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Scholars argue that institutions in democracies constrain leaders and prevent international conflict. However, many democracies specify rules of governance in times of emergency that divert substantial power to the head of state. The manipulation of these "emergency powers" provides a rational motivation for conflict. Using a novel data set of emergency provisions within democracies, I test the relationship between emergency power strength and conflict propensity using several steps to achieve causal inference, including an instrumental variable analysis that exploits the specificity of the state's constitution as a plausibly exogenous determinant of emergency power strength. I find that emergency power strength is a strong predictor of conflict onset in democracies in each test and that states with strong emergency powers are substantially more likely to enact a state of emergency due to an international conflict. I conclude with a discussion of my findings and avenues of future research using these data.

Examining the Berlin crises of 1948-49 and 1961, the Taiwan Strait crisis of 1958, and the Cuban crisis of 1962, the author elucidates various intermediate and highly politicized forms of international coercion. Originally published in 1969. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- A ROBUST AND CONTINUING EXPANSION -- RISING MEDIUM-TERM FINANCIAL STABILITY RISKS -- THE POTENTIAL FOR A RISING EXTERNAL IMBALANCE -- TROUBLING SOCIAL OUTCOMES -- THE U.S. FISCAL POSITION IS UNSUSTAINABLE -- MONETARY NORMALIZATION-REST STOP OR END OF THE LINE? -- A MORE OPEN, STABLE, AND TRANSPARENT, RULES-BASED INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM FOR TRADE AND INVESTMENT -- GOVERNANCE AND TRANSPARENCY -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Macro-Financial Links Between Household Wealth and Consumption -- 2. Financial System Oversight Since the 2018 Article IV -- 3. Recent Developments in the U.S. Energy Sector -- 4. Outward Spillovers of Trade Tensions -- 5. The Social and Macroeconomic Toll of Opioid Addiction -- 6. Social Assistance Programs -- 7. The Impact of the Corporate Income Tax Cut -- 8. Salient Risks to Growth and Inflation -- 9. Hysteresis and the Scope for Continued Monetary Accommodation -- FIGURES -- 1. An Enduring Expansion with Low Inflation -- 2. Financial Sector Vulnerabilities -- 3. The Nature of Poverty in the United States -- 4. A Decades-Long Rise in Income and Wealth Inequality -- 5. A Secular Decline in Socioeconomic Mobility -- 6. Education Indicators -- TABLES -- 1. Selected Economic Indicators -- 2. Balance of Payments -- 3. Federal and General Government Finances -- 4. Core Financial Soundness Indicators for Deposit Takers -- APPENDICES -- I. External Sector Assessment -- II. Risk Assessment Matrix -- III. Public Debt Sustainability Analysis -- IV. External Debt Sustainability Analysis -- V. Implementation of FSAP Recommendations -- CONTENTS -- FUND RELATIONS -- STATISTICAL ISSUES.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- BACKGROUND -- RECENT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS -- PROGRAM PERFORMANCE -- ECONOMIC OUTLOOK AND RISKS -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS -- A. Fiscal Policy -- B. Debt Sustainability -- C. Central Bank Reforms, Monetary Policy, and Financial Stability -- D. Improving Statistics -- E. Other Structural Reforms -- PROGRAM MONITORING -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOX -- 1. The International Conference for The Gambia -- FIGURES -- 1. Recent Economic Developments, 2012-18 -- 2. Fiscal and Financial Sector Indicators, 2012-17 -- 3. Medium Term Outlook, 2016-23 -- TABLES -- 1. Indicative Quantitative Targets -- 2. Economic Performance and Medium-Term Projections, 2015-23 -- 3. Selected Economic Indicators, 2015-23 -- 4a. Statement of Central Government Operations, 2015-23 (Millions of local currency) -- 4b. Statement of Central Government Operations, 2017-19 (Cumulative, millions of local currency) -- 5. Statement of Central Government Operations, 2015-23 -- 6a. Monetary Accounts, 2015-23 (Millions of local currency) -- 6b. Monetary Accounts, 2017-19 (Millions of local currency, quarterly) -- 7. Monetary Accounts, 2015-23 (Percent change) -- 8. Balance of Payments, 2015-23 (Millions of U.S. dollars) -- 9. Balance of Payments, 2015-23 (Percent of GDP) -- 10. Financial Soundness Indicators for the Banking Sector, 2014-17 -- 11. Indicative Quantitative Targets for 2017 -- 12. Proposed Indicative Quantitative Targets for 2018 -- 13. Structural Benchmarks, 2017-18 -- 14. Proposed Structural Benchmarks, 2018 -- ANNEXES -- I. Capacity Development Strategy for FY 2019 -- II. Risk Assessment Matrix -- APPENDIX -- I. Letter of Intent -- Attachment I. Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies -- Attachment II. Technical Memorandum of Understanding.

"This book explores how State capitalism affects and reshapes international investment law. It sheds new light on the various ways States actively influence business and commercial activity globally by using sovereign investors such as state-owned enterprises and sovereign wealth funds or pension funds. With a diverse group of contributors from a broad range of countries, the book offers a fresh and timely look into the fundamentals of State capitalism, focusing in particular on its actors and processes, the contextual elements that surround it, and the new political economy that comes with it. The book is essential reading for researchers, regulators, policy makers, and practitioners interested in the different ways State capitalism challenges and changes international investment law. As geopolitical considerations increasingly affect global economic activity, delving into the intricacies of State capitalism has never been more timely"--

Nach einer kurzen Darstellung sowohl der innenpolitischen Entwicklung vor und nach den international heftig kritisierten Wahlen vom 25.8.1993 als auch der staatlichen Vormachtstellung der Sicherheitskräfte "Forces armees togolaises" (FAT) und ihrer dominierenden Rolle beim Machterhalt Präsident Eyademas wird die dramatische Zunahme von Menschenrechtsverletzungen durch die FAT anhand zahlreicher Beispiele dokumentiert. (DÜI-Jns)