Suchergebnisse

This article based on declassified materials of the Belorussian SSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs analyses the problems of regional development, discussed by UNESCO during the "Year of Africa" and the participation of the Republic representatives in this discussion. The approaches to solving regional problems generated by the Organization in the 1950s are stated. The paper considers the international situation and the preparations for the 11th session of the General Conference. Positions of session participants and its results are characterized in the article. The author holds to the concept of significant actuation of the Belorussian SSR in international organizations of the UN system during the years of the Khrushchev's Thaw and the conversion of UNESCO by mid-60s into the priority in this area of foreign-policy activities of the Republic. After the signing of the UN Charter in 1945 the Republic became the subject of international relations and international law, but continued to remain the subject of the Soviet federation, which limited its sovereignty and affected its international activities.KEYWORDS: UNESCO, Belarus, developing countries, "the Year of Africa", international cooperation.JEL CODES: B19, B29, B59DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v20i3.1348

This paper would like to analyze the development of study of International Relations in Indonesia which has progressed very rapidly. The science of lucrative International Relations since April 1919 in Britain and into Indonesian territory since the 1945's, has been in great demand by the public, gaining a place in the hearts of the social scientific community, and contributing a lot to the foreign decision-making played by the government. Therefore, it is important to look at opportunities, challenges, and prospects for the development of International Relations studies in Indonesia to date. ; This paper would like to analyze the development of study of International Relations in Indonesia which has progressed very rapidly. The science of lucrative International Relations since April 1919 in Britain and into Indonesian territory since the 1945's, has been in great demand by the public, gaining a place in the hearts of the social scientific community, and contributing a lot to the foreign decision-making played by the government. Therefore, it is important to look at opportunities, challenges, and prospects for the development of International Relations studies in Indonesia to date.

Dynamic of commitment of International Community in the issue of control upon global warming has been developed since 1919 up to present. From available list of international treaties, it can be seen how strong the commitment of global community in the issues of environment, global warming as well as climate change. Unfortunately, it can be concluded, that those international treaties is so fragmented and therefore, is difficult to be implemented comparing with instrument of international environmental law in general. However, political will of national state is the essence to create international agenda. It is because olitical will of the state national is the core to make international agenda .It was because good reasons of a government can bring a good thing for the country and its people , especially again in control global warming So that in this case the state also has a role in realizing environmental sustainability for its people, it is also indirectly a part of the obligation of the state to maintain the stability and survival of the people and the preservation of natural resources in the country, for the welfare and prosperity of all the people .

The article is about the dynamics between an international organization and the institutional actors vis-à-vis the policymaking process. It argues that the Anti–Money Laundering Law (AMLA) was exogenously driven, as the policy was instigated purely by external demand and enacted under external pressure. AMLA is considered an imposition of the Paris-based intergovernmental organization the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). The swiftness of the enactment of AMLA exemplifies the immense influence that an international financial organization can have on the policy actors as well as on the policymaking process. The policymaking process in this type of institutional engagement—between institutional actors (executive and legislature) within a polity and an international organization—is efficient in producing a policy output. However, the process represents an issue of international override on a state, as a nonveto player dictates to the institutional veto players. This experience supports the global pattern that in issues associated with global financial standards, policymaking will less be shaped by the institutional actors and will extensively be defined by international actors. The making of AMLA presents an archetype of how international organizations can hold sway over the state.

В данной статье делается попытка изучить только один из аспектов соотношения источников трудового права, а именно нормативных правовых актов национального трудового законодательства и актов международного права, поскольку источники трудового права в настоящее время многообразны, находятся в сложных взаимосвязях между собой, каждая из которых требует детального и внимательного исследования. ; With progress of process of globalization and the international population shift work of foreign citizens is more and more applied. There was such new concept as the international work which regulation became a new direction in legal regulation of work of many states. For regulation of the international work and other attitudes connected with the international regulation development of conceptually new mechanism of interoperability of the international and national right is required. In this connection more increasing modern national legal systems, not depending on their attitude to this or that legal family, it is integrated into the international legal system. Having investigated the national legislation in this area the author comes to conclusion, that there are blanks and contradictions in the legislation which are necessary for eliminating.

Various concepts ascribe key roles to emerging non-OECD countries in regional and global politics. This paper highlights how these concepts hint not only at a shift of global power but also at geopolitical regionalization: according to the theory of hegemonic stability, regional powers (a subcategory of emerging non-OECD countries) are key actors in overcoming international anarchy and establishing cooperative and stable relations within their regions. Because of the different impacts of different regional powers, which are categorized in this paper using typologies of hegemony, the logic of international relations varies from one region to another. From a theoretical point of view, this means that international relations theories have to make region-specific adaptations. ; Verschiedene Konzepte schreiben aufstrebenden Nicht-OECD-Staaten Schlüsselrollen in regionaler und globaler Politik zu. Der Autor dieses Aufsatzes hebt hervor, dass solche Konzepte nicht nur auf globale Machtverschiebungen, sondern auch auf geopolitische Regionalisierung hinweisen. Entsprechend der Theorie hegemonialer Stabilität nehmen regionale Führungsmächte (eine Unterkategorie aufstrebender Nicht-OECD-Staaten) eine Schlüsselfunktion in der Überwindung der internationalen Anarchie ein und tragen dazu bei, kooperative und stabile Beziehungen in ihren Regionen herzustellen. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Auswirkungen verschiedener regionaler Führungsmächte, die in diesem Aufsatz mittels Typologien von Hegemonie kategorisiert werden, variiert die Logik internationaler Beziehungen von Region zu Region. Aus theoretischer Sicht bedeutet dies, dass Theorien der internationalen Beziehungen regionsspezifisch angepasst werden müssen.

International audience ; The UN gives NGOs an embryo of international legal personality. They act on the basis of humanitarian, religious, political, ecological, economic and sporting criteria. They have a legal personality that depends first of all on the States in which they act. They exert a growing influence at all levels of society, from the local to the international level. They oppose the degradation of democratic relations and the environment, financial institutions and social inequalities. They are financed on a project-by-project basis by international organizations; they receive donations and voluntary action by members. ; L'ONU donne aux ONG un embryon de personnalité juridique internationale. Elles agissent sur la base de critères humanitaires, religieux, politiques, écologiques, économiques, sportifs. Elles ont une personnalité juridique qui dépend d'abord des Etats dans lesquels elles agissent. Elles exercent une influence grandissante à tous les échelons de la société, du niveau local à l'international. Elles s'opposent à la dégradation des rapports démocratiques et de l'environnement, aux institutions financières et aux inégalités sociales. Elles sont financées sur projet par des organisations internationales, des dons, de l'action bénévole des membres, etc.

International audience ; The UN gives NGOs an embryo of international legal personality. They act on the basis of humanitarian, religious, political, ecological, economic and sporting criteria. They have a legal personality that depends first of all on the States in which they act. They exert a growing influence at all levels of society, from the local to the international level. They oppose the degradation of democratic relations and the environment, financial institutions and social inequalities. They are financed on a project-by-project basis by international organizations; they receive donations and voluntary action by members. ; L'ONU donne aux ONG un embryon de personnalité juridique internationale. Elles agissent sur la base de critères humanitaires, religieux, politiques, écologiques, économiques, sportifs. Elles ont une personnalité juridique qui dépend d'abord des Etats dans lesquels elles agissent. Elles exercent une influence grandissante à tous les échelons de la société, du niveau local à l'international. Elles s'opposent à la dégradation des rapports démocratiques et de l'environnement, aux institutions financières et aux inégalités sociales. Elles sont financées sur projet par des organisations internationales, des dons, de l'action bénévole des membres, etc.

Trade in endangered wildlife has been a concern in the global community since the dawn of international environmental law. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), one of the most successful international environmental treaties established, addresses the issue through regulation of international trade in certain wildlife species. However, the effectiveness of the treaty has been greatly undermined through illegal wildlife trading. Recently, the illegal wildlife trade has attracted the attention of organized criminal groups, whose participation in the trade have helped make the black market for wildlife the second largest in the world. Providing stricter enforcement mechanisms for CITES and for prevention of organized criminal group activities in the illegal wildlife trade has become a primary focus for the CITES Secretariat. This Note considers some of the international mechanisms needed to achieve these goals, including enactment of legislation specifically aimed at wildlife crime, clearer definitions of culpability requirements, enforcement of stricter penalties for violators of wildlife laws, and extradition agreements between states. This Note also argues that the U.N. Convention against Transnational Organized Crime is currently the best mechanism for international enforcement of CITES.

Globalisation is a major issue in international debate. The demonstrations in Seattle in 1999 showed that there is a high level of public concern over the growth of world trade and the institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organisation (WTO), that have key roles in global trade and development. Much of the concern relates to developing countries and their place in the international economy. This article is an edited version of a paper presented by His Excellency Dr Supachai Panitchpakdi as the 2000 David Finch Lecture at the University of Melbourne on 5 July 2000. Dr Supachai is a key player in the development of the international economy and is the next Director General of the WTO. In his article, Dr Supachai addresses many of the concerns relating to globalisation and developing countries. He discusses the key issues facing the WTO and world trade in general, focusing on the need for both coordination and coherence in the development of international economic relations. In particular, he highlights the need for an inclusive approach to international trade liberalisation.

THIS ARTICLE DISCUSSES THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON TERRORISM IN REFERENCE TO THE MAJOR CONVENTIONS SIGNED BETWEEN 1963 AND 1997. COUNTER-TERRORISM IS ONE AREA OF GLOBAL SECURITY AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT IN WHICH THE CONTRADICTIONS BETWEEN INTER-GOVERNMENTAL AND SUPRANATIONAL STRUCTURES ARE ESPECIALLY EVIDENT. EXISTING INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS ON TERRORISM CONCENTRATE ON UNACCEPTABLE BEHAVIORS, PROTECTING CERTAIN GROUPS, AND REGULATING MANUFACTURE AND STORAGE OF SPECIFIC TYPES OF POTENTIALLY HARMFUL MATERIALS. THEIR EFFECTIVENESS IS WEAKENED BY TRADITIONAL STATE SOVEREIGNTY, STATE MONOPOLY OVER THE USE OF FORCE AND CRIMINAL-JUDICIAL AFFAIRS, INTER-STATE CO-OPERATION, AND THE PRINCIPLE OF NATIONAL SELF-DETERMINATION, WHICH IS REPEATEDLY USED TO JUSTIFY INTENTIONAL VIOLENCE BY PRIVATE OR SEMI-STATE GROUPS AGAINST CIVILIAN OR MILITARY TARGETS OUTSIDE ACKNOWLEDGED WAR ZONES. RAPID CHANGE IN INTERNATIONAL SECURITY IS NOW DRIVING THE DEVELOPMENT OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE, INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND NORMS, AND ANALYSIS AS WELL AS THE FORMULATION OF GLOBAL STRATEGIES AND COMMITMENT OF MATERIAL AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES. THE ARTICLE ARGUES THAT THESE MEASURES RECAPITULATE NATIONAL-INTERNATIONAL TENSIONS AND CONSTITUTE A POSSIBLE CORE FOR AN INTERNATIONAL NETWORK TO MANAGE POLITICAL VIOLENCE.

The League of Nations covenant is designed to "promote international coöperation and to achieve international peace and security." To accomplish the first it provides organs of conference and recommendation and coördinates the numerous international unions already existing with some new ones. To accomplish the second, the members of the league covenant to refrain from acting or to act in a specified manner, in specified circumstances. "Scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations" is emphasized; thus in relation to the treaty of peace of which it is a part, the covenant is comparable to the various forms of oaths, hostages, and guaranties of previous peace treaties.No intention of modifying international law is expressed. On the contrary "the understandings of international law" are to be firmly established "as the actual rules of conduct among governments." In fact, however, the character of law is dependent upon the character of its sanction. Law and organization are interdependent, and the covenant when put in operation will modify international law, though less in its specific rules than in certain assumptions upon which they have heretofore been supposed to rest.

An examination of the post-1989 development of defense legislation in Czechoslovakia (later the Czech Republic) focuses on changes needed to increase the participation of Czech armed forces in peace support operations. It is noted that the nation had no peacekeeping experience before it sent military observers to Angola & Namibia in 1989, & a team of 200 to participate in Desert Storm in 1990. Since then, Czech forces have taken part in over 20 peace support operations. Laws regulating military deployments abroad are based on the Constitution adopted by the Czech Republic in 1992. It is contended that the regulations were too restrictive, especially the requirement that such deployments needed approval by both chambers of the Parliament before they could be carried out. Successful & unsuccessful attempts to amend the Constitution are described, along with related areas in which the law lags behind reality. In addition to the legal requirements, it is maintained that sufficient political will, financial resources, & well-trained personnel are essential for effective participation in international peace missions. J. Lindroth