Suchergebnisse

The influence exerted by supranational organizations, such as the European Union (EU) in the configuration of educational policies, forces us to include the supranational sphere in the study of educational trends. A growing trend in the field of higher education is the increase in private investment and our objective is to measure its impact in recent years in the European context and if it puts at risk the affordable access to this educational level. To do this, in the first place, we analyze the different actions developed from the European Union on increasing private financing of higher education through various documents and work plans. Second, from the Comparative Education methodology, we compare the variation in the sources of financing for higher education in European countries, over a 13-year trajectory (2002-2016), and its impact on affordable access to education higher, through the analysis of economic rates and student aid systems. The results, on the one hand, indicate that the EU justifies the increase in private financing of universities, as a global strategy to achieve greater competitiveness within the context of the knowledge society. On the other hand, there is a trend towards the privatization of financing models for higher education in European countries, which countries such as Ireland, Spain, Italy and Portugal, put at risk the affordable access to HE. ; La influencia que ejercen organismos supranacionales como la Unión Europea (UE) en la configuración de políticas educativas nos obliga a incluir la esfera supranacional en el estudio de las tendencias educativas. Una tendencia en auge en el ámbito de la educación superior es el aumento de la inversión privada y nuestro objetivo es medir su impacto en los últimos años en el contexto europeo, y si pone en riesgo el acceso asequible de este nivel educativo. Para ello, en primer lugar, analizamos las diferentes acciones desarrolladas desde la Unión Europea sobre el incremento de financiación privada de la educación superior a través de diversos documentos y planes de trabajo. En segundo lugar, desde la metodología de Educación Comparada, contrastamos la variación de las fuentes de financiación de la educación superior en 20 países europeos, en una trayectoria de trece años (2002-2016), y su repercusión en el acceso asequible de la educación superior, principalmente a través del análisis de las tasas económicas y los sistemas de ayudas a estudiantes. Los resultados, por un lado, nos indican que la UE justifica el aumento de la financiación privada de las universidades como estrategia global para lograr una mayor competitividad dentro del contexto de la sociedad del conocimiento. Por otro lado, existe una tendencia hacia la privatización de los modelos de financiación de la educación superior en los países europeos, llegando incluso a poner en riesgo el acceso asequible de la educación superior en países como España, Grecia, Irlanda, Italia y Portugal.

Cover -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Preface -- Connect -- Acknowledgments -- Contents in Brief -- Contents -- Part 1: Basic Concepts -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Managerial Economics and Organizational Architecture -- Organizational Architecture -- Economic Analysis -- Economic Darwinism -- Survival of the Fittest -- Economic Darwinism and Benchmarking -- Purpose of the Book -- Our Approach to Organizations -- Chapter 2: Economists' View of Behavior -- Economic Behavior: An Overview -- Economic Choice -- Marginal Analysis -- Opportunity Costs -- Creativity of Individuals -- Graphical Tools -- Individual Objectives -- Indifference Curves -- Opportunities and Constraints -- Individual Choice -- Changes in Choice -- Motivating Honesty at Wells Fargo -- Managerial Implications -- Alternative Models of Behavior -- Only-Money-Matters Model -- Happy-Is-Productive Model -- Good-Citizen Model -- Product-of-the-Environment Model -- Which Model Should Managers Use? -- Behavioral Economics -- Decision Making under Uncertainty -- Expected Value -- Variability -- Risk Aversion -- Certainty Equivalent and Risk Premium -- Risk Aversion and Compensation -- Summary -- Appendix A: Consumer Choice -- Appendix B: Inter-Temporal Decisions and the Fisher Separation Theorem -- Chapter 3: Exchange and Markets -- Goals of Economic Systems -- Property Rights and Exchange in a Market Economy -- Dimensions of Property Rights -- Gains from Trade -- Basics of Supply and Demand -- The Price Mechanism -- Shifts in Curves versus Movements along Curves -- Using Supply and Demand Analysis for Qualitative Forecasts -- Linear Supply and Demand -- Supply and Demand-Extended Analysis -- Price versus Quantity Adjustments -- Short-Run versus Long-Run Effects -- Industry Cost Increases and Price Adjustments -- Prices as Social Coordinators.

Abstract
This paper examines the reaction of the household indebtedness to various shocks in the economy between 2011Q1 and 2021Q4, using a Structural Vector Autoregressive model. The results of the econometric model indicate that average net wage was the driver of the loans granted by credit institutions to individuals' variation after their own innovations at all time horizons. This result was achieved in the conditions that households' resilience to shocks has improved significantly in the period 2011-2020 from lei 243 billion to lei 480 billion. The evolution of the economy starting from March 2020 was influenced by the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the imposition of restrictions to prevent the spread of the disease. In this situation, between March 2020 and September 2021, the new standard mortgage loans recorded an average growth rate of 2.2 percent in nominal terms and 1.91 percent in real terms, standing above the pre-pandemic level (1.34 percent, respectively 1.17 percent). The low interest rates and general household income growth (the minimum wage in the economy increased 14 times between 2011 and 2021) were responsible for high household debt. The rise in household indebtedness growths its vulnerability to shocks in the economy, potentially having a negative impact mainly on the creditors' balance sheet.

ABSTRACTEffective education requires strategic consideration. If students doubt the motives of teachers and advisors, then students rationally ignore the advice they receive. Valuable information is lost in such bad communication outcomes and, consequently, the quality of education suffers. In this paper, we argue that an advisor's sacrifice is an essential virtue of a good advisor for efficient communication between an advisor and a student. We model the relation between them as a signaling game. We find a separating equilibrium in which a good advisor (whose objective function truly coincides with the student's own objective function) makes a costly sacrifice that causes the student to believe what the advisor says, while a non‐good advisor (whose objective does not coincide with the student's) chooses not to make the costly sacrifice and, consequently, the student completely ignores the advisor. In fact, it turns out to be the unique equilibrium that survives the Intuitive Criterion. The model demonstrates the importance of making students aware of those aspects of the advisor's objectives that students may not realize are closely aligned with their own (e.g., the extent to which an advisor cares about students' academic and professional trajectories as evaluated by students themselves).

Purpose of Review: The increased popularity and commercial use of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) calls for the development of models for NTFPs to include their predicted yields in forest management planning and to evaluate the potential of multi-functional forest management. This study assesses and discusses the current state of the art and trends in NTFP yield modelling in Europe and the integration of the models in multi-functional forest management planning at different spatial scales. Recent Findings: Climate-sensitive empirical yield models already exist not only for a variety of NTFPs that are economically important to forest owners (e.g. cork and pine nuts) but also for wild-gathered berries and mushrooms, the harvesting of which cannot be controlled by the forest landowner in all European countries. Several studies on multi-functional forest management planning consider the economic profitability of the joint production of timber and NTFP. Harvesting NTFPs can create significant additional incomes for forest owners, compared with timber production only. However, maximizing the economic returns from the joint production of timber and NTFPs often calls for changes in forest management practices. Summary: Continued efforts in modelling and predicting the yields of NTFPs have enabled forest managers to further expand the analyses of multi-functional forest planning and management in Europe. Climate-sensitive models also allow analyses on the potential effects of climate change on NTFP yields. New models and forest management practices are still needed for tree fruits, birch sap, a wider variety of wild edible mushrooms, specialty mushrooms cultivated on live trees as well as medicinal and edible forest herbs harvested for commercial value in Europe. ; Open access funding provided by Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE). Jari Miina and Mikko Kurttila have received part of their salaries from a project that was funded by Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke). Rafael Calama acknowledges support from PROPINEA agreement CC16-095. Sergio de-Miguel acknowledges support from the project with grant number RTI2018-099315-A-I00, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Government of Spain. Rafael Calama and Sergio de-Miguel acknowledge the project Innovation Networks of Cork, Resins and Edibles in the Mediterranean basin (INCREDIBLE) funded by the European Commission's Horizon 2020 programme under grant agreement N° 774632.

History shows the long process of apple plants originating from subtropical regions adapting to Indonesia's tropical climate until its popularity is increasingly marginalized and replaced with other commodities, as evidenced by the decreasing land area, especially in Batu City. Indonesia. In developing and analyzing solutions based on the principles of sustainable development, an integrated and holistic approach is required. To understand problems and find solutions, we can use Systems dynamics. The purpose of this study is to obtain a policy scenario that encourages sustainable apple farming. Data is collected from the local government and BPS City or Province so that the selected variables follow the specific location. The system approach is used to identify needs, problem formulation, preparation of input-output diagrams, cause-effect diagrams and stock-flow diagrams. A series of scenarios is created and tested through simulation to understand the system's dynamic behavior better and obtain the desired output. The best scenario was chosen, namely by replanting 10% of old plant each year, using integrated agriculture with 3 female and 1 male brooders, reduction of land change with 50% success, Local economic development by integrating tourist ticket and hotels with 0,75 kg apple fruits also increasing health support for students

The purpose of this article is to propose the integrated index of Public Governance efficiency based on the Fishburne's method, considering the impact's power and direction of the different sub-indexes (Worldwide Government Indicators) on macroeconomic stability and eliminating the issue of multicollinearity. The object of the study was 11 European countries that had two common features: 1) in the political sphere, during 1990–1992 the countries started the political transformation process by refusing the monopoly of the communistic regime; 2) in the economic sphere, the countries experienced transformation from planned to market economy. Based on these criteria, the following countries were selected: Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania, Armenia, Belorussia, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine. The research findings proved a connection between the political and social determinants and the macroeconomic stability for the all the countries. Moreover, the research results confirmed the existence of a cycle of social and political conflict, which depends on inter-relation of Public Governance and the society, where the efficiency of Public Governance cannot be achieved without the support from the society, and the society cannot cooperate with non-effective Public Governance.

The purpose of this article is to propose the integrated index of Public Governance efficiency based on the Fishburne's method, considering the impact's power and direction of the different sub-indexes (Worldwide Government Indicators) on macroeconomic stability and eliminating the issue of multicollinearity. The object of the study was 11 European countries that had two common features: 1) in the political sphere, during 1990–1992 the countries started the political transformation process by refusing the monopoly of the communistic regime; 2) in the economic sphere, the countries experienced transformation from planned to market economy. Based on these criteria, the following countries were selected: Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania, Armenia, Belorussia, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine. The research findings proved a connection between the political and social determinants and the macroeconomic stability for the all the countries. Moreover, the research results confirmed the existence of a cycle of social and political conflict, which depends on inter-relation of Public Governance and the society, where the efficiency of Public Governance cannot be achieved without the support from the society, and the society cannot cooperate with non-effective Public Governance.

The purpose of this article is to propose the integrated index of Public Governance efficiency based on the Fishburne's method, considering the impact's power and direction of the different sub-indexes (Worldwide Government Indicators) on macroeconomic stability and eliminating the issue of multicollinearity. The object of the study was 11 European countries that had two common features: 1) in the political sphere, during 1990–1992 the countries started the political transformation process by refusing the monopoly of the communistic regime; 2) in the economic sphere, the countries experienced transformation from planned to market economy. Based on these criteria, the following countries were selected: Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania, Armenia, Belorussia, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine. The research findings proved a connection between the political and social determinants and the macroeconomic stability for the all the countries. Moreover, the research results confirmed the existence of a cycle of social and political conflict, which depends on inter-relation of Public Governance and the society, where the efficiency of Public Governance cannot be achieved without the support from the society, and the society cannot cooperate with non-effective Public Governance.

The purpose of this article is to propose the integrated index of Public Governance efficiency based on the Fishburne's method, considering the impact's power and direction of the different sub-indexes (Worldwide Government Indicators) on macroeconomic stability and eliminating the issue of multicollinearity. The object of the study was 11 European countries that had two common features: 1) in the political sphere, during 1990–1992 the countries started the political transformation process by refusing the monopoly of the communistic regime; 2) in the economic sphere, the countries experienced transformation from planned to market economy. Based on these criteria, the following countries were selected: Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania, Armenia, Belorussia, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine. The research findings proved a connection between the political and social determinants and the macroeconomic stability for the all the countries. Moreover, the research results confirmed the existence of a cycle of social and political conflict, which depends on inter-relation of Public Governance and the society, where the efficiency of Public Governance cannot be achieved without the support from the society, and the society cannot cooperate with non-effective Public Governance.

AbstractTourism is one of the fastest-growing economic sectors. This has piqued increasing interest in the evaluation of the performance of the sector. This paper joins this line of research by providing a potential framework for measuring efficiency in the context of a country such as Spain, where sun-and-sand tourism, usually associated with mass tourism, predominates. Tourist areas located on the coast provide the units of reference. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is applied to determine the efficiency score and a Tobit-type model is employed to analyse the factors that determine efficiency. The results show that the impact of mass tourism on labour efficiency is geographically unequal, with the most efficient of the tourist areas located on the peninsular archipelagos. The analysis of the contribution of each input to the efficiency score reveals the pre-eminent role of tourism infrastructure as a lure for sun-and-sand tourism.

With the development of digital technologies, new forms of joint consumption have received the name "Share Economics". Digitalization made it possible to cover a wide range of public resources and go beyond small groups and personal relationships, so we see the technical and social aspect of the sharing economy. This double digital transition to joint use allowed us to achieve broad access to resources, which created new models and practices of sharing, which led to the creation of a new class of resource allocation systems that were called the "digital sharing economy". This article analyzes the economy of sharing as a socio-economic phenomenon of a bi-based digital platform.

The practical significance of the results obtained by the author consists in the possibility of using the proposed theoretical platform to further explore the opportunities of the sharing economy for various participants in the interaction: citizens, business, public sector organizations.

Creative Economies in Peripheral Regions -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Creative Economies and Industries in Peripheral Regions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Our Framework Approach -- 1.1.2 Our Approach -- 1.2 Creative Economy: Definitions, Approaches and Alternative Models -- 1.2.1 The Creative Economy: A Growing Economy -- 1.3 Creative Economy Industry Classification and Our Classification -- 1.3.1 Department of Culture Media and Sport (DCMS) UK -- 1.3.2 Alternative Classification Models -- 1.3.3 Creative Intensity: Towards a Benchmark? -- 1.3.4 Our Classification Approach -- 1.4 Key Drivers of the Creative Economy -- 1.4.1 Increased Demand for Creative Produce: Global, Societal and Technological -- 1.4.2 Changing the Ways We Produce and Consume: Digitalisation and Prosumers -- 1.4.2.1  Digitalisation -- 1.4.2.2  Prosumers -- 1.5 Some Creative Economy Critiques -- 1.5.1 The Concept and Precarity -- 1.5.2 Individualised and Romanticised Ideas of Small-Scale Creative Work -- 1.6 Making the Case for Peripheral Creative Economies -- 1.6.1 The Importance of Place -- 1.6.2 More Traditional Creativity: Hybridisation -- 1.6.3 Beyond the Economic? -- 1.7 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 2 The Role of Culture and Its Consumption -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Evolution of Consumption -- 2.2.1 Cultural Consumption: Role of Technology in Creating Experiences -- 2.2.2 Technological Advance in the Industrial Age -- 2.2.3 Back to the Future: Technology Enhanced Sharing -- 2.2.4 Cultural Consumption: Distribution and Communication -- 2.3 Values in Consuming -- 2.3.1 Expressive Values -- 2.3.2 Creative Expression -- 2.3.3 Creative Application -- 2.3.4 Creative Technology -- 2.4 Consumption: Market Types and Modes

It is the main purpose of the book to give a logically consistent foundation of migration decision making under incomplete information in a unified framework. Decision rules for migration are derived from a general model of Stochastic Dynamic Programming and the properties of temporary migration equilibria are discussed as well. Finally, some hints are given for esti- mating the theoretical models which are elaborated in the book. Many results concerning the properties of optimal migration policies and of temporary migration equilibria are new. For example, it is demonstrated that less information about a country might it make more attractive for immigration, and conditions are analyzed that imply the existence of a significant stream of migrants even between identical countries in a temporary equilibrium state. The book is written for the mathematically oriented reader in economics, operations research or econometrics who is interested in application of Stochastic Dynamic Programming to an important field of research in population economics