Suchergebnisse

Modern historical memory of the American Civil War is dominated by the domestic elements of the four-year conflict between the Union and Confederacy. The military figures, battles, and major political changes of 1861-1864 are central elements to public interpretation of the Civil War. But there is an additional dimension to the events of this period in American history, one that, outside of secondary scholarly research in the past century, remains distant from public knowledge. This research explores the nature of international reaction to the American Civil War, focusing on interaction between the combatants and the United Kingdom. The heart of Empire and the foremost world power in the mid-19th century, the British response to events across the Atlantic places domestic events of the war in greater context. The impact of the conflict was not limited to waves of domestic change. Though no foreign power officially entered the war on either side, its influence appeared in the social, political and economic issues of the 1860s. Generating periods of controversy and upheaval in Anglo-American relations, the Civil War, interpreted in this way, finds a place in the international affairs of the period. Exploring the development of this relationship, the research was conducted with a further purpose – for use in the creation of public web-based resource addressing the issues of this sphere of Civil War history. The product's aim is to convey international contexts to the conflict, interpreting matters of diplomacy, public opinion, and lasting effects upon the U.S. and U.K.

As shown by Wennergren and others, the idea of an Ombudsman, or Citizen's Defender, originated in Sweden about a century before the office was created in the constitution. The present article covers the history of this institution from 1809 to the present. As far as is known, the Swedes were not influenced by the experience of classical and medieval governments in establishing an office to guarantee civil rights. Conditions in 1809 demanded that something be done to restrain injustice, maladministration, and other governmental practices offensive to the citizens. The Justitieombudsman and, later, the Militieombudsman (Military Commissioner) are responsible to the Riksdag (parliament), but in their work they have always been independent. The Ombudsman has considerable discretion in handling complaints. He sometimes finds it necessary to recommend changes in the law. In their history of nearly 160 years, these offices have operated to give the citizens confidence that their legitimate grievances will be remedied. At the moment of this writing, the Riksdag is about to make a decision concerning a reform which would combine the JO and the MO into one office with three Ombudsmen.

Examines civil-military relations, focusing on role of Raul Castro, Fidel Castro's brother, in restructuring and reorganizing the armed forces and economy. Included in a collection of articles under the overall title "Regionalism revisited".

This article argues that political learning with regard to civil‐military relations in Chile has proved an obstacle to democratization. In the postauthoritarian period, both the armed forces and political parties have referred to history when considering civil‐military reform, especially with regard to how to avoid a repeat of the conflict of the Unidad Popular period. Meanwhile, the military also utilizes the Spanish example when resisting changes it feels are inimical to its interests. The 'lessons' each takes from the past directly influence political strategies and the overall result is that while civilian rule continues, democratic civil‐military relations are not necessarily advanced.

Purpose: This study purpose to describe the civil-military synergy in the management of Indonesia's national resources, a case study in the province of West Sumatra.
Design/Method/Approach: The method used is descriptive with a qualitative approach. Informants were taken using purposive sampling; data was collected through observation, interviews, and collection of documentation.
Findings: The study results found that there are 3 (three) pillars that must be interrelated, namely the government, the people, and the military. The three are woven in a knot to strengthen a country.
Practical implications (if applicable): It is established that good cooperation and coordination between the relevant agencies is needed to mobilize national resources for defense in a certain area.
Paper type: theoretical.

Explores history of civil-military relations with its tradition of military intervention at times of economic and political crisis, whether the military has permanently disengaged from politics since the 1983 victory of Turgut Özal's Motherland Party, the president's role, and changing military attitudes towards secularism and Islam.

This book examines the military capabilities of various potential threats, the capabilities of Saudi Arabia and other friendly Gulf states, and the capabilities of Western power projection forces.

As the result of new emphasis placed upon physical fitness and body fatness in June 1981 (DoD directive no. 1308.1), obesity has largely disappeared from the armed forces. Each service has developed an upperlimit for body fat based on one or more of the following criteria: physical performance, military appearance, and health. Physical fitness or the capacity for physical performance is related to body fatness and/or muscularity, depending on the nature of the physical task. Aerobic fitness (e.g., running) is negatively related to body fat content but unrelated to strength fitness, while strength fitness (e.g., lifting) is unrelated to fatness but positively related to muscle mass. Implementation and enforcement of standards for both fatness and muscularity will increase physical readiness and conserve manpower of our military forces.

As the result of new emphasis placed upon physical fitness and body fatness in June 1981 (DoD directive no. 1308.1), obesity has largely disappeared from the armed forces. Each service has developed an upperlimit for body fat based on one or more of the following criteria: physical performance, military appearance, and health. Physical fitness or the capacity for physical performance is related to body fatness and/or muscularity, depending on the nature of the physical task. Aerobic fitness (e.g., running) is negatively related to body fat content but unrelated to strength fitness, while strength fitness (e.g., lifting) is unrelated to fatness but positively related to muscle mass. Implementation and enforcement of standards for both fatness and muscularity will increase physical readiness and conserve manpower of our military forces.

In the report of the Secretary of Defense to the Congress on fiscal year 1990, it is stated that the USA has extensive security interests in East Asia and the Western Pacific that have economic, political and military dimensions. The chief threat to peace and security still stems from the continuing expansion of Soviet military power and influence in the region. The paper aims at reassessing current U.S. military ties with Taipei and Peking, as well as to explore policy measures the USA should take in achieving its strategic aims in East Asia and the Western Pacific. (DÜI-Sen)