Suchergebnisse

Im Herbst 2015 erreichte die Situation rund um die gesammelten Zuwanderungsströme aus Syrien und dem gesamten Nahen Osten, Afghanistan sowie Afrika nach Europa ihren bisherigen dramaturgischen Höhepunkt. In einem filmischen Werk ('Buzka-Ski - the different Riders of ÖsiStan') und fünf schriftlichen Arbeiten werden verschiedene Aspekte dieser sogenannten 'Flüchtlingskrise' behandelt und wissenschaftlich beleuchtet. Zuerst wird vor der eigenen Haustür gekehrt: Die wiederkehrende Geschichte von Österreich als Einwanderungsland, das eigentlich keines sein will, wird gezwungen, sich in diese Rolle zu fügen und verweist seither immer wieder voller Stolz auf seine gelebte Mitmenschlichkeit. Parallelen zur Ungarnkrise 1956 und rechtlicher Unterbau werden erklärt. Danach wird sich auf die Suche nach Fluchtgründen gemacht. Hauptsächlich in Syrien, dessen politische Situation durchaus nicht auf dem Weg in eine bessere Zukunft ist, weshalb sich aus diesem Land ein stetiger Strom von Emigrant/innen in die Welt ergießt. Einem Trichter ähnlich funktioniert in diesem Strom die Westbalkanroute - ehemals ein Schmuggler/innenpfad, jetzt gemeinsam mit dem Weg aus Nordafrika über Lampedusa zu trauriger Berühmtheit gelangt. Offizielle Begriffe wie Dublin I-III oder Push- und Pullfaktoren werden zu Gesprächen mit Betroffenen (Geflüchteten und Berichterstatter/innen) in Beziehung gesetzt. Welche Auswirkungen hat nun dieses - man möchte fast sagen explosive - Gemisch aus nationalen und internationalen Schwierigkeiten für ein Land wie Österreich? Segregation und eventuell entstehende Parallelgesellschaften bergen sowohl Gefahren als auch Chancen. Das zu veranschaulichen, ist Aufgabe der Medien, die sich letztlich entscheiden müssen, ob sie informieren oder manipulieren wollen. Nicht nicht gestalten können und divergierende Perspektiven sind Grundprobleme dokumentarischen, journalistischen und wissenschaftlichen Schaffens, die Rezipient/innen immer mitbedenken müssen. ; In autumn 2015 the situation around the summarized migratory flows from Syria and throughout the Middle East, Afghanistan and Africa to Europe reached its temporarily dramatic climax. One cinematic work (,Buzka-ski - the different Riders of ÖsiStan') and five written papers illuminate different aspects of this so-called 'refugee crisis'. Looking at our own shortcomings, we have to admit, that Austrias history of immigration is a recurrent one. The country, not volunteering to acquiesce in this role had to be forced, but is happy ever since, to point out its active humanity. Parallels to the Hungarian crisis in 1956 and legal base will be explained. After that there will be a search for reasons for fleeing. Especially the political situation in Syria is not exactly on the way to a better future, which is the reason for its steady stream of emigrants into the world around. Similar to a funnel in this entire stream works the West Balkan route - formerly a smugglers path, it now became as notorious as the way from North Africa via Lampedusa. Official terms like Dublin I-III or push- and pull-factors are compared to personal interviews with concerned (fugitives and reporters). What effect could this one might almost say explosive mixture of national and international issues have for a country like Austria? Segregation and possibly developing parallel societies provide both, risks and opportunities. The task of the media is, to illustrate exactly this. They have to decide, whether they want to inform or manipulate. The impossibility to perform a complete lack of composition and divergent perspectives are fundamental problems in documentation, science and journalism. Recipients must always consider this. ; Alexander C. Baldele, Mag. Michael Friedrich, Adrian Klinkan, Lisa Maria Krobath, Caroline Oechs ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2016 ; (VLID)1393679

Tesis doctoral con la Mención de "Doctor Internacional" ; En los últimos años hemos asistido a un significativo cambio en las organizaciones de todo el mundo, al comenzar a informar sobre cuestiones relativas a su comportamiento económico, social y medioambiental. Las entidades que forman parte del sector público están tomando cada vez más conciencia de la importancia de la Responsabilidad Social (RS), a la vez que han ampliado la información que suministran. Uno de los mecanismos de transparencia administrativa que ha ido adquiriendo una importancia significativa en los últimos años, gracias al uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y de las Comunicaciones, es la difusión de información pública a través de las páginas web. Esta investigación analiza, mediante una relación de indicadores construida a partir de la literatura previa, la información que en materia de RS se está divulgando a través de las páginas web de los gobiernos locales de la península ibérica. El objetivo de esta Tesis Doctoral es llegar a comprender las prácticas de transparencia y divulgación de información por parte del sector púbico así como los factores que determinan estas prácticas. Esta investigación pretende contribuir en la generación de conocimiento, aportando datos relevantes en el campo de la investigación sobre la transparencia y la divulgación de información sobre RS en la Administración Pública. Como se observará, los resultados muestran que se están dando importantes pasos y existen evidencias de que los gobiernos locales están desarrollando políticas concretas de RS, si bien todavía queda mucho camino por recorrer a nivel local a este respecto. ; In recent years we have witnessed a significant change in organizations around the world, that start reporting on issues relating to economic, social and environmental performance. Entities within the public sector are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of Social Responsibility (SR), while expanding the information they provide. One of the mechanisms for administrative transparency, which has gained significant importance in recent years, thanks to the use of Information Technology and Communications, is the dissemination of public information via web pages. This research analyzes, through a relationship of indicators constructed from the previous literature, information regarding SR is spreading through the websites of local governments in the Iberian Peninsula. The aim of this Doctoral Thesis is to understand the practices of transparency and disclosure of information by the public sector and the factors determining these practices. This research seeks to contribute to the generation of knowledge, providing relevant data in the field of research on transparency and disclosure of SR information in Public Administration. As will be seen, the results show that takes important steps and there is evidence that local governments are developing specific SR policies, although much remains to be done locally in this regard.

The article analyses integration process in the post-soviet space as well as Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) as a product of Eurasian integration. The EEU as newly created integration structure has a problem of finding the suitable form of interrelations with the European Union – the biggest integration structure ever. The issue of finding common grounds between the EEU and the EU especially important given the fact that the Eurasian Union is a bloc led by Russia – one of the biggest European trade partner and long-standing political counterpart, which within a couple of years is at odds with the EU due to the political problems, connected with the Ukrainian conflict as well as the geopolitical tension between Russia and the West. The start of the dialogue between the EU and the EEU, which has the certain potential, seems rather unlike to place in short- and medium-term perspective. In order to start the dialogue both parties have to solve not only economic issues (institutionalization of relationship, harmonization of trade), but also improve political agenda by starting to elaborate a joint agenda. The main point for the time being: the interrelationship between the EEU and the EU could evolve within the co-existence scenario, which envisages maintenance of the current status-quo – noninstitutionalized relationship. In order to change it as well as to single out the appropriate approach for framing the future relationship with the Eurasian Economic Union the European Union should take into account many factors, putting the special emphasis on the Russia's role within the EEU as well as conflicting nature of Eurasian project, which is only to prove its viability as integration structure. ; Autor w artykule analizuje proces integracji w przestrzeni poradzieckiej zwłaszcza w formule Euroazjatyckiej Unii Gospodarczej (EEU). Przedmiotem analizy jest sposób w jaki nowo utworzona struktura integracyjna zamierza określić swoje powiązania z najważniejszą organizacją świata zachodniego – Unią Europejską. Kwestia znalezienia wspólnej płaszczyzny porozumienia i współpracy jest niezmiernie istotna ponieważ to Rosja jako główny komponent EUU jest jednym z najważniejszych partnerów Unii Europejskiej zarówno pod względem gospodarczym jak i politycznym. Nie sprzyjają tej kooperacji geopolityczne napięcia, zwłaszcza te związane z konfliktem na Ukrainie. Istnieje duży potencjał współpracy pomiędzy tymi dwoma organizacjami, ale rozpoczęcie dialogu uzależnione jest od rozwiązania przez obie strony nie tylko problemów gospodarczych (instytucjonalizacja relacji, harmonizacji handlu), ale również od przygotowania odpowiedniej agendy politycznej. Wzajemne powiązania pomiędzy UE i EEU mogą ewoluować w scenariuszu współistnienia, który zakłada istnienie przede wszystkim obecnego status quo przy braku instytucjonalnych powiązań. Aby to zmienić i odpowiednio ukształtować wzajemne relacje w przyszłości, UE musi wziąć pod uwagę wiele czynników, kładąc nacisk na szczególną rolę Rosji w tym ugrupowaniu i udowodnieniu przez EUU celowości swojej egzystencji jako struktury integracyjnej.

Background: Type 2 diabetes is a serious, pervasive metabolic condition that disproportionately affects ethnic minority patients. Telehealth interventions can facilitate type 2 diabetes monitoring and prevent secondary complications. However, trials designed to test the effectiveness of telehealth interventions may underrecruit or exclude ethnic minority patients, with language a potential barrier to recruitment. The underrepresentation of minorities in trials limits the external validity of the findings for this key patient demographic. Objective: This systematic review examines (1) the research reporting practices and prevalence of ethnic minority patients included in telehealth randomized controlled trials (RCTs) targeting type 2 diabetes and the trial characteristics associated with recruiting a high proportion of minority patients, and (2) the proportion of included RCTs that report using English language proficiency as a patient screening criterion and how and why they do so. Methods: Telehealth RCTs published in refereed journals targeting type 2 diabetes as a primary condition for adults in Western majority English-speaking countries were included. Ethnically targeted RCTs were excluded from the main review, but were included in a post hoc subgroup analysis. Abstract and full-text screening, risk of bias assessment, and data extraction were independently conducted by two reviewers. Results: Of 3358 records identified in the search, 79 articles comprising 58 RCTs were included. Nearly two-thirds of the RCTs (38/58) reported on the ethnic composition of participants, with a median proportion of 23.5% patients (range 0%-97.7%). Fourteen studies (24%) that included at least 30% minority patients were all US-based, predominantly recruited from urban areas, and described the target population as underserved, financially deprived, or uninsured. Eight of these 14 studies (57%) offered intervention materials in a language other than English or employed bilingual staff. Half of all identified RCTs (29/58) included language proficiency as a participant-screening criterion. Language proficiency was operationalized using nonstandardized measures (eg, having sufficient "verbal fluency"), with only three studies providing reasons for excluding patients on language grounds. Conclusions: There was considerable variability across studies in the inclusion of ethnic minority patients in RCTs, with higher participation rates in countries with legislation to mandate their inclusion (eg, United States) than in those without such legislation (eg, United Kingdom). Less than 25% of the RCTs recruited a sizeable proportion of ethnic minorities, which raises concerns about external validity. The lack of objective measures or common procedures for assessing language proficiency across trials implies that language-related eligibility decisions are often based on trial recruiters' impressionistic judgments, which could be subject to bias. The variability and inconsistent reporting on ethnicity and other socioeconomic factors in descriptions of research participants could be more specifically emphasized in trial reporting guidelines to promote best practice. Trial Registration: PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews: CRD42015024899

Abstract : This thesis focuses on the issue of violent radicalization among Algerian Salafists. It tries to understand how is the shift of activism (or sympathy) for a legal political Islam to a clandestine activism poured into violent action in the bucket of armed jihad. Enter the path of the entry into radicalism, leads us first to reflect on the radicalization of religious thought as a first step in the process studied. The commitment in favor of jihad is then dependent on a construction (or reconstruction) of identity based on moral overthrow of the established socio-religious order. The representations that come in are the product of socialization of the individual to a radicalized thought which, when combined with other variables or incentive-facilitators, predisposes to pass the act. Thus, at the macro level, opportunities / threats act as facilitators factors or precipitators in the armed engagement; repression and the closure of the political field as such are the most redundant variables in explaining the entry into radicalism among Algerian Salafists. At the meso and micro level, the influence of pre-made networks (armed organizations, logistic support networks .) and social connections (friends, neighbors, family .) weighs heavily on the choice of the individual and collective commitment. Finally, moral shocks and stories on the memorial suffered repression may also enlighten us to enter a number of violent radicalization trajectories among Algerian jihadists. ; Résumé : Cette thèse s'intéresse à la question de la radicalisation violente chez les salafistes algériens. Elle tente de comprendre comment s'effectue le glissement d'un militantisme (ou d'une sympathie) en faveur d'un islam politique légal, vers un activisme clandestin versé dans l'action violente sous le seau du djihad armé. Saisir le cheminement de cette entrée en radicalité, nous amène d'abord à réfléchir sur la radicalisation de la pensée religieuse comme première étape du processus étudié. L'engagement au profit du djihad est ensuite tributaire d'une construction (ou reconstruction) identitaire fondée sur un renversement moral de l'ordre socioreligieux établi. Les représentationsqui en émanent sont le produit d'une socialisation de l'individu à une pensée radicalisée qui, lorsqu'elle est combinée à d'autres variables facilitatrices ou incitatrices, le prédispose à passer à l'acte. Ainsi, au niveau macro, les opportunités/menaces agissent comme des facteurs facilitateurs ou précipitateurs dans l'engagement armé ; la répression et la fermeture du champ politique sont à ce titre, les variables les plus redondantes dans l'explication de l'entrée en radicalité chez les salafistes algériens. Au niveau méso et micro, l'influence des réseaux préconstitués (organisations armées, réseaux de soutiens logistiques…) et des liens sociaux (amis, voisins, famille…) pèse lourdement sur le choix de l'engagement collectif et individuel. Enfin, les chocs moraux et les récits mémoriels sur la répression subie peuvent aussi nous éclairer à saisir un certain nombre de trajectoires de radicalisation violente chez les djihadistes algériens

El sector televisivo español, en el que los efectos de la crisis económica y la falta de alternativas de financiación hacen estragos, se configura a nivel nacional como un pseudo-oligopolio en torno a una entidad pública, TVE, y dos grandes grupos empresariales audiovisuales, Mediaset, con Telecinco y Cuatro como principales cadenas, y Atresmedia, con Antena 3 y La Sexta. Las consecuencias del cambio de modelo que ha transformado TVE en una entidad financiada con recursos públicos, sin publicidad comercial y con una política de programas a coste cero, junto con la renovación tecnológica, la democratización de la difusión de contenidos de elaboración propia y el abaratamiento de costes, marca el día a día de los nuevos creadores low cost, que deben adaptarse a los efectos profesionales de la crisis de la radiotelevisión pública para no quedarse fuera de un mercado cada vez más competitivo e incierto. La descripción de dichos efectos, tanto en el sistema de trabajo del creador audiovisual del siglo XXI, como en su perfil profesional, junto a la identificación de los factores causantes de su reconversión, son los objetivos de esta investigación. Así, mediante una revisión bibliográfica y un análisis cualitativo con entrevistas en profundidad, no estructuradas, a los profesionales implicados, el artículo verifica sus dos hipótesis de partida: por un lado, que la transformación del sistema de trabajo del creador audiovisual en TVE ha incrementado su precariedad y, por otro, que su perfil profesional se ha ampliado a áreas funcionales no artísticas (financiación, producción, edición, etc.). ; The Spanish television sector, where the effects of the economic crisis and the lack of alternative financing their toll, is set at the national level as a pseudo-oligopoly around a public entity, TVE, and two large audiovisual business groups, Mediaset, with Telecinco and Cuatro as backbones, and Atresmedia, with Antena 3 and La Sexta. The consequences of the shift that has transformed TVE in a publicly funded entity, without commercial advertising and political programs at no cost, with the technological renovation, the democratization of distribution of content by themselves and cheaper cost, marks the day of the new low cost creators, who must adapt to the effects of the crisis professionals of public broadcasting to avoid running out of an increasingly competitive and uncertain market. The description of these effects, both in the working system of audiovisual creator of the century, as in his professional profile, by the identification of the causative factors of his conversion are the goals of this research. Thus, through a literature review and a qualitative analysis with unstructured in-depth interviews to the professionals involved, the article verifies two hypothesis: first, that the transformation of the system of audiovisual creative work in TVE has increased its precariousness and, secondly , that their professional profile has been extended to non-artistic functional areas (finance, production, editing , etc.).

La presente investigación hace uso de factores muy importantes, como la utilización de la metodología de la investigación científica, el empleo de conceptualizaciones, definiciones y otros, en cuanto al marco teórico y el trabajo de campo; con respecto a la parte metodológica, fundamentalmente se empleó la investigación científica, el mismo que sirvió para desarrollar todos los aspectos importantes de la tesis, desde el planteamiento del problema hasta la contrastación de la hipótesis. Con respecto a la recopilación de la información del marco teórico, el aporte brindado por los especialistas relacionados con cada una de las variables: testamento militar y masa hereditaria, el mismo que clarifica el tema en referencia, así como también amplia el panorama de estudio con el aporte de los mismos; respaldado con el empleo de las citas bibliográficas que dan validez a la investigación. En suma, en lo concerniente al trabajo de campo, se encontró que la técnica e instrumento empleado, facilitó el desarrollo del estudio, culminando esta parte con la contrastación de las hipótesis. Finalmente, los objetivos planteados en la investigación han sido alcanzados a plenitud, como también los datos encontrados en la investigación facilitaron el logro de los mismos. Asimismo merece destacar que para el desarrollo de la investigación, el esquema planteado en cada uno de los capítulos, hizo didáctica la presentación de la investigación, como también se comprendiera a cabalidad los alcances de esta investigación. ; The present research makes use of very important factors, such as the use of the methodology of scientific research, the use of conceptualisations, definitions and others, in terms of theoretical framework and fieldwork; With respect to the methodological part, was fundamentally used the scientific research, the same one that served to develop all the important aspects of the thesis, from the approach of the problem to the test of the hypothesis. With respect to the collection of the information of the theoretical framework, the contribution provided by the specialists related to each of the variables: military will and hereditary mass, which clarifies the subject in reference, as well as broadens the panorama of study with The contribution of the same; Supported by the use of bibliographic citations that validate the research. In sum, with respect to the field work, it was found that the technique and instrument used, facilitated the development of the study, culminating this part with the contrasting of the hypotheses. Finally, the objectives set in the research have been fully achieved, as also the data found in the research facilitated the achievement of the same. It is also worth mentioning that for the development of the research, the outline proposed in each of the chapters, didactic the presentation of the research, as well as fully understood the scope of this research.

Головне питання яке дискутується: чи може Україна швидко та ефективно перейти до нової моделі публічного адміністрування. Чи є можливість трансформувати в Україні повністю систему управління яка була закладена ще радянською владою. А також як можливо змінити систему в усій країні, і які будуть наслідки після переходу на європейські стандарти, а також змінити свідомість населення та переконати громаду в необхідності даних процесів. Радянська модель влади не може вже існувати при даних умовах, які склалися в країні. Публічне адміністрування, здійснення і вдосконалення якого раніше було виключною внутрішньої прерогативою держави, значною мірою підпадає під вплив зовнішніх факторів. Для європейських держав цей вплив, перш за все, пов'язується з формуванням європейського адміністративного простору (ЄАП). У статті досліджуються поняття, сутність і витоки формування публічного адміністрування. Розглядаються його структурні елементи, аналізуються специфічні риси та його основні принципи. Стаття аналізує основні риси і особливості менталітету українців.Главный вопрос, который обсуждается в данной статье: может ли Украина быстро и эффективно перейти к новой модели публичного администрирования. Есть ли возможность трансформировать в Украине полностью систему управления, которая была заложена еще советской властью. А так же каковы будут последствия после перехода на европейские стандарты, а также как изменить сознание населения и убедить общество в необходимости данных процессов. Советская модель власти не может уже существовать при данных условиях, сложившихся в стране.Публичное администрирование, осуществление и совершенствование которого ранее являлось исключительной внутренней прерогативой государства, в значительной степени подвергается влиянию внешних факторов. Для европейских государств это влияние, прежде всего, связано с формированием европейского административного пространства (ЕАП). В настоящей статье исследуются понятие, сущность и истоки формирования публичного администрирования. Изучаются его структурные элементы, анализируются специфические черты и его основные принципы. Статья анализирует основные черты и особенности менталитета украинцев.The main question that we discuss in this article: can is moving the Ukraine to the new model of public administration quickly and efficiently. Is change possible in Ukraine completely control system which was laid by the Soviet authorities. Is it possible to change the system throughout the country, and what the consequences after the transition to European standards. Is it possible to change the consciousness of the population and convince the community of the necessity of the presently processes. It is also necessary to explain that the Soviet model of power can no longer exist in the circumstances prevailing in the country.Public administration, implementation and improvement of which was previously the exclusive preserve of the national state is largely affected by external factors. For European countries, this effect is primarily associated with the formation of the European Administrative Space (EAS). This article explores the concept, nature and origins of the formation of public administration. We study its structural elements are analyzed specific features and its principles. The article is analyses the main characteristics and features of the mentality of the Ukrainians.

Автор статьи рассматривает возможности, инструменты и сроки первичного этапа сближения цивилизаций на материале исторического взаимодействия Восточно-РимскойВизантийской империи и Армении, которые изначально принадлежали к разным цивилизационным типам (греко-римский и ирано-закавказский), что исключало, повидимому, возможность создания общего интерпространства (синтезной контактной зоны) между ними. Эта модель, тем не менее, начала возникать уже в VI-VII вв. в доарабской Армении и достигла расцвета в X-XI вв. Началом их цивилизационного сближения следует считать появление в начале III в. политических и конфессиональных факторов отчуждения Армении от иранского мира. Иными словами, можно констатировать убедительный результат успешного диалога между двумя государствами и культурами при исходной невозможности даже вступить в такой диалог. В начале IV в. Армения приняла христианскую веру, однако языческие верования долго жили и среди народа, и среди знати. Принятие христианства не только как государственной, но и народной религии и дальнейшее дистанцирование от иранского мира стали возможными только при появлении армянской письменности. Переводческая деятельность эллинофилов включала сочинения, обеспечивающие идейную и литургическую деятельность Церкви, а также философские, риторические и научные труды, охватывающие образовательную палитру Средневековья. Переводчики эллинофилы были и первыми оригинальными писателями. Историческая проза Армении является началом христианского историописания. Защита веры и обычаев, сопротивление культурной и религиозной ассимиляции органично сочетались в трудах вардапетов с борьбой за государственную независимость и за возрождение древнего Армянского царства. ; In this article the author discusses means and opportunities, as well as the timeframe of the preliminary stage of the civilization convergence using the evidence of the interactions between the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire and Armenia. These countries originally both used to represent different civilizational types, Graeco-Roman and Iranian-Transcaucasian respectively the premise which would exclude, as it might seem, any possibility of creating a common inter-space, or contact zone, between them. However, such contact zone began to form already in the sixth and seventh centuries and reached its highpoint in the tenth and eleventh centuries. The starting point for this civilizational rapprochement should be seen already in the third century when certain political and religious factors led to gradual alienation of Armenia from the Iranian world. In other words, one may assert that there are compelling results of a successful dialogue between the two states and cultures despite the initial unlikelihood that such a dialogue could even occur. In the early fourth century Armenia converted to Christianity, but pagan beliefs and practices endured for a long time among elite and non-elite people alike. The adoption of Christianity not only as a state, but also a folk religion, and further distancing of Armenia from the Iranian world became possible only after the emergence of the Armenian alphabet and literature. Translators of the so called Hellenizing school introduced to their nation works on liturgics, philosophy, rhetoric and science, thus covering the educational palette of the Middle Ages. The Hellenophile translators also composed original works in Armenian. Armenian historical prose might be considered the beginning of the Christian

С 2006 г. в Российской Федерации реализуется Государственная программа содействия добровольному переселению зарубежных соотечественников на территорию России. В статье на основе социологического подхода определено отношение переселенцев к реализации программы в сибирских регионах, что позволяет провести комплексный анализ функционирования Госпрограммы не только с точки зрения государства, но и переселенцев как объекта российской политики переселения соотечественников. ; After the Soviet Union's collapse, the Russian Federation faced the task of protection and support of Russian and Russian-speaking population of the former Soviet republics that faced the threat of loss of ties with Russia as a homeland in the conditions of the course to build new nation-states, the acquisition of the minority status and the growth of anti-Russian and anti-Russian sentiments. There are two directions of the state policy in this sphere: the assistance to migration to the territory of Russia and the establishment of interaction with compatriots and their organizations residing abroad. Since 2006, Russia implements the state program to assist the voluntary resettlement of compatriots living abroad to the Russian Federation. By the beginning of 2015 55 Russian subjects have become parties to the program, among them the 9 regions of the Siberian Federal District. The aim of the program is the mutually beneficial use of the potential of compatriots and regions to address regional socio-economic and demographic problems. On the basis of the programs of the SFD subjects, it can be concluded that the initial expectations of interest in the resettlement of compatriots in Russia were high, which is reflected in the planned indicators in the following edition of the program. The purpose of this article is to identify the factors of attraction of the state program for compatriots, as well as the difficulties that occur when moving to the territory of the Siberian Federal District. To achieve the goal the author conducted a survey among 100 persons in the regions of the Siberian Federal District and analyzed interviews with settlers in the Russkiy mir [Russian World] journal. Based on the data sources it can be concluded that, in spite of the shortcomings in the mechanism of the program implementation, compatriots evaluate it positively as an opportunity to return to Russia and get Russian citizenship in simplified terms. Despite this, settlers note there are serious disadvantages associated with the flaws of the program (especially in the field of information support of both the people and the host country, as well as in registration and housing search). Insufficient is, firstly, the federal government's role in addressing these issues, and, secondly, the use of the experience of other regions (for example, on the establishment of a temporary accommodation center). Even given the fact that the program is not a program of repatriation, but only of facilitating resettlement, its qualitative improvement will help enhance the attractiveness (which is especially important for the SFD regions characterized by migration loss) and overall optimization of its practical implementation.

Рассматривается одна из составляющих административно-хозяйственной деятельности земских учреждений Алтайской и Томской губерний в период их функционирования с июня 1917 г. по декабрь 1919 г. В лесоохранной сфере полномочия земских органов заключались преимущественно в реализации противопожарных мероприятий, а также издании обращений и обязательных постановлений по этому вопросу. Показан процесс формирования и трансформации земских распорядительных и исполнительных органов в указанный период, а также условия, в которых они осуществляли свою деятельность. ; The necessity of establishing zemstvo institutions in the Siberian region was announced in the second half of the nineteenth century. The implementation of this idea became possible as a result of the revolutionary events and the dissolution of monarchy. In June 1917, Provisional Regulations on Zemstvo Institutions in Archangelsk Province and in Siberia appeared, according to which the zemstvo administrative and executive bodies were introduced at the level of province (oblast) uezd volost. Commissioners were entitled to supervise the legality of actions of the zemstvo agencies. The local government system was subject to a significant reform. Before the elections to the zemstvo institutions, their functions in Tomsk Province were vested in executive bodies of uezd (district) and provincial people's assemblies. Since the establishment of zemstvo in Siberia coincided with the separation of Altai Province as an independent territorial and administrative unit, the functions of the zemstvo authorities were vested in the Altai Provincial Executive Committee which was formed in July 1917. In late 1917 and early 1918, the zemstvo institutions of Altai and Tomsk Provinces were formed. In October 1917, the Bolshevik coup considerably exacerbated the political situation, and the activities of the local governments had to be adjusted. The zemstvo condemned the usurpation of power by the Bolsheviks, and further entered into confrontation with the leaders of the local councils. In the early spring of 1918, the activity of the zemstvos was curtailed, and recovered only by the summer of 1918 as a result of the next change of power in Siberia. The zemstvos operated until December 1919, i.e. until the final establishment of the Soviet rule in Western Siberia. The zemstvos were bound to solve more than twenty different administrative and economic issues, including measures to prevent and fight forest fires. The zemstvo assemblies were supposed to set remuneration for fighting forest fires. The provincial and district zemstvo assemblies and councils were entitled to issue mandatory regulations on precautionary measures against forest fires, on provision of villages with fire-fighting equipment, as well as regulations on the participation of local residents in fighting fires. The breach of regulations was punished by a fine in the amount of 50 rubles. The success of the new institutions depended on many factors, including funding, organizational arrangements and the nature of the relationship with the authorities. The main problem of the zemstvo institutions in Siberia was the short time of their activities.

Выясняется величина демографических потерь одного из тыловых регионов страны Вологодской области в годы Великой Отечественной войны. Данный регион считается одним из наиболее демографически пострадавших в СССР от последствий военного времени. Причины данной ситуации и исследуются в статье. На основе впервые публикуемых статистических данных из Государственного архива Российской Федерации анализируются сведения о рождаемости, смертности, естественном приросте, брачности и разводимости населения Вологодчины. Главный вывод заключается в том, что основными составляющими сокращения численности населения в годы войны были потери на фронтах и резкое падение рождаемости. Ранее существовавшее предположение о высокой смертности тылового коренного населения региона в военные годы не получило подтверждения. ; The article is aimed to clarify the magnitude and factors of demographic losses of one of the rear parts of the country Vologda Oblast during the Great Patriotic War. Vologda Oblast has a great specificity: its territory had almost no military operations (except Oshtinski area), but the level of mobilization here, in the frontline region, was one of the highest in the country. In addition, Vologda Oblast is a region with a predominantly rural population, so the process of demographic transition is reflected rather poorly. The region is considered one of the most demographically affected by the effects of war in the Soviet Union. In 1941, the region totaled 1.7 million people, in 1945 less than 1.3 million. Reasons for this situation are investigated in the article. On the basis of the first-time published statistics from the State Archive of the Russian Federation data are analyzed on births, deaths, natural increase, marriage and divorce rates of the population of Vologda Oblast during the war. Attention is drawn to an important demographic factor of the war years, the presence of evacuees to the Vologda land. In fact, this fact most seriously affected the increase in the frequency of deaths in 1942: the majority of the evacuees were Leningrad blockade survivors. The demographic data of the region showed that the population dynamics trends are broadly in line with the movement of the number of the rear population of the USSR. 1942 and 1943 were the most intense years in terms of natural increase births were extremely small, and the number of deaths has increased. In connection with the mass mobilization of the male population to the front, the number of marriages during 1942-1944 was low (2.5-3 times lower than in 1941). The number of divorces was generally low, and in 1945 it seriously reduced. The main conclusion is that the main components of the population decline during the war were losses at the front and a sharp decline in fertility during the war years. During the period of 1941-1945, the area "lacked" 150 thousand children, who were likely to have been born if not for the extreme wartime conditions. The earlier assumption of the high mortality of the rear population of Vologda Oblast in the war was not confirmed.

Рассматриваются теоретические подходы и существующие парадигмы в теории международных отношений в определении внешнеполитических интересов государств в международных отношениях в целом и в Центральной Азии в частности. Внешнеполитические интересы государств Центральной Азии анализируются через призму реализма, либерализма, а также марксизма. Рассматриваются роль и место государств Центральной Азии в системе международных отношений, а также рассматривается роль регионального компонента в определении внешнеполитических ориентиров государств Центральной Азии. ; The foreign policy of actors of the international relations is one of the main indicators of their involvement in the international political processes. In the theory of international relations, there is a number of scientifically-theoretical schools and paradigms which investigate the foreign policy of the states through the prism of their own vision of the theory of international relations. In the article, the author touches on theoretical views and approaches in the definition of the foreign policy of such schools as liberalism, realism and Marxism. The thesis is provided in the article that the main instrument of the state's integration in the world system is its foreign policy which inherently is a link between the category "state" and the category "actor of the international system". It should be noted that today's tools for the identification of the unit of measure and the analysis of foreign policy activity of the states within the theory of international relations are not sufficiently developed. The article also considers the regional aspect of the foreign policy of the states of Central Asia. From the theoretical approach of the concept of a region, it should be noted that Central Asia possesses a number of characteristics inherent to regions within world politics; however, on the practical level, unfortunately, the Central Asia region has a range of versatile processes and tendencies which outweigh objective factors. It is related not only to the social and economic development of the countries, but also to political processes which happen in these states. It is a paradox that declaring the maximum openness for cooperation with the states of the world community, all of them are still closed for cooperation within the Central Asia region. Taking into consideration all the facts, it should be noted that, unfortunately, the Central Asian countries do not develop bilateral relations within the region The author puts emphasis on the position of the third countries in the geopolitical solitaire in Central Asia. The states of Central Asia are in a rather difficult situation: on the one hand, they have to be integrated independently into the new world system and strengthen their sovereignty; on the other hand, they have to find balance between the interests of such countries as the Russian Federation, the People's Republic of China, the USA. In the conclusion of the article, the author tells about the principle of convergence of realism and liberalism in the foreign policy line of the Central Asia states.

Исследована реализация норм Городового положения 1870 г., определявшего процесс формирования органов местного самоуправления в городах Западной Сибири. Установлено, что в процессе выборов возникали различные нарушения и конфликты. Наряду с несовершенным механизмом голосования на результатах сказалась низкая электоральная активность. Местные условия не соответствовали вводимым правилам. Многие города не имели опыта формирования подобных органов, допускали ошибки, отступления от норм. ; Implementation of the 1870 City Regulations determining the formation of local government bodies in the cities of Western Siberia is researched. The key factors that caused the specifics of local elections are considered: number of people, social and class structure of local society, level of economic and cultural development of settlements, their administrative status (provincial, district or unimportant city). It is established that under the law all voters were entered in the general list in the decreasing size of charges they paid for the benefit of the city or treasury, and then they were divided into three parts, i.e. "categories". As a result the "three-category" electoral system gave clear advantages to large owners and dealers, depriving small taxpayers of a possibility of being elected to the city council. The analysis of archive documents has shown that during the preparation and elections there were various violations of law, difficulties with determination of their participants, negligence of citizens-voters to elections, and also conflict situations with the governor, other organizations and the population. Organization of the first elections in the provincial cities (Tomsk and Tobolsk), in the course of which there were different contradictions, disagreements and rule violations, is considered. Despite violations in elections, the Ministry of Internal Affairs did not cancel their results. The opening of the Tomsk City Council took place on August 30, 1871. The election date in Tobolsk changed repeatedly, and was delayed until 1872. It is shown that along with the imperfect mechanism of voting, low electoral activity affected its results. It is counted that the average appearance on the first elections in the cities of Western Siberia made up 18 % of the total number of voters. Moreover, small cities, "due to the insufficient city funds", could not afford a big staff of local councils and, therefore, asked the governor not to form councils, and to assign council duties to the mayor and his assistants. Such a measure was used in Narym, Kuznetsk, Beryozovo. According to sources, the new city authorities had problems entering the system of relations with government and public institutions, police and the locals. Quite often conflicts took place at meetings of the councils. Thus, the research of implementation of the1870 City Regulations in the cities of Western Siberia specifies that to observe all its requirements in practice was impossible. Local conditions of settlements ("soil") did not correspond to the introduced rules. Many cities had no experience of forming of similar bodies, made mistakes, violations from regulations, which caused the necessity to revise the law and conduct a new reform in 1892.

Проблемы формирования однородного регионального пространства России являются одними из важнейших, поскольку от их позитивного решения зависит прогрессивное развитие общественных отношений. Способствует ли нынешняя централизация власти преодолению асимметрии в развитии Юга России, бедности, коррупции, межнациональных конфликтов, теневой экономики? Для этого необходимо, применяя диалектический подход, обратиться к теоретическому исследованию понятий «централизации» и «децентрализации». В условиях аномии государства в России процессы централизации в Южном федеральном округе, начиная с 2000-х годов, имели положительное значение. Препятствием прогрессивного развития Юга России является усиливающаяся неравномерность социально-политических и экономических отношений. Развитие экономики и социальной сферы характеризуется асимметричностью, архаичными формами хозяйствования. Факторами нестабильности на Юге России является коррупция, криминализация общества, межнациональные конфликты. В настоящее время ситуация с финансовым обеспечением изменилась к худшему в связи с санкциями против России. Центральная власть сбрасывает на регионы часть своих задач, полагая, что тем самым способствует развитию процессов децентрализации. Регионы, не имея достаточного финансирования, не могут решить их. Обязательными признаками диалектического понимания централизации (кроме концентрации ресурсов в центре, решения всех важных вопросов центром, корреляции региональных властей центром) должны являться диалог центральной и местной властей с обществом, их ответственность перед обществом. Если этого нет, то централизация и децентрализация утрачивают свой позитивный характер, общественные отношения переживают кризис. ; Problems of formation of a uniform regional space of Russia are among the most important, because their positive solution determines the progressive development of social relations. Does the current centralization of power contribute to overcoming the asymmetry in the development of the South of Russia, poverty, corruption, ethnic conflicts and shadow economy? In order to answer this question, it is necessary to apply the dialectical approach and to carry out a theoretical study of the concepts of "centralization" and "decentralization". In the conditions of state anomie in Russia the processes of centralization in the Southern Federal District since the 2000s have had a positive value. An obstacle to the progressive development of the South of Russia consists in the increasing irregularity of socio-political and economic relations. The development of the economy and social sphere is characterized by asymmetry and archaic forms of management. Factors promoting instability in the South of Russia are corruption, criminalization of society, and ethnic conflicts. Currently, the situation with financial provision has changed for the worse in connection with the Western sanctions against Russia. Central government transfers some of its tasks to regions, believing that it thereby contributes to the development of decentralization processes. Regions cannot handle these tasks without sufficient funding. Necessary features of the dialectical understanding of centralization (except for the concentration of resources in the center, solution of all the important issues by the center, coordination of regional authorities by the center) should include communication between the central and local authorities and society, their responsibility to society. Otherwise, centralization and decentralization lose their positive nature, and social relations enter a state of crisis.