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Faculty members are influenced by a complex set of factors when making decisions about when to retire. These factors generally include both financial and non-financial characteristics. This study was designed to examine the non-financial factors related to the retirement process for selected faculty groups. Key components of the design included selecting faculty groups for analysis and identifying the non-financial factors related to the retirement process. Two faculty groups were selected: (a) faculty who had previously retired from another position and (b) faculty members with no plans to retire in the next three years. The non-financial factors were identified through a review of the literature and included (a) employment characteristics, (b) demographic characteristics, (c) activity measures, and (d) satisfaction items. The study was based on secondary analysis of NSOPF: 99 data. A combination of descriptive statistics and logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Major findings include (a) previously retired faculty members may be a substantial pool of qualified, productive talent intrinsically motivated to be part of an academic environment on a part-time basis because their financial status is not solely dependent on basic salary from the institution; (b) additional indicators distinguishing age at retirement from a career position versus age at retirement from all paid employment may also be needed to fully describe the issue; (c) employment status, years in current position, program area, age, gender, geographic region, average class size, and satisfaction with other aspects of the job (excluding instructional duties) were distinguishing characteristics of previously retired faculty members; (d) a sizeable portion of older faculty has not yet reached traditional retirement age; (e) the impact of uncapping mandatory retirement ages for tenured faculty may not have yet been fully realized even eight years after the legislation took effect; (f) evidence does not support some of the objections from the higher education community in opposition to uncapping; and (g) control of institution, program area, years in current position, age, marital status, number of dependents, recent publications, career publications, and satisfaction were distinguishing characteristics of faculty members with no plans to retire in the next three years. ; Ph. D.

During the Cold War years following World War II, the U.S. government and international agencies such as the World Bank and FAO strongly advocated and pushed for land reform (distribution) in countries under U.S. influence. Examples of American-sponsored land reforms included the land-distribution programs in Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, South Vietnam, Iran, the Philippines, and El Salvador. Land reform in practice consisted of giving the ownership of land to the cultivating tenants and sharecroppers. By giving land to the tenants, it was believed that a communist revolution or takeover could be avoided. The modern theoretical basis for land reform can be found in the writings of such Marxist scholars as Alain de Janvry, the non-Marxist writers Albert Berry and William Cline, and the World Bank economists Hans Binswanger and Miranda Elgins.1 Marxist writers had stressed the political aspects of "anti-feudal" reforms. Such reforms were said to promote political stability as well as strengthen capitalism. How the abrogation of private-property rights was supposed to "strengthen" capitalism was not really explained. Non-Marxist writers concentrated on increased efficiency and increased output that was expected from land redistribution. Berry and Cline showed that in labor-surplus underdeveloped dual economies with a bi-modal farm structure (where large commercial and small subsistence farms existed side by side), a land reform that redistributed land from large farms to small farms increased agricultural production and rural welfare, and brought about economic growth and development. In addition, land reform was seen to result in greater social equity (taking land from wealthy landowners and giving it to poor farmers). It was an article of faith among the proponents of land reform that "the hated class of absentee landlords" did not fulfill any useful socio-economic function, at least none that could not be performed equally well by some government agency. They also believed that sharecropping and tenancy did not fulfill any useful social and economic functions. It was implicitly assumed in the theoretical writings that the rights of a small number of individuals were to be sacrificed for the benefit of the many. In none of the theoretical literature was the possibility of expropriating a large number of individuals advocated or even considered.

Fifty-seven Trumpeter swans (Cygnus buccinator) were translocated to the Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge and the Bear River Club Company in northern Utah. The purpose of this effort was to encourage dispersal of the Rocky Mountain population of Trumpeter swans during the winter, and to reestablish a migratory route to southern wintering grounds. I assessed the success of the translocation by evaluating 13 translocation criteria proposed in the literature. In this study I addressed two of these criteria in detail by evaluating habitat quality at the translocation sites and by analyzing potential competitive interactions with Tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus). Habitat quality was determined by analyzing the spatial distribution of sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus) tubers in wetland sediments before the fall and after the spring migration of Tundra swans. Sixty-four transects were established within the study sites with 10 sediment cores per transect. Geostatistical procedures were employed to account for autocorrelation between samples. Tuber biomass was not randomly distributed within the studied wetlands. In fact, discrete areas of high values appeared to exist before and after swan foraging . It is not likely that sago pondweed tubers are limiting swan abundance in this system. Thus, the habitat quality of the study sites is sufficient for Trumpeter swan translocation. Potential competitive interactions with Tundra swans were evaluated by examining differences in resource utilization patterns of the two species. I measured body size differences, dietary overlap, resource availability, and the efficiency of extracting available resources. Trumpeter swans appear to benefit from a larger body size and a longer neck because they are more efficient in extracting tubers from the sediment, and are able to exploit tubers to a greater sediment depth than Tundra swans. However, Trumpeter swans incur higher traveling costs due to the larger body size. The trade-off between higher foraging efficiency of Trumpeter swans and higher traveling efficiency of Tundra swans may be a potential mechanism for coexistence. Lack of support by governmental and non-governmental agencies did not allow for more than one year of translocation. Even though the Trumpeter swan translocation in 1996 was successful, I concluded that the Utah translocation program failed because the translocation did not meet translocation goals.

Large-scale rainforest destruction in Latin America has occurred partly as a result of government policy incentives to colonize and clear forest for agriculture and ranching, in order to alleviate poor economic and social conditions in other regions. Inappropriate agricultural techniques have been used which are not sustainable, and the new colonist farmers are forced to clear ever more virgin forest for agriculture in order to survive. The objectives of this literature review are to assess the value of the traditional subsistence agroforestry (swidden) systems practised over centuries by the indigenous people of Latin America (Amerindians), and to suggest ways of incorporating these methods into a sustainable (non-destructive) and productive system for the new colonist farmers. In the past, researchers perceived these swidden methods as an exploitative and destructive form of agriculture, because they involved cutting and burning of the forest. However, clearings are small, and planting and protection of trees after the initial cultivation of annual crops aids the forest regrowth in the fallow phase. Specific examples of swidden agroforestry systems are described, and their contribution to sustainability, biodiversity, productivity for market, soil conservation, flexibility and population density support are discussed. Overall, they are found to be less destructive and more productive than the new colonist agriculture, and should form a basis for a sustainable system. The review then outlines the possibilities for and limits (often labour intensive, location-specific and socioeconomic constraints) to the adoption of these methods by new colonist farmers. Suggestions are made for research priorities to enable their effective transfer, including thorough documentation of existing systems and their capacity, participatory field research, the marketing potential for crops and forest products and the changes in government policy required to implement these methods. The review concludes that indigenous agroforestry systems are both ecologically and economically beneficial, but are not without some limitations. From the wealth of indigenous knowledge available and proposed new research, it should be possible to adapt these systems to produce a model or blueprint for sustainable and productive agriculture for the new colonist. Indigenous Agroforestry in Latin America: A Blueprint for Sustainable Agriculture? will not only be of interest to policy makers and donor agencies, but also to those interested in the preservation of the rainforests.

A widely accepted and usable taxonomy is a fundamental element in the development of a scientific body of knowledge. However, the creation of good empirical taxonomies of implementation processes is complicated by the need to consider the dynamics of the implementation process. This paper addresses this difficulty by using an optimal matching procedure to measure the pairwise distances among event sequences occurring in 53 computer-based information system (IS) implementation projects. Cluster analysis based on these inter-sequence distances is used to generate the empirical taxonomy of implementation processes. The resulting taxonomy includes six distinct archetypical processes. One of the process types is labeled textbook life cycle (type 4) due to its close resemblance to the detailed, rational approach commonly prescribed in IS textbooks. The logical minimalist process (type 1) follows some of the basic steps of the textbook approach, but is characterized by little project definition and infrequent assignment of personnel. Whereas both textbook life cycle and logical minimalist approaches use external vendors and consultants to some extent, external dependence is much greater in traditional off-the-shelf (type 2) and outsourced cooperative (type 5) processes. The traditional off-the-shelf process simply involves purchasing the system from an external vendor, with little system construction or assignment of personnel. In contrast, the outsourced cooperative process consists of joint system development by internally assigned personnel and external vendors. The remaining two process types—problem-driven minimalist (type 3) and in-house trial and error (type 6)—are both considerably influenced by performance problems. The problem-driven minimalist process is initiated by such problems, with little project definition, and results in a reassignment of organizational roles. The in-house trial-and-error process begins like textbook life cycle, with a clear project definition, but involves frequent system modifications to respond to the performance problems encountered during the project. The paper demonstrates how an empirical taxonomy that incorporates the dynamics of event sequences may be developed. The archetypes comprising the taxonomy are related to other implementation process models available in the literature. Some limitations of the study are acknowledged and its implications for future research and practice are discussed.

LETTERS ARTICLES PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS --Seeking the "Remnant": The Native American During the Joseph Smith Period Ronald W. Walker, 1 TANNER LECTURE --Two Restoration Traditions: Mormons and Churches of Christ in the Nineteenth Century Richard T. Hughes, 34 --The Significance of Trivia Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, 52 --Masons and Mormons: Released-Time Politics in Salt Lake City, 1930-56 Frederick S. Buchanan, 61 -Victorian Pornographic Imagery in Anti-Mormon Literature Craig L Foster, 115 --Mormon Polygamy: A Bibliography, 1977-91 Patricia Lyn Scott, 133 REVIEWS -Claudia L. Bushman: Women of Covenant: The Story of Relief Society by Jill Mulvay Derr, Janath Russell Cannon, and Maureen Ursenbach Beecher --Kimberly Jensen: Letters of Catharine Cottam Romney, Plural Wife, edited by Jennifer Moulton Hansen and Mormon Odyssey: The Story of Ida Hunt Udall, Plural Wife, edited by Maria S. Ellsworth --Roger D. Launius: The Church Through the Years, Volume 1. RLDS Beginnings, to 1860, by Richard P. Howard --Ken Driggs: Undermined Establishment: Church-State Relations in America 1880-1920, by Robert T. Handy and Mormons & Cowboys, Moonshiners & Klansmen. Federal Law Enforcement in the South and West, 1870-1893, by Stephen Cresswell --Martha Sonntag Bradley: Solemn Covenant: The Mormon Polygamous Passage, by B. Carmon Hardy --Susan L. Fales: Guide to Archives and Manuscript Collections in Selected Utah Repositories: A Machine- Readable Edition. --R. Lanier Britsch: The Journals of Addison Pratt: Being a Narrative of Yankee Whaling in the Eighteen Twenties, A Mormon Mission to the Society Islands, and of Early California and Utah in the Eighteen Forties and Fifties, edited by S. George Ellsworth --Marjorie Newton: "Come, Let Us Rejoice." The Relief Society Sesquicentennial Exhibition at the Museum of Church History and Art, Salt Lake City --Francine R. Bennion: Women, Family, and Utopia: Communal Experiments of the Shakers, the Oneida Community, and the Mormons, by Lawrence Foster --Richard L. Bushman: The Papers of Joseph Smith: Volume 1. Autobiographical and Historical Writings and The Papers of Joseph Smith: Volume 2: Journal: 1832- 1842, edited by Dean C. Jessee --Douglas J. Davies: Men with a Mission: The Mission of the Quorum of Twelve to Britain, 1837-1841, by James B. Allen, Ronald K. Esplin, and David J. Whittaker --Geoffrey F. Spencer: Southern Cross Saints: The Mormons in Australia, by Marjorie Newton --Lola Van Wagenen: Eliza and Her Sisters, by Maureen Ursenbach Beecher

In 1985 Cleymans showed in this journal that politica! participation in Belgium did not differ much from what was found in international research in other European countries. In this article some pieces of "conventional wisdom" in the international literature about structure and selectivity of political participation are questioned with Dutch data. Furthermore, information about participation in the Netherlands is important in itself. As neighbouring countries with close connections and interrelated histories, Belgium and Holland certainly deserve more attention as objects for comparative study. In a range of ten activities from trying to contact politicians to joining a demonstration it seems to make less and less sense to look for a polarity of conventional and unconventional participation in the Netherlands. The overall political participation since 1973 appears to remain at the same level. This finding questions popular beliefs about shifts from a rebellious beginning of the seventies to a quiet period in the second half of that decade to spectacular outbursts of unconventional political behaviour at the beginning of the eighties (new social movements) and resulting in political apathy at the moment. On a macro-level the stability of participation seems to be combined with a constant or slowly rising passive political involvement. Political involvement and participation in the 1980'sare still related with individual and social background characteristics as education, sex, age, involvement in the Labour force and religion. However, relationships are not very strong in the 1980's. Following political participation of some social categories in the 1973-1986 period, it appeared that education and leftright-selfrating are of most and possibly still growing importance. Besides the higher educated and leftisht people, public employees are the "big participators" during all the years. Students evidently lose position. The gap between the sexes seems to disappear. Whereas in Belgium working outside the home does not seem to be a factor that stimulates the participation of wamen, in the Netherlands it seems to be of an utmost importance.It turns out that there are similarities and differences in political involvement and participation between Belgium and the Netherlands. Same differences may result from the fact that Cleymans used data of 1975, whereas we used data until 1986. It is clear, however, that there have been developments in the structure andselectivity of participation in the Netherlands and it would be interesting to have more recent comparative information about Belgium.

Reports, summarizes and analyzes information from the National Conference on Preventing and Intervening in Violence Against Children and Adults with Disabilities, held May 6-7, 2002, and provides an independent review of the clinical and research literature. ; Executive Summary -- Chapter One: Introduction to Violence and Disabilty -- Chapter Two: Violence in America--A Review of Historical and Contemporary Factors -- Chapter Three: What is the Scope and Magnitude of the Problem? -- Chapter Four: What are the Ways People with Disabilities and their Families Cope with Violence? -- Chapter Five: What Steps Should be Taken to Prevent and Intervene in Violence against Children and Adults with Disabilities? -- Chapter Six: Who is Responsible for Ending Crimes of Violence Against Children and Adults with Disabilities? -- Appendix A: Conference Sponsors -- Appendix B: List of Conferees -- Appendix C: Conference Planning Committee -- Appendix D: Conference Program Outline / Assignments -- -- Appendix E: Conference Definitions . -- -- Appendix F: Commissioned Papers and Contributive Bibliography -- Violence Against Children with Disabilities: Prevention, Public Policy, and Research Implications -- Interventional Approaches for Children with Disabilities who are Victims of Violence -- Violence Against Women with Disabilities -- Intervention Approaches for Adults with Disabilities Who Become Victims of Violence -- Contributive Bibliography -- -- Appendix G: Remarks By Invited Speakers . -- Victims of Crime with Disabilities: The Criminal Justice System and Victim Assistance Response -- Violence Prevention: the CDC Role -- Preventing and Intervening in Violence against Children and Adults with Disabilities: The Role of NIDRR OSEP's Involvement in Issues Related to Violence Against Children with Disabilities Violence Against Persons with Disabilities: Who Are the Most Vulnerable? ; Dorothy K. Marge, editor. ; Includes executive summary. ; Sponsored by the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services, Disability and Health Program, Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center for Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services and other agencies and organizations. ; Also available via Internet from the Suny Upstate Medical University, Dept. of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation web site in PDF and text versions. ; Includes bibliographical references.

Issues of authorial control and intention are hotly debated in fifteenth-century France, pervading the literature of the time and overflowing into public debates and sermons. While Christine's central participation in the Querelle de la Rose has frequently been examined, the importance of the vernacular prose letter in Christine de Pizan's larger authorial strategy has been largely overlooked. Yet Christine's prose letters provide sharp insight into her construction of authorship and of the individual as subject, and prove an ideal medium for expressing her political and moral concerns. The prose epistle offers Christine a highly codified narrative space in which to articulate her existence as a woman author and her duty as a political subject. Prose's representational limits will not hinder Christine's arguments but actually help to express a new conception of the polis as a political force relating to every subject. ; The dissertation considers two groups of letters: the epistolary dossier known as the Debat and Christine's later prose epistles categorized as her oeuvres de circonstance: the Epistre a la Reine (1405), the Lamentacion sur les maux de la guerre civile (1410), and the Epistre de la prison de vie humaine (1418). In the Debat Chistine articulates a new subjectivity of authorship by presenting moral and political perspectives which differ from those of her adversaries. Writing in the vernacular is a political and cultural choice; Christine in so doing reconstructs France's historical past and posits herself as a "present" author who is attuned to France's political difficulties. In the oeuvres de circonstance Christine goes beyond the imagery of the Debat's absent prince to depict France as both subject and object of Christine's epistolary call to action. Like the Debat, these three prose letters alternate between allegorical discourse and the more literal discourse of the judicial text. Finally, in the Livre du corps de policie (1415) Christine posits the role of the author as necessary for the creation of a new French state, a state dependent on the author and her signature for its articulation. ; Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 60-12, Section: A, page: 4420. ; Chair: Peter Haidu. ; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Los Angeles, 1999.

This dissertation extends literature comparing public and business administration by examining the underlying values associated with professional training. In contrast to earlier studies that compared the practices of business and public administration, this study examines the preferences of the faculty educating practitioners. Insight into how these preferences differ between business and public administration can provide a stronger foundation for understanding the debates comparing the two fields. ; Four conceptual categories were created. They were categorized by public--private differences as well as by differences in judgment; the latter was conceptualized on a continuum from analytic to synthetic. Hypotheses about systematic differences between the priorities of business and public administration professors generally, as well as others regarding the training of statesmen$\sp{\rm i}$ versus executives, or foremen versus bureaucrats, were tested from this perspective. ; The preferences of business and public administration professors among comparisons of 11 curriculum areas were tested. These included general competencies, quantitative research methods, finance and budgeting, economics, management concepts, organization studies, decision making and problem solving, political and legal processes, provision and distribution of goods and services, strategy making and evaluation, and ethics. These competencies were hypothesized to differ in terms of priorities, based on which of the categories best fit a professor. ; PROSCAL, a program for probabilistic multidimensional scaling, was used in this analysis. The dimensions of the study were tested by the construction of preference spaces in each observed dimension. The spaces represented the preferences of professors for training students in the curriculum areas relating to bureaucrats, foremen, statesmen, and executives. These preferences were examined to determine whether statistical differences consistent with the conceptual frame existed. ; Results indicated that the perceptions of business and public administration professors, based on the ranking of preferences, were statistically incomparable. However, when political scientists, a major subgroup of faculty in public administration, were removed, strong statistical differences emerged between business and public administration professors. Unexpectedly, there were no relationships on the judgment axis. Apparently professors in both fields focus on managerial rather than leadership values. ftn$\sp{\rm i}$Please realize that "statesmen" refers to a category only. Though in the past it referred specifically to men, in this study categories are treated as gender neutral. ; Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 58-05, Section: A, page: 1913. ; Adviser: Larry Keller. ; Thesis (Ph.D.)--Cleveland State University, 1997.

Background: The impact of natural disasters on human populations has become an area of particular interest in global health. Climatic changes have led to an increased frequency of such catastrophes. Although the number of disasters in high income versus low and lower-middle income countries does not differ much, the number of people affected by them are disproportionately larger in low and lower-middle income countries. These countries are also home to majority of the children population in the world and the impacts of natural disasters are particularly challenging for them. The low resources of these countries are put to test in disasters, requiring international aid to alleviate the effects of the disaster. Medical aid appears to be a key component to address the healthcare of the affected population, placing even more importance on children. However, challenges exist which need to be identified and addressed. Aim: To capture and map the current state of knowledge and to identify gaps in knowledge regarding accessibility of medical aid for children. Methods: The nature of the research question led to implementation of a scoping review. This allowed incorporation of grey literature along with peer reviewed published literature for the analysis. Scoping review was conducted in six steps, (i) identifying the research question, (ii) identifying relevant studies, (iii) study selection, (iv) charting the data, (v) collating, summarizing and reporting the results, (vi) consultations. Consultations were carried out at Save the Children Sweden Stockholm Office where a two month internship period was also completed during the study period. Results: A thematic analysis of the findings was done using the SDH for health inequities framework to organize the findings and are presented in combination with the discussion due to the narrative nature of the analysis. Firstly, there is a lack of policies at government and organization level for stratification of medical aid for children. Secondly, exposure of the children population to a natural disaster differs in different contexts, but the recognized effects have not been incorporated into policy development. Thirdly, vulnerabilities of children, which might be worsened, are not taken into account during provision of medical aid due to lack of policies to prioritize them. Conclusion: There is a significant gap in knowledge regarding medical aid provision for children and the related challenges in the aftermath of a natural disaster. It also points to inequities experienced by children which needs global attention. Policies need to be established to prioritize children after natural disasters to improve provision of medical aid. ; Bakgrund: Effekterna av naturkatastrofer på befolknings har blivit ett område av särskilt intresse för global hälsa. Klimatförändringar har lett till en ökad frekvens av sådana katastrofer. Även om antalet katastrofer i hög inkomst kontra länder låg och lägre medelinkomst inte skiljer sig mycket, antalet människor som drabbas av dem är oproportionerligt större i länder med låg och lägre medelinkomst. Dessa länder är också hem för majoriteten av barnen befolkningen i världen och effekterna av naturkatastrofer är särskilt utmanande för dem. De låga resurser i dessa länder sätts på prov i katastrofer, har behov av internationellt bistånd för att lindra effekterna av katastrofen. Medicinsk hjälp verkar vara en nyckelfaktor för att ta itu med hälso- och sjukvård den drabbade befolkningen, placera ännu större vikt vid barn. Det finns emellertid problem som måste identifieras och åtgärdas. Syfte: Att fånga och kartlägga kunskapsläget och för att identifiera kunskapsluckor när det gäller tillgången till medicinsk hjälp för barn. Metoder: Den typ av frågeställning lett till genomförandet av en scoping översyn. Detta tillät införlivandet av grå litteratur tillsammans med vetenskapligt granskad publicerad litteratur för analysen. Avgränsning granskningen har utförts i sex steg, (i) identifiera forskningsfrågan, (ii) identifiera relevanta studier, (iii) studie val, (iv) kartlägga uppgifter, (v) sammanställa, sammanfatta och rapportera resultaten, (vi) samråd. Samråd genomfördes vid Rädda Barnen Stockholmskontoret där två månaders praktik period fördes också under studieperioden. Resultat: En tematisk analys av resultaten gjordes med hjälp av SDH för hälsoskillnader ram för att organisera resultaten och presenteras i kombination med diskussionen på grund av berättelsen karaktär av analysen. För det första finns det en brist på politik på regerings och organisationsnivå för skiktning av medicinsk hjälp för barn. För det andra exponering av barnen befolkningen en naturkatastrof skiljer sig i olika sammanhang, men de erkända effekter har inte tagits med i den politiska utvecklingen. För det tredje, är sårbarheten hos barn, som kan förvärras, inte beaktas vid tillhandahållande av medicinsk hjälp på grund av bristande åtgärder för att prioritera dem. Slutsats: Det finns en betydande skillnad i kunskap om medicinsk bestämmelse stöd till barn och utmaningar i efterdyningarna av en naturkatastrof. Det pekar också på orättvisor som upplevs av barn som behöver global uppmärksamhet. Politik måste inrättas för att prioritera barn efter naturkatastrofer för att förbättra tillhandahållandet av medicinsk hjälp.

The shift of people from rural areas to cities and urban towns in developing and emerging economies is one of the most profound demographic changes happening globally. Cities all over the world offer significant opportunities to improve human well-being, catalyze economic development, and serve as incubators for new ideas. Rapid urbanization is often linked to improved economic opportunities, better access to health and education services, and improved living conditions. However, underinvestment in infrastructure and services, as well as weak urban governance and planning and financing frameworks can undermine urbanization's potential to serve as the engine of green and inclusive growth and development. The publication Creating Livable Cities: Regional Perspectives takes stock of key patterns of urbanization and urban development across developing and emerging economies. It also examines the policy interventions and solutions to promote competitive, inclusive, equitable, and environmentally sustainable and climate resilient cities—in short, "livable" cities.

The shift of people from rural areas to cities and urban towns in developing and emerging economies is one of the most profound demographic changes happening globally. Cities all over the world offer significant opportunities to improve human well-being, catalyze economic development, and serve as incubators for new ideas. Rapid urbanization is often linked to improved economic opportunities, better access to health and education services, and improved living conditions. However, underinvestment in infrastructure and services, as well as weak urban governance and planning and financing frameworks can undermine urbanization's potential to serve as the engine of green and inclusive growth and development. The publication Creating Livable Cities: Regional Perspectives takes stock of key patterns of urbanization and urban development across developing and emerging economies. It also examines the policy interventions and solutions to promote competitive, inclusive, equitable, and environmentally sustainable and climate resilient cities—in short, "livable" cities.

The labour market in the Mekong Subregion is integrated as a matter of practice, even though the free movement of unskilled workers is not mentioned by the ASEAN Economic Community. Thailand now hosts more than 3 million unskilled workers from neighbouring countries, including Cambodia, Loa PDR, and Myanmar. The migrant workers' households in their home country are supported by remittances from the migrants' work in Thailand. Migrant workers from neighbouring countries have coming to Thailand because of employers' huge demand for migrant workers due to the recent chronic labour shortage in Thailand and because migrant workers are seeking better opportunities than can be found in their home country.

This report documents the increase in labor migration in Asia and looks a t how finance and technology can aid its positive impact on home countries. As diasporas increase, governments have reached out to citizens abroad to provide them with financial instruments. Remittance channels have long been consolidated, but financial technology is changing the ways in which migrants remit—reducing fees and opening opportunities for new actors. One occupation driving labor migration, and incurring its own challenges, is work in information technology (IT). This report examines some of the latest developments in financial products and technology aimed at labor migrants from and in Asia, and disc erns the factors determining the success of mobile IT workers from India. The four chapters in this report draw on issues raised and discussed during the Seventh Roundtable on Labor Migration in Asia: Finance and Technology to Increase the Positive Impact of Migration on Home Countries, held in Manila on 18–19 January 2017. The event brought together regional experts and policy makers and was co-organized by the Asian Development Bank Institute, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the International Labour Organization, and the Asian Development Bank. The report's introductory chapter reviews recent regional migration trends. Two statistical annexes provide an overview of migration flows within Asia and between Asia and other regions.