Suchergebnisse

This study assessed whether civil society organizations in Zimbabwe that have previously been suppressed by the state, currently experience any change in their relations with the state under the Mnangagwa Presidency. I adopted a case study approach to comparatively assess the experiences of two civil society organizations relations with the state over a two- year period. The two case studies are of the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU) and the Amalgamated Rural Teachers Union of Zimbabwe (ARTUZ). Selected media sources, including the organizations' social media (i.e., Facebook, websites, and Twitter) and non-state news media, were used to obtain mainly qualitative data and basic numerical information. Gramsci's theory of hegemony and Foucault's concept of 'panoptic surveillance' informed my analytical framework. The findings show that state suppression is at the core of the relations between state and civil society organizations that are critical of the state in Zimbabwe. The recurring forms of suppression include arrests, detention, assaults, abduction, torture, raids, theft, surveillance, judicial harassment, cyber-attacks/smear campaigns, travel bans, salary cessation and abuse. The findings suggest that ongoing state suppression is worse than during the latter part of Mugabe's Presidency. Selective suppression of targeted civil society organizations that are critical of the state also reflects diminishing democracy in Zimbabwe. This appears to be a general pattern in the region and one possible reason why bodies such as African Union and the Southern African Development Community are reluctant to discipline member states, including Zimbabwe, for human rights violations or state repression of critics.

Writing on international relations frequently makes reference to the use of force, but rarely integrates changes in its nature into a central role in the explanatory model. In particular, force, in the shape of military capability, is often seen as the 'servant' of ideas about its appropriate use, and thus of the norms of the international system, rather than as an independent element, let alone playing a central role in affecting the latter. This article addresses the issue with particular reference to relations between the West and the 'non-West', arguing that the contested relationship between the different narratives of military history impinge directly on the character of international relations.

A new approach to the problem is needed, one aimed primarily at behavior rather than attitudes, and one that, through an unemotional process, allows the rational manager to see the contradiction between his leadership goals and his prejudice.

Many nations face an urgent need to strengthen civilian control over their armed forces. For nations that have recently liberated themselves from authoritarianism, the requirement to recast civil-military relations along democratic lines is especially urgent. However, even in many longer-established democracies, civil-military conflicts persist over defense budgeting, the roles and missions of the armed forces, and the mutual responsibilities of officers and civilians for effective civilian control. The President and Congress of the United States have recognized this need and expanded the International Military Education and Training (IMET) program to provide for the education of foreign military officers, legislators, and civilian officials in civil military relations.

"Signed on behalf and by direction of a meeting of the representatives aforesaid, held at Providence, Rhode Island, the 3d of 3d month, 1840. Thomas Howland, clerk." ; Pamphlet. ; Mode of access: Internet.

No other major segment of American society has dealt with institutional racial segregation with the swiftness and thoroughness of the military. Dis• criminatory practices in industry, com­merce, schools, colleges1 and housing continue today on a far larger scale and with much greater persistence than in the armed services. Some knowledge of these facts is essential if one is to properly describe and assess today's military race problem.