Suchergebnisse

Civic engagement research suggests that youths' involvement in their communities results in a number of positive personal and social attributes. However, among urban populations, there is still a dearth of research on their involvement and the impact of civic participation on their development. More importantly within these populations, there is limited understanding of how Black male youth engage within civic participatory spaces. Increasing but limited research on young Black male youth usually focuses on identity, participation in programs, and socioeconomic levels. Further understanding is needed as to the factors which influence and impact Black male youths' interests and actual participation in community and extracurricular activities. This paper explores data from urban African American high school male youth that include their perceptions and knowledge and attitudes toward being involved in their community through 4-H youth programs. The authors find that opportunities to learn a new skill and building professional portfolios assist these young Black males in their perception of being effective in their communities and making a difference for themselves.

Abstract

Background
Everyday discrimination—experiences of being treated unfairly based on background characteristics like race—is linked to poor physical and mental health throughout the lifespan. Whether more experiences of discrimination are associated with higher odds of being hospitalized in older African Americans has not been explored.


Methods
Community-dwelling participants from 3 longitudinal cohort studies (N = 446, age 65+ years) with discrimination scores and ≥12 months of linked Medicare claims were included. Hospitalizations were identified using Medicare fee-for-service claims, available for an average of 6.2 (SD: 3.7) years of follow-up after baseline.


Results
In mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression models (outcomes of 0, 1, or 2+ hospitalizations per year) adjusted for age, sex, education, and income, higher discrimination was associated with higher odds of total annual hospitalizations (odds ratio [OR] per point higher = 1.09, 95% confidence intervals [95% CI]: 1.02–1.17). Results were similar when accounting for depressive symptoms.


Conclusions
Higher exposure to everyday discrimination is associated with higher odds of hospitalization among older African Americans. Mechanisms underlying associations should be explored further to understand how hospitalizations may be reduced in older African Americans.

Factors that encourage self-employment in certain ethnic minority groups are examined, as are the effects of the establishment of immigrant enclaves in certain US cities on African Americans' propensity toward self-employment. Public Use Microdata Sample data for 1990 are used to create socioeconomic profiles of male workers from nine different ethnic groups. Findings indicate that being married & the presence of children strongly affected an individual's propensity toward self-employment, except among African American workers. The principal finding is that the emergence of immigrant enclaves in certain cities did not obstruct African American workers' shift toward self-employment. The need for future research to consider the issue of self-employment when making policy recommendations aimed at lessening African Americans' economic problems is articulated. 6 Tables, 1 Appendix, 54 References. J. W. Parker

In this dissertation I examine how African Americans pioneered leisure in America's "frontier of leisure" through their attempts to create communities and business projects, as Southern California's black population grew during the nation's Jim Crow era. With leisure's reimagining into the center of the American Dream, black Californians worked to make leisure an open, inclusive, reality for all. They made California and American history by challenging racial hierarchies when they occupied recreational sites and public spaces at the core of the state's formative, mid-twentieth century identity. Their struggle over these sites, helped define the practice and meaning of leisure, confronted the emergent power politics of leisure space, and set the stage for them as places for remembrance of invention and public contest. In reconsidering the formation of California's leisure frontier, my research joins and complicates analysis by historians demonstrating how the struggle for leisure and public space also reshaped the long civil rights movement. Val Verde, Santa Monica's Bay Street Beach/Inkwell, Manhattan Beach's Bruce's Beach, Lake Elsinore and the Parkridge Country Club in addition to the Pacific Beach Club in Huntington Beach and other sites. I document the history and public memory of the sites, which includes a heritage conservation component.

Preface : 'Africa in my head' -- 'Brightest Africa' in the early twentieth century -- Post-war America and the 'new Africa' -- From political to personal : white and black America confront a transformed continent -- Gendered American quests in 'timeless Africa' -- Africa cosmopolitan in the new millennium -- Conclusion : the in between.

Examines black anti-interventionism, 1939-1941, drawing on a content analysis of influential African American periodicals. Discussion opens with a historical overview of black intelligentsia interest in US foreign affairs. Soon after Germany invaded Poland, during the "phony war" period, black anti-interventionist sentiment crystallized, with the idea that no war against Nazism & its allies would benefit people of color. Various factors contributed to black hostility toward the Allies, particularly the sense of having been betrayed following faithful service to the nation during WWI, disappointment with Western democracies' perfidy toward Ethiopia, the idea that specific profiteering interests were working to involve the US once again in Europe as they had in WWI, & the overarching concern for racism. Black anti-interventionism was rooted in an anticolonialist, anti-imperialist, antiracist, & Third World-centered foreign policy sensibility that persisted after WWII. This sensibility is shown to have its flaws, & there existed divisions among the black anti-interventionist movement -- ie, communist, anticommunist, liberal, nationalist, & conservative. In addition, the lack of consensus between African American & white anti-interventionism meant that African American intellectuals had little say in the national debate regarding US entry into WWII. By mid-1940, pro-interventionist sentiment emerged among African Americans, driven by a series of events culminating in the attack on Pearl Harbor, which essentially gutted the anti-interventionist movement. Implications for African American efforts to insert race issues into the discourse related to WWII are touched on in closing. J. Zendejas

Although Americans are bombarded with the idea that we live in a "colorblind society," this article argues that the issue of race is still very pervasive in American society. This article highlights how African Americans are perceived by mainstream society and its effect on the overall mental, physical and emotional health of African Americans and their families. Historically, African Americans have been viewed as naturally deficient and pathological. The Moynihan report, Bill Moyers' awardwinning piece "The Vanishing Black Family," and other works contribute to the subjugation of African Americans. Few studies have examined how the legacy of slavery and continual institutional racism impact African Americans. The theory of mundane, extreme, environmental stress (MEES) offers this perspective. It describes the unique stress of African Americans who experience the dilemma of "being Black in White America." In addition, the MEES factor offers a fresh perspective to examining strategies to help African Americans manage and negotiate the system. The article concludes by calling for the creation of a new paradigm for policy creation and scholastic research that would include acknowledging the extreme stressors facing African Americans.