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Throughout the Ottoman period, elite households and elite families were central figures in Middle Eastern urban politics; however, these entities were constructed in different ways according to time and period. Thanks to an exceptional source of documentation, the Ottoman census data of 1905, we are now able to reconstruct such households and families for the city of Gaza at the end of the Ottoman period in greater detail than ever before. This article examines the ways in which established elite families in late Ottoman Gaza [attempted to remain] endeavored to preserve their power and influence. It does not focus on the economic or political activities of these families or the narratives produced by them and about them, but mainly on their most private sphere; i.e., social relations within the household and between households belonging to one family. Particular attention is paid to the ways in which household members collaborated with each other to further their shared interests. Based on an analysis of the households of some of the most influential Gazan families, three types of collaboration within a whole family or a family branch are identified; examples of divergent developments between branches of one family are discussed as well.

Acting prosocially towards others may sometimes involve tangible costs to self, which can be associated with lower motivation to help those who have been the victims of injustice. In contrast to previous work which suggests that empathy does not shape the perceptions of injustice, the present research proposes that while perceptions of fairness in the context of injustice are dynamic, they may well be shaped by empathy. Using a dictator-style paradigm, the present research explored the extent to which empathy is related to perceptions of injustice and in turn, compensating forms of inequality. A non-registered Study 1 (N = 466) found that higher empathy predisposition is related to perceiving more injustice in contexts of inequality. Preregistered Study 2 (N = 406) extended this finding by experimentally manipulating empathy, showing that emphasising with the victim of inequality is indirectly related to perceiving injustice. The hypothesised mechanism, empathy allowing identification and experiencing the feelings of anger associated with the injustice, is supported in Study 2. As such, perceptions of fairness are not static; empathy is argued to be an important mechanism in forming justice perceptions. Data and supplementary materials: [DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/83V4U].

This paper takes as its starting point the concept of "problematization; the process by which certain kinds of conduct come to be seen as inadequate, and in need of governmental intervention. It is argued that the widespread adoption of "smart city" solutions relies upon the problematization of existing cities as being 'insufficient' in four key areas. These problematizations are unpinned by an overarching idea that traditional cities are failing to capture and put to work the data flows that surge through contemporary urban life. The rest of the paper explores how the smart city approach responds to this set of perceived problems by developing various strategies of "dataficiation", "dataveillance" and "algorithmic regulation" as part of a new form of governmentality. However, these proposed 'solutions' to the problems of existing cities themselves raise a number of challenges for lawyers and others seeking to maintain values of democracy, equality and good governance in the light of a disruptive technology that, in the name of efficiency, modernity and smartness, challenges many aspects of social organization in ways that may not yet be fully recognized by all the categories of law that seek to regulate these areas.

Both the Labor Code and the Law on the Promotion of Safety and Health at Work in Portugal provide a legal framework applicable to groups of workers that, due to age, physical and mental state or other condition, determine situations of greater vulnerability. The legislator did not specify the conditions which could lead to the inclusion in the group of workers in the most vulnerable situations, nor defined how the surveillance of working conditions should be carried out, and in particular the tools, means of communication, listed data and evidence to be produced. The present study aims to fill the identified gaps by elaborating a model for monitoring the working conditions for these groups. The development included bibliographical reviews, consultation of the applicable legislation, identification of stakeholders, tools to be used in the different phases of the monitoring process, and definition of an action model in the diagnosis and surveillance of the working conditions of workers in the most vulnerable situations. The situations identified as the most vulnerable were those of young workers, pregnant women, people with disabilities, migrant, temporary or senior employees, significantly more likely to contract an injury resulting from their activity. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Since late 2009, Greece has been dealing with the effects of a debt crisis. The neoliberal principles embedded in the three structural adjustment programmes that the country accepted have required radical cuts in health care funding, which in turn have led to widening inequalities in health. This article focuses on access to health care for people with disabilities in Greece in the context of these structural adjustments. We investigate possible differences in unmet health care needs between people with and without disabilities, using de-identified cross-sectional data from the European Health Interview Survey. The sample included 5400 community-dwelling men and women aged 15 years and over. The results of the logistic regressions showed that people with disabilities report higher unmet health care needs, with cost, transportation, and long waiting lists being significant barriers; experience of all barriers was positively associated with low socio-economic status. These findings suggest that a section of the population who may have higher health care needs face greater barriers in accessing services. Austerity policies impact on access to health care in both direct and indirect ways, producing long-term disadvantage for disabled people. Social policies and comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation might help to address some of the barriers this population faces.

As a manifestation of the enactment of Law No. 6 of 2014 on the village, village development aims to improve the welfare of rural people and the quality of human life and poverty alleviation through the fulfillment of basic needs, development of village facilities and infrastructure, local economic development, and the utilization of natural resources and Environment in a sustainable manner. Therefore, the implementation of good governance in the village, as well as the competent human resources of the village apparatus, can support the implementation of the Village Law. Relegiusity of course becomes an important role as a benchmark of honesty of human resources (village apparatus). This study aims to examine the effect of good governance and human resource competence on the implementation of village law with relegiusitas as a moderation variable. Data were collected using questionnaires from 31 village apparatus located in the village of Banguntapan, Bantul District. The results showed that there is a good governance influence on the implementation of Village Law, while variable the competency of human resources does not affect the implementation of Village Law. Similarly, the relegiusity variable does not support the hypothesis so that relegiusity is not a moderating variable.

This study aims to map the condition of MSMEs in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. This study uses MSME respondents in DIY. The selection of respondents was based on the rapid development of MSMEs and was proven to have survived during the monetary crisis and various eruptions and earthquakes. The number of respondents in this study is 65 MSMEs. Data collection is done through questionnaires and direct interviews with respondents. The results of the study show that the MSMEs studied were micro-business groups based on the criteria of the Central Bureau of Statistics and the UMKM Law. Another result of this study is the level of knowledge of MSMEs in terms of accounting is very limited so that the financial statements produced are not in accordance with the standards. A further consequence is that banks doubt financial information made by borrowers. The implication of this research is that the government must educate MSMEs in understanding financial statements. The results of the study in the form of mapping of bookkeeping for MSMEs can be the basis for further research. Research on understanding accounting can be done using experimental methods so that MSMEs can apply research results to their business decision making.

This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in ACS Catalysis, copyright ©2018 American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher. To access the final edited and published work see https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acscatal.8b01331 ; A bifunctional photoaminocatalyst based on imidazolidinone and thioxanthone is presented. The preparation of these catalysts proceeds in a two-step synthesis that allows an easy tuning of the steric properties. The photophysical and electrochemical data of the imidazolidinone photocatalysts have been determined, indicating that the catalysts can work under visible light conditions. To corroborate the experimental observations, ground state geometry optimization and energy transition studies of thioxanthone and bifunctional catalyst 4c were optimized by time-dependent density functional theory (TD DFT) calculations. The alkylation of aldehydes with this photoaminocatalyst works with high enantioselectivities and yields due to the stereoelectronic properties of the catalyst. A rational mechanistic cycle based on different mechanistic experiments, TD DFT calculations, and laser flash photolysis is presented ; The Spanish Government (CTQ2015-64561-R) and the European Research Council (ERC-CG, Contract 647550) are acknowledged

This article tries approach the theme of the small and medium properties in the XIX century, within the export agriculture of the Central Valley; with the aim of establishing its relationship with the background of the birth of SME in the nineteenth century (1813-1920). For the study, the content analysis technique was used to examine primary and secondary data collected. Among the results, it is noted that the State, in the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, established regulations, which, for the most part prevented the business growth of some companies. ; Este artículo realiza un acercamiento a la temática de la pequeña y mediana propiedad en el siglo xix, dentro de la agricultura de exportación del Valle Central, con el objetivo de establecer su relación con los antecedentes del nacimiento de las pymes en el siglo xix (1813-1920). Para el estudio, se utilizó la técnica de análisis de contenido, con el fin de examinar los datos primarios y secundarios recolectados. Entre sus resultados se destaca que el Estado en el siglo xix y principios del xx, estableció regulaciones, las cuales, en su mayoría, impidieron el crecimiento empresarial de algunas empresas.

Pro-privatization policies are an increasingly important component in educational reform processes in many parts of the world. Latin America is the region in which educational privatization has advanced more sharply in recent decades. However, the academic literature on the subject is still scarce and there are few works that adopt a regional perspective. The objective of this article is to disassemble the nature, conditions and variants of the political economy of educational privatization in Latin America, and establish a typology of 'paths' through which educational privatization has advanced in the continent. Drawing on the triangulation of three methods of data collection (review and systematization of 169 studies on the processes of educational privatization in Latin America, analysis of statistical sources, and interviews with key informants), we have identified the following paths: 1) privatization as part of the structural reform of the State; 2) privatization as an incremental reform; 3) 'default' privatization and the emergence of low-cost private schools; 4) historical public-private partnerships; 5) privatization via disaster; and 6) latent privatization. In some countries there is a sedimentation of different pro-privatization policies and processes where elements of different paths tend to converge.

This article analyzes innovation activity in Mexico and South Korea. It develops an econometric model to test for structural breaks in the number of patent applications filed by residents and nonresidents in these countries during the period of 1965 to 2012. These changes may suggest that firms' innovative capabilities have changed because of implementing different science, technology and innovation (STI) policies in Mexico and South Korea. Two important features characterize this research from others already developed by these authors. First, the theoretical research framework in this research is the debate between the assimilation view of growth and the accumulation view of growth. This characteristic suggests that trade liberalization should be accompanied by an adequate STI policy to boost competitiveness among indigenous firms. Second, the analysis in this research stresses the importance of key actors (e.g. governments) to successfully develop innovation capabilities among indigenous firms. Therefore, the question conducting this research is how STI policies in Mexico and South Korea contributed to develop firms' innovation capabilities in these countries during last decades? The results from this research suggests that STI policy in South Korea was more suitable to boost innovation firms to compete in markets. Data to develop this research was released by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

Electricity markets are complex environments, which have been suffering continuous transformations due to the increase of renewable based generation and the introduction of new players in the system. In this context, players are forced to re-think their behavior and learn how to act in this dynamic environment in order to get as much benefit as possible from market negotiations. This paper introduces a new learning model to enable players identifying the expected prices of future bilateral agreements, as a way to improve the decision-making process in deciding the opponent players to approach for actual negotiations. The proposed model introduces a con-textual dimension in the well-known Q-Learning algorithm, and includes a simulated annealing process to accelerate the convergence process. The proposed model is integrated in a multi-agent decision support system for electricity market players negotiations, enabling the experimentation of results using real data from the Iberian electricity market. ; This work has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under project DOMINOES (grant agreement No 771066) and from FEDER Funds through COMPETE program and from National Funds through FCT under the project UID/EEA/00760/2019. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

It is estimated that an additional 6.4 million allied health professionals are required to address India's health challenges. Physiotherapy is amongst the largest of these professions. Over the last decade, thousands of Indian physiotherapists have sought to study and work overseas. In this study, 19 physiotherapists from across India were interviewed. Data were collected and analysed using construct+ivist grounded theory methods. The findings indicate that the Indian physiotherapy profession faces many political and clinical hierarchical challenges within the Indian healthcare infrastructure. The profession's education provision has developed, and the private clinical sector has grown, but there are significant disparities in quality and standards across the sector. The profession in India has variable autonomy, is not nationally regulated, is poorly paid, and the leadership has been divided. The political, educational, and clinical context in Indian physiotherapy impacts upon physiotherapists' ability to practise effectively to their professional satisfaction. Individual physiotherapists are frustrated by their workplace and travel overseas where they hear that the physiotherapy profession and practice is different. Whilst the disjunctures influencing these factors continue, and overseas physiotherapy practice is perceived as different and superior, Indian physiotherapists will continue to seek to migrate overseas, and facilitating their return will be challenging.

Adjustment of adolescents in relation to their gender and religion was investigated. Gender (Male and Female) and religion (Hindu and Muslim) were treated as independent variables whereas adjustment was treated as a dependent variable. The sample comprised of 282 high school students (from class IX and X) of state Government schools of Guwahati city that belonged to lower middle-income group. The multi-stage sampling method was used for selecting the sample. Upadhyay-Saxena Socio-Economic Status (USSES) Scale, Adjustment Inventory for School Students (AISS) and Personal Information Data sheet were administered to all the participants. Mean, Standard Deviation and ANOVA were calculated to analyze the responses. The findings of the study revealed that females are better adjusted in the areas of emotional adjustment, educational adjustment and also in terms of total adjustment in comparison to males, which implies gender has a significant effect in the area of emotional adjustment, educational adjustment and also in the total adjustment of the adolescents. But no significant difference was found in the area of social adjustment between male and female adolescents. Further, it was found that religion has no significant effect on the adjustment among adolescents, which means that there is no significant difference in the adjustment of Hindu and Muslim adolescents of Guwahati city.

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin that is receiving increasing interest in the European Union because it has been found in different fishery products (fish, bivalves and gastropods) captured in European waters. Since available information is scarce, further analytical data regarding the incidence of this toxin in European fishery products is needed in order to perform an appropriate risk assessment devoted to protecting consumers' health. Hence, samples of bivalves and gastropods were collected at different points of the Spanish coast and analyzed by high-performance hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) to evaluate the presence of TTX. None of the analyzed samples showed TTX above an internal threshold of 10 µg/kg or even showed a peak under it. Our results on TTX occurrence obtained in bivalve molluscs and gastropods did not show, at least in the studied areas, a risk for public health. However, taking into account previous positive results obtained by other research groups, and since we did not detect TTX in our samples, a more completed study increasing sampling frequency is needed to ensure proper risk evaluation towards the food safety of these products. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion