the Public Procurement Directive. The intention behind this was to create an exception for member states in the social sector in order to be able to escape unnecessarily long award procedures. This is primarily with regard to the security of supply of the population, which is attributed a higher value than the free market. Through the new BVergG 2018, this exception has also found its way into Austrian legislation. However, since neither the Directive nor the Procurement Act mention a legal definition, the exact scope of the exception is questionable. In a first step, the paper therefore addresses the question of the extent to which the EU legislator is empowered by the Treaties to intervene in the health policy of the member states at all. Whether a service or even an entire area in the state system is non-economic has an enormous impact on a country's ability to exert influence. The main part of the paper will deal with this attempt to define the term "non-economic service". In order to apply this to Austria, the Austrian health care system has to be analysed to see if this newly created exception can be applied in principle. However, even if a system is defined as non-economic, individual parts may very well be subject to public procurement law if a functioning market exists in this area and competition could prevail. As a concrete example, we will look at health insurance contracts. If the health insurance fund contract could be subsumed under the concept of non-economic efficiency, this would safeguard current practice. However, there are plausible reasons to the contrary and to define the health insurance fund contract as a concession contract. ; Arbeit an der Bibliothek noch nicht eingelangt - Daten nicht geprüft ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Diplomarbeit Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz 2022
