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Migrant workers make a critical contribution to Myanmar's economic and social development, however, decades of isolation from the international community and gaps in the policy framework governing labour migration have meant that their situation at places of origin is still inadequately understood. To obtain further information about safe migration knowledge, attitudes and practices, the ILO's GMS TRIANGLE project partnered with the Myanmar Development Resource Institute's Centre for Economic and Social Development to conduct a survey of 625 potential migrant workers at three target sites within Myanmar. The pioneering study will be used to shape the design and evaluate the impact of policy measures, capacity building trainings and support services to protect the rights of migrant workers throughout the migration process.

This report on observance of standards and codes in accounting and auditing (ROSC A & A) provides an assessment of accounting, financial reporting, and auditing requirements and practices within the enterprise and financial sectors of Serbia and sets forth areas of consideration with a view to improving the country's institutional environment for corporate financial reporting. To assess Serbia's compliance with standards and codes, this report uses international benchmarks of good practice, including international financial reporting standards (IFRS), international standards on auditing (ISA), the statements of membership obligations (SMO) of the international federation of accountants (IFAC), and - because Serbia is seeking accession to the European Union (EU) - relevant provisions of the EU acquis communautaire (the acquis) governing financial reporting. The assessment focuses on the strengths and weaknesses of the A and A environment that influence the quality of corporate financial reporting, and includes a review of both statutory requirements and actual practice. It updates an earlier assessment published in 2005. ROSC A and A assess accounting and auditing practices in participating countries.

This Policy Insight highlights the SOE 2015 chapter, which focuses on Migrant Labour Reforms and analyzes the issues concerning the Family Background Report (FBR) requirement and provides recommendations for its reform.

This book takes both a global as well as a local perspective in assessing the impacts of climate change on the economy, agricultural sector, and households in three of the MENA countries; Syria, Tunisia and Yemen. The major channels of impact for global climate change are through changing world food (and energy) prices, especially since all the countries under analysis are or have become net importers of oil and petroleum products and many food commodities in recent years. The impacts of local climate change decrease crop yields in the longer run and through them, productivity in the agricultu

Natürliche Ressourcen bilden die Lebensgrundlage vieler ländlicher Haushalte in Entwicklungsländern. Die Auswirkungen unklarer Eigentumsrechte, extremer Armut, nicht funktionierender Märkte und Institutionen trägt dazu bei, dass natürliche Ressourcen, mit samt den Gemeinschaften, die von ihnen abhängen, dem Risiko der Gemeingüter-Tragik ausgesetzt sind. Gemeinschaftliches Management natürlicher Ressourcen (CBNRM) ist ein Ansatz, der es Gemeinschaften ermöglicht, ihre natürlichen Ressourcen nachhaltig zu nutzen, und damit ökonomische Entwicklung und soziale Gleichheit verbessert. CBNRM erfreut sich immer größerer Beliebtheit in Afrika südlich der Sahara, und sowohl Regierungs- als auch Nichtregierungsorganisationen fördern die Vorteile des Programms. Die wenigen empirischen Studien, die sich mit den ökonomischen und ökologischen Auswirkungen CBNRMs beschäftigen, kommen allerdings zu unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen hinsichtlich positiver oder negativer Programmauswirkungen. Diese Arbeit verfolgt daher einen ganzheitlichen Ansatz. Mit Hilfe einer detaillierten Fallstudie in einem CBNRM Gebiet (das Sikunga Naturschutzgebiet) in der nordöstlichen Sambesi Region Namibias werden drei spezifische Forschungsziele verfolgt. Es geht konkret darum, (1) unterschiedliche Existenzstrategien innerhalb der Gemeinschaft zu identifizieren, die jeweiligen Unterschiede in der Ressourcennutzung zu erkennen, und zu analysieren, wie diese Unterschiede die ökonomische Gleichheit in der Gemeinschaft bedingen, (2) die ökonomischen Verbindungen zwischen den verschiedenen ökologischen und nicht-ökologischen Aktivitäten innerhalb der CBNRM-Wirtschaft zu untersuchen; und (3) zu analysieren, wie individuelle und ökologische Faktoren Kooperation zum Schutz der natürlichen Ressourcen schwächen. Die ersten beiden Zielstellungen wurden anhand einer Befragung von 200 Haushalten aus dem Sikunga Naturschutzgebiet untersucht, die im September und Oktober 2012 durchgeführt wurde. Der Datensatz umfasst detaillierte Informationen über Einkommensquellen, Zeitallokation, Konsum und Ausgaben, Nutzung natürlicher Ressourcen, Viehwirtschaft und Pflanzenproduktion. Außerdem wurden Informationen zu sozio-demographischen Haushaltseigenschaften und Sozialkapital gesammelt. Für die Analyse des Datensatzes wurden zwei aufeinander aufbauende empirische Strategien genutzt. Entsprechend der ersten Zielstellung, wurde eine zweistufige Clusteranalyse durchgeführt, die die Haushalte anhand ihrer jeweiligen Existenzstrategie in unikale Gruppen (Cluster) kategorisiert. Diese Haushaltscluster wurden dann benutzt, um eine ökologisch-erweiterte Social Accounting Matrix (ESAM) zu entwickeln. Diese ESAM diente als Grundlage zur Durchführung unbeschränkter und beschränkter Multiplikatoranalysen, um, entsprechend der zweiten Zielstellung, die Verbindungen zwischen ökologischen und nicht-ökologischen Aktivitäten innerhalb der Gemeinschaft zu identifizieren. Zur Bearbeitung der dritten Zielstellung wurde eine Serie von Lab-in-the-Field-Experimenten zur Eruierung des Kollektivgut-Verhaltens der Gemeinschaftsmitglieder im Sikunga Naturschutzgebiet im September und Oktober 2014 durchgeführt, wobei die Haushalte nur teilweise mit denen aus der vorangegangen Welle übereinstimmen. Die experimentellen Daten sind in Paneldatenform und erlauben daher die Anwendung von Generalized Least Squares Random Effects und Poisson Random Effects Modellen. Methodisch trägt diese Arbeit zum gegenwärtigen Forschungsstand in der Verhaltensökonomie in der Literatur zu öffentlichen Gütern auf verschiedene Weise bei. Erstens beinhaltet das Kollektivgut-Experiment tatsächliche Anstrengungen seitens der Teilnehmer, welche sowohl im Feld als auch im Labor durchgeführt werden können. Während tatsächliche Anstrengungen im Labor im Laufe der Zeit zum Standard geworden sind, steht die Umsetzung im Feld vor allerlei Herausforderungen. Zum Beispiel hängen diese Aufgaben von Fähigkeiten zu rechnen und zu lesen, oder von einfachen physischen Eigenschaften wie der Sehstärke, ab. Besonders in ländlichen Gebieten Afrikas südlich der Sahara sind diese Fähigkeiten unter dem Niveau der westlichen Welt. In dieser Arbeit wird eine tatsächliche Anstrengung so modelliert, dass diese Fallstricke überwunden werden können. Zweitens, ist dies die erste empirische Studie, die konsistent die Auswirkungen von Risiko in einem Kollektivgutexperiment untersucht, indem Risiko simultan auf das private und das öffentliche Gut angewandt wird. Durch den Vergleich des Teilnehmerverhaltens in einem risiko-neutralen und in einem risiko-behafteten Kontext in zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Experimenten, ist es möglich, den Effekt von Risikoaversion und Wahrscheinlichkeitsgewichtung zu kontrollieren und letztlich den Einfluss von Risiko auf Kooperationsverhalten zu identifizieren. Auf diese Weise trägt diese Arbeit eine neue Dimension zum, von Ostrom entwickelten, Teufelskreis der Kooperation bei. Drittens ermöglicht das Experiment die Quantifizierung des Risikoeffekts auf das Anstrengungslevel in einer kontrollierten Umgebung. Während viele Studien quasi-experimentelle Methoden anwendeten, erfolgt in dieser Arbeit die Quantifizierung des Risikoeffekts zum ersten Mal in einer kontrollierten Umgebung. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit liefern neue Erkenntnisse in der Verhaltensökonomie zu Kollektivgütern und können zu einer Verbesserung der Programmgestaltung von CBNRMs beitragen. Erstens ist die Wirtschaftsstruktur in der Studienregion zugunsten der wohlhabenderen Haushalte ausgerichtet und zu denen, die näher an den Hauptinfrastrukturen leben, wie Straßen und Elektrizität. Mit Hilfe des Programms konnten Eigentumsrechte auf die Gemeinschaft übertragen werden, aber ohne Entwicklungsstrategien, die speziell die verletzlichen Haushalte in der Gemeinschaft unterstützen, konnte die Elite durch kommerziellen Abbau und Handel größere Renditen aus den natürlichen Ressourcen ziehen. Ärmere Haushalte sind dagegen weiterhin auf die natürlichen Ressourcen zur Deckung ihres Eigenbedarfs angewiesen. Zweitens, unter Berücksichtigung der biologischen Grenzen des Naturschutzgebietes, gibt es nur wenig ökonomische Integration zwischen den ökologischen und nicht-ökologischen Aktivitäten innerhalb der Dorfgemeinschaft. Im Gegensatz dazu, gibt es starke Verbindungen zwischen verschiedenen ökonomischen Aktivitäten mit erhöhter Nachfrage für eine bestimmte Ressource. Dies führt zu erhöhter Nachfrage für die meisten anderen Rohstoffe, anstatt zur Stimulation anderer Sektoren außerhalb des Rohstoffabbaus in der Dorfgemeinschaft. Daher dürfte es für die Gemeinschaft schwer sein, ihr Einkommen aus dem CBNRM-Programm zur Diversifizierung ihrer wirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten zu nutzen und langfristig aus der Ressourcennutzung herauszukommen. Drittens identifiziert diese Arbeit potentielle verhaltensökonomische Faktoren, die die positiven Auswirkungen des CBNRMs beschränken könnten. Die Ergebnisse des Lab-in-the-Field-Experiments zeigen, dass Risiko Aufwands- und Kooperationsbereitschaft negativ beeinflusst. In einem risiko-neutralen Kontext waren Haushalte eher bereit, in öffentliche Güter zu investieren als in einem risiko-behafteten Kontext. Weiterhin wurde belegt, dass gemeinsame Strategien zur Verbesserung der Kooperation und Kommunikation in Gegenwart von Risiko nicht effektiv sind. Dies hebt eine potentielle Schwachstelle des CBNRM Programmdesigns hervor, wobei die Risiken des gemeinschaftlichen Vermögens und Unternehmen weder abgemildert noch versichert sind. Diese nicht versicherten Risiken könnten für Haushalte Anreiz sein, sich von der Gemeinschaft abzusetzen und in ihr eigenes Unternehmen zu investieren, zum Beispiel in die Umwandlung von gemeinschaftseigenen Lebensraum für Wildtiere in privates landwirtschaftliches Eigentum. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser Fallstudie, dass das CBNRM Programm wahrscheinlich nur begrenzt Vorteile für die Forschungsregion haben wird. In Hinsicht auf die Literatur deuten die Ergebnisse an, warum die ökonomischen Effekte von CBNRM bisher nicht eindeutig sind. Es wird empfohlen, verschiedene Methoden und empirische Strategien, die sowohl individuelle Haushalte als auch ihre Überlebensstrategien ins Zentrum stellen, in der Analyse zu berücksichtigen. Letztlich suggerieren die Ergebnisse des Experiments, dass die Gegenwart ungemilderter Risiken eine Bedrohung für Gemeinschaftsprojekte, die auf Kooperation bauen, darstellt. Akteure aus der Entwicklungspraxis könnten daher in Betracht ziehen, wie Gemeinschaften gegenüber Risiken, wie Niederschlagsveränderungen oder Konflikte zwischen Wildtieren und Menschen, versichert werden können. ; In remote areas of developing countries, the livelihoods of many rural households are highly dependent on natural resources. However, the impact of poorly defined property rights, extreme levels of poverty, dysfunctional markets and government institutions place the natural resources, and the communities that depend on them, at risk of becoming another tale of the "tragedy of the commons". Community based natural resource management (CBNRM) was promoted as an approach that would enable communities to sustainably manage their natural resources which would also enhance economic development and economic and social equality. CBRNM has become increasingly popular in sub-Saharan Africa, and governments and NGOs alike continue to promote the perceived benefits of CBNRM programmes. The few extant empirical studies, however, that investigate economic and environmental impacts of CBNRM derive inconsistent conclusions whether CBNRM impacts are positive or negative. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the role of social, natural, physical, human and financial capital in influencing the impact of CBNRMs. This thesis therefore takes a holistic approach by means of a detailed case study on a single CBNRM area (the Sikunga Conservancy) in the north-eastern Zambezi region of Namibia, this thesis focuses on three specific research objectives: (1) to identify the different livelihood strategies within the community, to investigate the extent to which different strategies utilize natural resources, and to analyse how this improves economic equality within the community; (2) to examine the economic linkages between the different environmental and non-environmental activities within the CBNRM-economy; and (3) to investigate how individual and environmental factors may degrade cooperation to protect natural resources. The first two objectives are met using household survey data from 200 households in the Sikunga Conservancy collected in September and October 2012. The data set contains detailed information on income sources, time-use, consumption and expenditure data, harvesting of natural resources, livestock and crop management. Information on each household's socio-demographics and social capital was also collected. The survey data is utilized in two different empirical strategies that build upon each other. To meet the first research objective, a two-step cluster analysis is conducted, identifying the unique groups of households within the study area which adopt similar livelihood strategies. The household clusters were 9 then used to develop an environmentally extended village social accounting matrix (ESAM). According to the second objective, the ESAM serves as a basis to conduct a series of unconstrained and constrained multiplier analyses to identify the linkages between environmental and non-environment based activities, and the different household groups and other institutions within the community. The third objective is addressed via a series of artefactual lab-in-the-field experiments to elicit community members' behaviour towards public goods that were conducted in the same community, with a partial overlap between households, in September and October 2014. The lab-in-the-field experiment data follows the form of panel data. As such, a series of Generalized Least Squares Random Effects and Poisson Random Effects models are applied. Methodologically, the thesis makes several contributions to the current research of behavioural economics in public good literature. First, it provides a real-effort based public good game which can be implemented in the field as well as in laboratories. Whilst laboratory real-effort tasks are common place and have been relatively standardized over time, the conduct in the field has several challenges. For example, these tasks are heavily biased towards basic levels of numeracy, literacy or even simple physical characteristics such as level of sight. Especially in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa where numeracy and literacy levels may be well below the western world, and simple things such as sight or hearing deprivation remain untreated. This thesis details a real-effort task which overcomes these constraints by utilising a simple physical sorting task. Second, it is the first empirical study of its kind to consistently examine the impact of risk in a public good game; by simultaneously applying risk to the private and public goods. By comparing participants' behaviours in a risk neutral and risky setting in two sequential public good games the experiment is able to limit the impact of risk aversion and probability weighting and finally, identify the impacts of risk on cooperative behaviour. In this way, it adds a new dimension to the virtuous circle of cooperation developed by Ostrom. Furthermore, by utilising a real-effort based experiment, it also quantifies the impact of risk on exertion levels in a controlled environment. Whilst many studies have used quasi-experimental methods and econometrics to quantify the impact of risk on effort levels, this is the first time that it has been quantified in a controlled environment. Empirically, the results obtained in this thesis contribute to existing knowledge and help improve CBNRM programme designs. Firstly, in the study area, the structure of the economy is heavily biased towards the wealthier households, and those located near the main infrastructure such as roads and electricity. CBNRM has transferred property rights for natural resources to the community, but without development policies that specifically target vulnerable households within the community the elite and wealthy households have been able to extract greater rents from the natural resources via more commercial harvesting and trading. Poorer households largely continue to rely on natural resources for subsistence. Secondly, when the biological limits of the conservancy are taken into consideration, there is little economic integration between the environmental and non-environmental activities within the village economy. Conversely, there are strong interlinkages within different environmental activities, with increased demand for natural resources, leading to increased demand for most other environmental resources, rather than stimulating other off-farm sectors within the village economy. Therefore, communities may struggle to use income derived from CBNRM to diversify their economy and shift away from natural resource consumption. Thirdly, as well as highlighting the importance of the local underlying economic structures when designing CBNRM programmes, this study also identifies potential behavioural factors which may limit the positive impact of CBNRM. The results of the lab-in-the-field experiment show that risk negatively impacts on effort and cooperation levels. Faced with pay-off equivalent situations, households were more likely to invest in public goods in risk neutral contexts than in risky contexts. Furthermore, common strategies to enhance cooperation such as communication and observation proved to be ineffective in the presence of risk. This highlights a potential flaw in the design of many CBNRM programmes where the risk to community owned assets and enterprises are unmitigated and uninsured. The uninsured risks in community assets may create the incentive for households to reduce their contributions to public goods and invest in their own private assets and enterprises, to the detriment of community-owned ones such as the conversion of community-owned wildlife grazing lands to private land for agriculture. Overall the results of the case study show that the CBNRM programme in the study area is likely to have limited benefits. With respect to the literature they may help to explain why the literature to date onthe economic impacts of CBNRM has been inconclusive. It is recommended to consider multiple methods and empirical strategies that consider individual households and livelihood strategies at the centre of analysis. Finally, the experiment results suggest that the presence of unmitigated risk poses a threat to community projects that are dependent on cooperation. Development practitioners may need to consider ways of insuring community projects against risks such as weather and wild-life conflicts.

How poor migrants shape city politics during urbanizationAs the Global South rapidly urbanizes, millions of people have migrated from the countryside to urban slums, which now house one billion people worldwide. The transformative potential of urbanization hinges on whether and how poor migrants are integrated into city politics. Popular and scholarly accounts paint migrant slums as exhausted by dispossession, subdued by local dons, bought off by wily politicians, or polarized by ethnic appeals. Migrants and Machine Politics shows how slum residents in India routinely defy such portrayals, actively constructing and wielding political machine networks to demand important, albeit imperfect, representation and responsiveness within the country's expanding cities.Drawing on years of pioneering fieldwork in India's slums, including ethnographic observation, interviews, surveys, and experiments, Adam Michael Auerbach and Tariq Thachil reveal how migrants harness forces of political competition—as residents, voters, community leaders, and party workers—to sow unexpected seeds of accountability within city politics. This multifaceted agency provokes new questions about how political networks form during urbanization. In answering these questions, this book overturns longstanding assumptions about how political machines exploit the urban poor to stifle competition, foster ethnic favoritism, and entrench vote buying.By documenting how poor migrants actively shape urban politics in counterintuitive ways, Migrants and Machine Politics sheds new light on the political consequences of urbanization across India and the Global South

The development of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) remains key to promoting inclusive growth in developing economies in Asia and the Pacific. The Asia Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Monitor (ASM) provides data and analysis as a resource for evidence-based policy design on MSME development. The ASM 2020 focuses on Southeast Asia and this first volume reviews the financial and non-financial conditions of MSMEs at country and regional level. In future years, the ASM will expand its country coverage to other regions.

This final volume of the Asia Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Monitor 2020 sets out ADB's work so far on a new composite index called the Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Development Index (SME-DI) to help guide support for the development of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). The SME-DI aims to measure MSME development and access to finance using multivariate analysis of national MSME data. The volume includes the results of testing a pilot index using data from Southeast Asia.

The Thai government rolled out schemes to finance SMEs and help them weather the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. While these programmes have some merits, there are ways to improve them.

This ADBI newsletter is published periodically throughout the year to provide information on current events, seminars and summits, Job opportunities, blogs and news and current publications concerning growth and development in Asia and the Pacific.

In this Newsletter, we are pleased to feature Prof. Gamini Keerawala from the Regional Centre for Strategic Studies (RCSS), Bangladesh. Prof. Keerawala joined the RCSS as Executive Director in November 2017 succeeding former RCSS Executive Director Prof. Imtiaz Ahmed. We are also delighted to have Mr. Samal Vimukthi Hemachandra, a RCSS researcher, in this issue.

The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) marks its 25th anniversary in 2018. It was first mentioned in the Joint Communique of the 26th ASEAN Ministerial Meeting in July 1993, held in Singapore. Singapore's Foreign Minister Wong Kan Seng noted that the ARF was "a unique occasion and a significant milestone to ASEAN's effort to promote dialogue on regional security". The ARF today continues to be the key region-wide forum dealing with political and security issues in the Asia-Pacific. No other regional security mechanism involves as wide-ranging a participation as the ARF's current 27 members: the ten ASEAN countries, ASEAN's ten Dialogue Partners, Papua New Guinea, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), and Timor-Leste. Yet, the emergence of other regional security institutions such as the ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting (ADMM) and the ADMM Plus have caused some recent soul-searching. It is worth re-examining the global and regional context that motivated the ARF's conception, and the ASEAN-centred mechanisms that the ARF has introduced.

This report documents sri lanka's financial management systems covering budgeting, funds flow, accounting and reporting, and auditing systems. it provides insights into sri lanka's internal control systems, staffing resource capacity, and information technology structure. the intent is to give project teams and consultants a better understanding of the country's financial management systems in order to improve project preparation. find out how high-quality financial management assessments support projects by identifying key risks and enabling the implementation of appropriate actions and reforms to mitigate those risks.

The 2017 Development Effectiveness Review (DEfR) is the 11th in a series of yearly reports by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) on its performance in achieving the priorities of Strategy 2020, its long-term strategic framework for 2008–2020. The 2017 DEfR tracks recent development progress in Asia and the Pacific, assesses ADB's development effectiveness, and identifies areas where ADB's performance needs to be strengthened.

This publication presents data visualization of economic statistics from South and Central Asia relevant for the analysis of cross-border production arrangements at the local, regional, and global levels. It covers Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Two companion publications focus on Eastern Asia, and Southeastern Asia and the Pacific. The statistics were computed from the Asian Development Bank's multi-regional input-output database, which serves the increasing demand for structured, relevant, timely, and accurate data, especially with the onset of various economic research projects on global value chains. Supply and use tables and input-output tables in these publications address the emerging need for more systematic and comprehensive approaches in data management, economic analysis, and policy research for national economies around the world.