Suchergebnisse

Explores the methodological problem of interviews conducted in social science research in the presence of others, which is considered a violation of standard interviewing procedures, but in practice is not uncommon. Implications of this nonstandard practice for quality of data are discussed, noting that quality may improve or deteriorate depending on the relationship of respondent to the other party. To evaluate response effects, it is noted that various motivational factors influence the available spouse's choice to stay or leave the interview situation, eg, employment status & gender of parties involved (including the interviewer), & the duration of the interview. 2 Tables, 22 References. J. Sadler

In 1857- 1858, Marx put forward the following radically innovative thesis : the material mode of production characteristic of capitalism is increasingly the result of the technological appliance of science, of its transformation into a direct productive force. As a result, the decisive factor in material prodiiction is no longer unmediated work, but the appliance of the productive power of general intellect, of man's social mind. In thus transforming its material mode of production, capital abolishes its own base : the tendency of capital towards universal development clashes with the narrowness of its base, which matches use value to exchange value.

Movements of the heavenly bodies are not affected in any discernible way by the fact that there are people on earth recording the apparent movement. Similarly it is almost inconceivable that the planets would alter their orbits because of Kepler's discovery and publication of the laws of planetary motion. The social and behavioural sciences are different in that the objects under investigation may behave differently as a result of the research process. This is particularly true when the method involves naturalistic observation, surveys or experiments. When people behave differently because of being research subjects, this is called a Hawthorne effect.

Characterizes indigenous peoples of the 48 coterminous US states, primarily American Indians & Chicanos, as marginalized "Fourth" world populations. Eurocentric notions of these groups are challenged, as is the conceptualization that places industrialization in a superior position to other socioeconomic systems. Achievements of indigenous populations in agriculture, medicine, science, engineering, & architecture are offered, contradicting Eurocentric notions of government, style & quality of living, labor characteristics, & population size of these peoples. Indigenous populations are trapped within a netherworld in which it is impossible to abandon their sociocultural heritage or to viably reconstitute its socioeconomic forms; accomplishing this will require a reshaping of the current social order. 118 References. S. Davies

A sizeable gender gap in political participation, such that men are more likely to be active than women, is a well‐established cross‐national finding. But evidence for Australia is scarce, particularly in recent times, and so is international evidence since the mid‐1970s. The 1984–85 Australian National Social Science Survey shows only a small gender gap to exist in a variety of political activities, in contrast to past findings. Furthermore, controlling for political interest largely explains the gap in rates of orthodox political participation. A significant gender gap remains in political protest activities, however, despite the introduction of a wide range of controls.

Washington, Westminster and Whitehall. By WALTER WILLIAMS. Controlling the Sword: The Democratic Governance of National Security. By BRUCE RUSSETT. Civilian‐Based Defense; A Post‐Military Weapons System. By GENE SHARP. Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics. By JAMES G. MARCH and JOHAN P. OLSEN. Presidential Influence and the Administrative State. By RICHARD W. WATERMAN. Intergovernmental Relations in the Administrative State: The Johnson Presidency. By DAVID M. WELBORN and JESSE BURKHEAD. The Human Resource Crisis in the Public Sector. By LARRY M. LANE and JAMES F. WOLF. Creative Marginality: Innovation at the Intersections of the Social Sciences. By MATTEI DOGAN and ROBERT PAHRE.

This article shows how and why interactions among sociological, statistical, and public policy issues fuel the current debate about the quality control systems of three family assistance programs: Food Stamps, AFDC (Aid to Families With Dependent Children), and Medicaid. These interactions will be seen to be driven by social policies that in turn will impinge on issues of estimation, measurement error, detection of outliers, and the implied cost share sanctioning of states by the federal government. The authors' conclusions are related to, and extend, the results of a National Academy of Sciences study of methods for improving the current quality control systems.

This article compares the work, careers, and social values of French engineers employed in traditional and science-based industries. Based on field research and 129 interviews in a metal-working factory and an electronics firm, it first presents a critique of three influential approaches to technical workers: the theories of professionalization, proletarianization, and a "new working class." It then develops the central argu ment : that market situations—especially markets for technical skills—have greater explanatory power than usually recognized and that the evolving structure of technical careers is a nationally distinctive product of society-specific educational and employment institutions.

Global modeling has evolved remarkably in the last two decades. Such evolution led it to perform today's role as an experimental laboratory for the social sciences, and particularly for applications to policy planning. Two of the most interesting applications to policy are to resource economics and to economic models of North-South relations, i.e., the relationships between industrial and developing countries. Examples of North-South policy issues instigated by global modeling are developed in the context of a United Nations Model of Technology and North-South Relations which evolved from the Bariloche global model. Further applications of global modeling are then outlined.

L'émergence d'un groupe social sur la scène publique - ici les femmes - introduit de nouveaux points de vue qui ré-interrogent le savoir. Comment et dans quelle mesure la différence des sexes est-elle une grille de lecture pertinente en ce qui concerne le sujet et l'objet de connaissance, que ce soit en sociologie, en anthropologie, en critique littéraire, en philosophie, en sciences ? Quels apports politique et savoir entretiennent-ils ? On trouvera ici un questionnement critique sur la nature et la portée des "études féministes" en pleine essor. Ces textes sont issus d'un colloque organisé par le GRIF à la demande de la Commission des Communautés européennes.

Understanding the structure and causes of population growth and urbanisation are key inputs to Vietnam's development strategy. The United Nations Fund for Population Activities dispatched Basic Needs Assessment (BNA) missions to Vietnam in 1977 and 1981 which indicated opportunities for assisting Vietnam with population issues. Another BNA mission visited Vietnam in March 1987. Among the projects designed by BNA mission members were one for support for the Institute of Sociology of the Committee on Social Science (IS-COSS) and another for the National Institute for Urban and Rural Planning (NIURP). Aims and activities of these projects are briefly described. (DÜI-Sen)

L'émergence d'un groupe social sur la scène publique - ici les femmes - introduit de nouveaux points de vue qui ré-interrogent le savoir. Comment et dans quelle mesure la différence des sexes est-elle une grille de lecture pertinente en ce qui concerne le sujet et l'objet de connaissance, que ce soit en sociologie, en anthropologie, en critique littéraire, en philosophie, en sciences ? Quels apports politique et savoir entretiennent-ils ? On trouvera ici un questionnement critique sur la nature et la portée des "études féministes" en pleine essor. Ces textes sont issus d'un colloque organisé par le GRIF à la demande de la Commission des Communautés européennes.

(Originally published in La Cite, 1988.) An analysis of the main directions of the human sciences today, with focus on the causes of the rebirth of political philosophy. A return to liberalism & a renewal of conservative political reasoning has occurred because Western societies have defused the social question in favor of the political one. Three parameters of the current ideological-intellectual problematic of liberalism, which may also contribute to its decline, are outlined. The crucial role of Christianity in the emergence of European civilization is discussed, & the historical conditions of the creative vitality of modern Western democracies are analyzed. A. Devic

The author draws on the policy analysis literature to delineate the linkage between conceptualization of risk and the formulation and proposed solution of risk-related policy problems. Two concepts of risk are identified: (1) a concept of risk as a physically given attribute of hazardous technologies and (2) a concept of risk as a socially constructed attribute. The argument is advanced that the social construction of risk provides a firm, theoretical basis for the design of policy. The discussion links the perception, manage ment, and communication of risk to the more fundamental issue of the nature and role of science and technology.

AbstractThis paper introduces the new evolutionary paradigm born of the synthesis of Darwinism and thermodynamics. It also introduces this volume, whose theme is the integration of life and social process with physical law. The sense of this expansion is as follows: Darwinism has come under intense scrutiny in recent years, from several fields. These range from statistical mechanics to developmental biology. In this paper, I will discuss the direction the revision of the Darwinian program is taking through thermodynamics, which is the science of irreversible process and self‐organization. My objective is to show the coherence of life with the rest of nature.