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This study has largely explored the various forms of government in practice all over the world in general and Nigeria in particular. The aim of the study has been to measure how far Nigeria has come as a nation in her practice of the two most practiced forms of government in the world over. Included in this is the study of how government all over the world has evolved from being in the control of an individual, as was witnessed under a monarchy, to the government of a few, as was the case in an aristocracy or an oligarchy and finally to the government of many which was practiced in Athens, the cradle of representative governance.

From the moment Donald Trump was elected president, critics have anguished over a breakdown in constitutional norms. History demonstrates, however, that constitutional norms are perpetually in flux. The principal source of instability is not that these unwritten rules can be destroyed by politicians who deny their legitimacy, their validity, or their value. Rather, the principal source of instability is that constitutional norms can be decomposed – dynamically interpreted and applied in ways that are held out as compliant but end up limiting their capacity to constrain the conduct of government officials. This Article calls attention to that latent instability and, in so doing, begins to taxonomize and theorize the structure of constitutional norm change. We explore some of the different modes in which unwritten norms break down in our constitutional system and the different dangers and opportunities associated with each. Moreover, we argue that under certain plausible conditions, it will be more worrisome when norms are subtly revised than when they are openly flouted. This somewhat paradoxical argument suggests that many commentators have been misjudging our current moment: President Trump's flagrant defiance of norms may not be as big a threat to our constitutional democracy as the more complex deterioration of norms underway in other institutions.

This article is a brief sketch of recent development of the doctrine and practice in Russian constitutional and administrative law. The focus is made on the controversial issues of state organization and status of individuals, as well as the realization of legal principles established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993.

EU fundamental rights; constitutional law; international

Examining developments in the first decade of the twenty-first century, this authoritative collection of essays studies the evolving practice of constitutional law and constitutionalism in Asia. It provides a comprehensive overview of the diverse constitutional issues and developments in sixteen East, Southeast and South Asian countries. It also discusses the types of constitutionalism that exist and the general trends in constitutional developments whilst offering comparative, historical and analytical perspectives on Asian constitutionalism. Written by leading scholars in the field, this book will be of great interest to students and scholars alike

Agency--Representations--Liability of Principal for Agent's Assault Where Consent Obtained by Fraud ================================== Constitutional Law--Due Process--Admissibility in State Criminal Prosecution of Results of Blood Test taken while Accused was Unconscious ================================== Constitutional Law--Privilege Against Self-Incrimination--Effect of Possible Federal Prosecution on Application of State Immunity Statute in State Criminal Proceedings ================================== Constitutional Law--Military Jurisdiction--Capital Offenses Committed by Civilian Dependents Accompanying Armed Forces Abroad in Peacetime ================================== Corporations--Election of Directors--Conflict Between Constitutional Right of Cumulative Voting and Statute Authorizing Classification of Directors ================================== Corporations--Officers--Secretary--Treasurer's Authority to Institute Litigation ================================== Corporations--Shareholder Voting Agreements--Applicability of Voting Trust Statute to Pooling Agreement Giving Irrevocable Proxies to Representatives of Shareholders =================================== Criminal Law--Defenses--Rejection of the Durham Rule as the Test of Insanity =================================== Evidence--Admissibility--Res Judicata in Criminal Actions ==================================== Federal Jurisdiction and Procedure--Mandamus--Appellate Review of Interlocutory Order ==================================== Federal Jurisdiction and Procedure--Venue--Action Against Corporation for Patent Infringement ==================================== Habeas Corpus--Jurisdiction of Criminal Court--Collateral Attack Limited to Defects On Face of Record ==================================== Income Taxation--Distribution of Corporate Earnings--Premiums on Life Insurance Policy to Fund Pension Contract with Shareholder-Officer ==================================== Judgments--Res Judicata--Effect of State Court Determination of Patent Infringement as ...

AbstractThe Supreme Court's recent invocation of the "constitutional architecture" in theSenate Reform Referencehas led a number of scholars to question the status of constitutional conventions in the legal, as opposed to political, constitution. Has the Court, without expressly saying so, transformed at least some conventions into constitutional law? This would be a serious rupture, not only from existing precedent on the justiciability of conventions but also from the traditional understanding of conventions as binding political rules. In light of this recent scholarly debate, an exploration of the profound consequences of entrenching conventions in the legal constitution is warranted, as it implicates the meaning of constitutional conventions, their creation, their relation to law, and their enforcement. Judicial entrenchment of conventions would be a dangerous violation of the separation of powers and would have negative consequences for the functioning of Canada's system of government and for the future of constitutional change.

In the Israeli case, judicial empowerment has come primarily through judicial initiative rather than emerging from majoritarian institutions or strategic considerations relating to electoral politics. Justices with deep commitments to political-liberal rights engaged in a decades-long process of entrenching a political-liberal rights regime through jurisprudence. At the heart of this sea change in Israeli politics was a shift in ideas.

The issue of bounty hunter misconduct catapulted into the public spotlight in September, 1997, when a team of commando-like criminals who claimed to be searching for a bail-jumper gunned down a Phoenix couple in their own bedroom. Though the perpetrators' story was later uncovered as a hoax, and though the men would likely have been convicted of second-degree murder regardless of their profession,s their case and others like it aroused impassioned demands for bounty hunter regulation and, more radically, constitutional restraints on the bail bond industry. Constitutional protections are applicable only against the government and "state actors." Bounty hunters have long been recognized by the courts as private actors, and thus immune from constitutional restraints. Consequently, while bounty hunters do enjoy police-like powers--courts have held that they may conduct nonconsensual searches and use reasonable force in arresting defendants-they are not restricted in their tactics in the same manner as state agents. Specifically, they are free from the strictures of the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments, as well as the relevant sections of the U.S. Code. Thus, bounty hunters may conduct warrantless searches and arrests and pursue a defendant beyond state lines."

The book focuses on the revival of "nullificationist," or even "secessionist," arguments, both in the United States and abroad, relative to the authority of national institutions, including courts, over dissenting subnational units or groups of individual citizens.