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Account of William Forster with Alden Partridge detailing William's expenses at the Academy.

Account of Charles Thorndike with Alden Partridge for expenses pertaining to his son's attendance at the Academy.

Account of Thomas Smith with Alden Partridge for expenses related to his son's attendance at the Academy.

Account of Cadet Forster with Alden Partridge for expenses related to his attendance at the Academy.

Account of Cadet Forster with Alden Partridge for expenses related to his attendance at the Academy.

Receipt for his son's tuition and room rent from 23 December 1820 to 12 August 1821.

An outbreak of influenza-like disease caused illness among 48 per cent of 173 female military recruits, 35 per cent of whom smoked cigarettes. The risk of influenza-like illness was greater in smokers (60.0 per cent) than in nonsmokers (41.6 per cent), with a risk ratio of 1.44 (95 per cent CL 1.03-2.01). Among those ill, a significantly greater proportion of smokers visited the clinic than nonsmokers. This could have been due to more severe illness among smokers, or to a greater tendency to visit the physician. The proportion of influenza-like disease attributable to smoking in this population was 13 per cent.

Regulation no. 23 pasted in, p. 5. ; RBC donor (copy 2): Ernest Haywood Library. ; Parrish and Willingham, ; Harwell, ; Mode of access: Internet.

Abstract
While much work has been completed analyzing the role of territory's effect on conflict. Less work has demonstrated how territory affects military budgets. I argue that a state's defense spending is subsidized by clearly defined geographic focal points. Using geographic data, I show that states clearly defined by rivers and oceans spend less money on defense budgets as a proportion of GDP because the prospects of conflict are lower and internal social cohesion is higher, decreasing the need for large standing militaries for repression/expansion/defense. I contend that this effect is exogenous to threat. On the other hand, more mountainous states should spend more on defense due to increased costs of defense and decreased sense of identity among local populations. Situating this debate within the state development literature helps us answer important questions regarding state formation/consolidation and peaceful interactions with neighbors.

The article discusses the issues of increasing the efficiency of methods for investigating war crimes, developed within the framework of forensic methodology and practical recommendations for their application in the case. The author believes that provisions and recommendations of this kind should certainly contain typical arguments for making intermediate and final decisions in criminal cases, should represent a constantly updated complex of forensic algorithms and programs, from which the optimal technology for the investigation of any type of crime, including military ones, will be formed. With the help of algorithms and programs, a new generation of universal forensic recommendations should be developed, specifically designed to manage investigative situations in the investigation of war crimes. The article is devoted to the tendencies and prospects for the development of forensic tactics and methods of investigating war crimes and includes a set of materials that contribute to the acquisition of theoretical knowledge and practical skills.

Is war in decline? Recent scholarship suggests that it is. The empirical basis for this argument is a decline in battle deaths over the past several centuries, a standard metric for counting wars and armed conflicts. Dramatic improvements in medical care in conflict zones—in preventive medicine, battlefield medicine, evacuation, and protective equipment—have raised the likelihood of surviving battle wounds today compared with past eras. Thus the fact that war has become less fatal does not necessarily mean that it has become less frequent. Original data on wounded-to-killed ratios, supplemented by medical research and interviews with physicians from the military and nongovernmental communities, is used to advance this claim. The results show that the decline in war is likely not as dramatic as some scholars have argued. These findings question the foundation of existing datasets on war and armed conflict. They also highlight the growing need for policy focused on the battle wounded.