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The article analyses the peace initiatives of the League of Nations and the involvement of the USSR in this process. The League of Nations was the first world's organization that was established to preserve peace by promoting international cooperation. During its existence, the League of Nations settled a number of international conflicts but it proved to be ineffective in preventing aggression by Germany, Italy and Japan due to reluctance of some member countries to be drawn into the war. With the outbreak of World War II, the League of Nations was unable to perform its functional duties and was terminated in 1946.

International audience ; This article outlines some reflections towards a critical anthropology of gender-based violence, which is interpreted as an object of politics, even a governmental stake, where moral economies and specific forms of victimization and culturalization emerge. The text introduces and discusses the papers that have been presented during a seminar held at the Centre Norbert Elias of Marseille in 2019. In this occasion, by a feminist perspective and through a diversity of fieldwork and approaches, the participants analyzed the dynamics of power that distinguish the definition, the denunciation, the speaking out and the silencing of this violence. Thus, this article explores the advantages of questioning, through the ethnography, the processes that qualify as intolerable some practices about gender and the ways in which the speaking out is allowed and hierarchized by norms and institutions. ; Cet article propose des réflexions d'anthropologie critique sur les "violences fondées sur le genre", considérées comme un objet du politique, voire un enjeu gouvernemental, où des économies morales et des formes spécifiques de victimisation et culturalisation émergent. Le texte introduit et discute les communications présentées à l'occasion d'une journée d'étude qui s'est tenue, en 2019, au Centre Norbert Elias de Marseille. Lors de cette rencontre, à partir d'une perspective féministe et grâce à une diversité de terrains et approches, des anthropologues ont analysé les dynamiques de pouvoir qui sont propres à la définition, à la dénonciation, au témoignage et à la mise sous silence de ces violences. Ainsi, dans cet article, on explore l'utilité d'interroger, par l'ethnographie, les processus qui font que des pratiques liées au genre sont qualifiées d'intolérables et les manières dans lesquelles la prise de parole est permise et hiérarchisée par les normes et les institutions. ; Questo articolo propone alcune riflessioni di antropologia critica sulle "violenze basate sul genere", interpretate come un ...

Norms of global responsibility have changed significantly since the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), and today's international community critically considers responsibilities within and beyond state borders, as evidenced by the adoption of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine. From this starting point, protection must be extended to large populations susceptible to structural violence – social harms resulting from the pervasive and persistent impact of economic, political and cultural violence in societies. In order to show the potential of expanded conceptions of global responsibility, this article proceeds as follows: First, a discussion of the evolving concepts of responsibility outlines a shift in thinking about sovereignty that creates a multilayered system of responsibility. This section defines key concepts and highlights an 'unbundled R2P' framework for approaching structural violence. Second, an overview of two vulnerable populations – internally displaced persons (IDPs) and the stateless – illustrates that large-scale cases of state abuse and neglect are not limited to acts of physical violence, and that pervasive structural violence requires further attention from the international community. Lastly, recommendations are provided for expanding the scope of global responsibility in order to assist the internally displaced and the stateless. These recommendations address who is responsible, when global responsibility is warranted, and how such responsibility should be implemented.

IN ENGLISH: Environmental economics and ecological economics became established scientific fields as a result of the growth and the success of the environmental movement in the 1960s and 1970s. Using the strong programme in the sociology of scientific knowledge and the general theory of scientific/intellectual movements, this article compares four pairs of scholars (two pairs of scholars appropriated for these fields and fields' founders during the emergence and establishment of the fields). The article depicts how their institutional, ideological and scientific backgrounds contributed to the divergence of these fields. Practitioners of environmental economics and ecological economics were influenced by different strands of the environmental movement. Environmental economics has epistemological and institutional links with environmentalism and ecological economics with ecologism. Different types of interdisciplinarity were used in these fields—a bridge building type of interdisciplinarity in the case of environmental economics and a restructuring and integrative in the case of ecological economics. --- IN CROATIAN: Ekonomika okoliša i ekološka ekonomija postale su etablirana znanstvena polja kao rezultat rasta i uspjeha ekološkog pokreta u 1960.-im u 1970.-im. Koristeći strogi program sociologije znanja i generalnu teoriju znanstvenih/intelektualnih pokreta, ovaj članak uspoređuje četiri para znanstvenika (dva para znanstvenika aproprirana od ovih polja i osnivače polja tijekom nastanka i utemeljenja oba polja). Članak opisuje kako su njihovi institucionalni, ideološki i znanstveni backgroundi doprinijeli divergenciji ovih polja. Na utemeljitelje ekonomike okoliša i ekološke ekonomije utjecale su različite struje ekološkog pokreta. Ekonomika okoliša ima epistemološke i institucionalne veze s environmentalizmom, a ekološka ekonomija s ekologizmom. Različiti tipovi interdisciplinarnosti su korišteni u ovim poljima - u slučaju ekonomike okoliša premošćujući tip interdisciplinarnosti, a u slučaju ekološke ekonomije ...

The article surveys the literature on international `regimes'. Regimes are social institutions that influence the behavior of states and their subjects. They consist of informal and formalized principles and norms, as well as specific rules, procedures and programs. The term is explicitly broad and captures the unwritten understandings and relationships, as well as the formal legal agreements, that influence how states and individuals behave in any given issue area. Scholarship over the last decade has elaborated how regimes are formed; this article surveys that work and focuses on more recent scholarship that has turned from the formation of regimes to the question of what makes regimes in general `effective' and which `types of regimes' are especially effective. The survey concludes with the identification of future research priorities in the field.

"Norms of Violence: Violent Socialization Processes and the Spillover Effect for Youth Crime explores the degree to which violent socialization processes, both at the macro- and micro-levels, are associated with youthful criminal behavior. Based on a quantitative test of an integrated theory of social control and culture of violence, the author argues that violent socialization is a process involving physical violence, exposure to violence, and pro-violent communications. All three dimensions, in combination with national level indicators of violence, contribute to a norm of violence which, at a national level, spills over into other dimensions of society, including the family environment. This book seeks to answer whether violent socialization processes truly control youth behavior. Various quantitative methods are used to demonstrate how violent socialization tends to be more prevalent in nations with indicators of violence compared to nations without such indicators. The spilling over of violence into socialization processes creates a context of violence normalized as a form of social control, which exacerbates youthful criminal behavior within pro-violent nations. This book is unique in propelling a more thorough explanation of international youth crime by focusing on both victimization (violent socialization) and offending, rather than arguing solely that victimization is a correlate of youth crime. It provides a reference point for future comparative research offering theoretical explanations for youth crime across different nations and is essential reading for those engaged in youth and juvenile justice efforts and scholars interested in issues surrounding violence, youth, and justice"--

International audience ; Changing routines and creating new routinization processes are difficult tasks involving both cognitive and political mechanisms. In this paper we use Defial- a French meet proessing firm- in order to illustrate some of the problems involved in creating a new procedural memory in a workshop and in applying the concept of 'routine'. We discuss some methodological implications resulting from our various observations and the choice we made. In our case study, the complexity arose partly from the many different factors that affect the production process, such as stress and the overload syndrome. We show that time and hierachical pressure cannot alone ensure the success of memorization of a task. The routinization process is only truly sucessful when a new state of condidence towards management has been established, a confidence that helps overcome the socio-emotional issues arising from the changes that are taking place and that paves the way for the acceptance of change in both declarative and procedural memory.

International audience ; Changing routines and creating new routinization processes are difficult tasks involving both cognitive and political mechanisms. In this paper we use Defial- a French meet proessing firm- in order to illustrate some of the problems involved in creating a new procedural memory in a workshop and in applying the concept of 'routine'. We discuss some methodological implications resulting from our various observations and the choice we made. In our case study, the complexity arose partly from the many different factors that affect the production process, such as stress and the overload syndrome. We show that time and hierachical pressure cannot alone ensure the success of memorization of a task. The routinization process is only truly sucessful when a new state of condidence towards management has been established, a confidence that helps overcome the socio-emotional issues arising from the changes that are taking place and that paves the way for the acceptance of change in both declarative and procedural memory.