Suchergebnisse

Thoughts between the Land and the Sea: Raising the Doggerland Solo exhibition at Gallery SO- September 2019 Thoughts between the Land and Sea; Raising the Doggerland was a solo show held throughout September in Gallery S O, London. The exhibition showcased a fusion of jewellery works, wall mounted art works, film, animation and written text. Research sought to expand, interrogate and visualise socio-political possibilities through the mediums of Jewellery and interdisciplinary art forms. Jewellery has a long history of worn objects signifying political stance- green and purple jewelleries of the suffragettes, yearly displays of red and white poppies and the 'fuck thatcher' pins of Scottish Socialists. This exhibition expanded on historical and socio-political possibilities of jewellery through more complex, subtle and interrogating narratives. The exhibition employed multimedia image and object to create a continuous narrative of a raised Doggerland (the sunken patch of land connecting the U.K to Europe) from which the artist reviewed and critiqued the current dilemmas of the U.K. Taking inspiration from art theory and fine art practice works within the output. "Doggerland" challenged traditional questions of autonomy/symbiosis within jewellery, wearability, role of research within jewellery production and presented jewellery as social documents contained within individual titled document folders/books. Library research included philosophy, journalism and social theory, of particular importance was the work of Roland Bathes (Mythologies), Simon Critchly (Notes on Suicide), Greek Mythology and contemporary British press. The use of fictionalised dystopian lands to provide narrative structure for artworks was also researched via including the artworks of T.Shaney and D.Hirst and in writing via Orwell. Described by craft-critic Martina Margetts as a 'prodigious narrative of resistance and transcendence'. "Doggerland" has been used as founding material for lectures during its run at Gallery SO (receiving the highest footfall for a talk at the gallery), Glasgow School of Art and the RCA. Many of the artwork's will be showcased at Collect 2020.

Venus pour la plupart du négoce et de la province, les " experts de l'administration " (Schumpeter) réunis autour de l'intendant du Commerce Vincent de Gournay conjuguaient savoirs faire marchands, connaissances cosmopolites, pratique assidue des langues étrangères, éducation élitaire et compétences savantes lorsqu'ils montèrent à Paris pour investir le Bureau du Commerce. Dès les années 1750, l'offensive que le " groupe de Gournay " (entre autres : Abeille, Butel-Dumont, Clicquot de Blervache, Dangeul, Forbonnais.) mena en faveur de la " science du commerce " et d'un projet de réforme de l'administration économique du royaume sous Louis XV procéda donc d'un double transfert culturel : • transfert interne à la société française d'alors, – d'une culture négociante, provinciale et cosmopolite vers les élites nobiliaires de la capitale ; • transfert international, – de la culture économique et administrative de la grande nation rivale vers le Bureau du Commerce parisien, telle qu'elle est reconstruite par le collectif Gournay sous l'effet d'une demande publique alarmée par les succès insolents de la riche " République commerçante " d'Outre-Manche. Les idées politico-économiques importées de Londres (mais aussi d'Édimbourg, capitale du Scottish Enlightenment) connurent ainsi une profonde transformation avec le contexte de réception, des traductions libres (Petty, Davenant et l'arithmétique politique, Child, Hume, Tucker, Bolingbroke.), des essais, des brochures polémiques . Savoir d'État et pour l'État, la " science du commerce " fut initiée par des " négociants gentilshommes " devenus agents de l'État monarchique moderne, qui une fois intégrés aux élites parisiennes virent leur entendement s'étatiser et se " centraliser ". Depuis la vision synoptique du royaume que leur offrait la capitale, et fort de leur expérience internationale, ils sublimèrent leur savoir-faire commerçant (pratique, partiel, local) en une science du commerce " en général " à l'usage du législateur, apte à formuler des principes sur la ...

Venus pour la plupart du négoce et de la province, les " experts de l'administration " (Schumpeter) réunis autour de l'intendant du Commerce Vincent de Gournay conjuguaient savoirs faire marchands, connaissances cosmopolites, pratique assidue des langues étrangères, éducation élitaire et compétences savantes lorsqu'ils montèrent à Paris pour investir le Bureau du Commerce. Dès les années 1750, l'offensive que le " groupe de Gournay " (entre autres : Abeille, Butel-Dumont, Clicquot de Blervache, Dangeul, Forbonnais.) mena en faveur de la " science du commerce " et d'un projet de réforme de l'administration économique du royaume sous Louis XV procéda donc d'un double transfert culturel : • transfert interne à la société française d'alors, – d'une culture négociante, provinciale et cosmopolite vers les élites nobiliaires de la capitale ; • transfert international, – de la culture économique et administrative de la grande nation rivale vers le Bureau du Commerce parisien, telle qu'elle est reconstruite par le collectif Gournay sous l'effet d'une demande publique alarmée par les succès insolents de la riche " République commerçante " d'Outre-Manche. Les idées politico-économiques importées de Londres (mais aussi d'Édimbourg, capitale du Scottish Enlightenment) connurent ainsi une profonde transformation avec le contexte de réception, des traductions libres (Petty, Davenant et l'arithmétique politique, Child, Hume, Tucker, Bolingbroke.), des essais, des brochures polémiques . Savoir d'État et pour l'État, la " science du commerce " fut initiée par des " négociants gentilshommes " devenus agents de l'État monarchique moderne, qui une fois intégrés aux élites parisiennes virent leur entendement s'étatiser et se " centraliser ". Depuis la vision synoptique du royaume que leur offrait la capitale, et fort de leur expérience internationale, ils sublimèrent leur savoir-faire commerçant (pratique, partiel, local) en une science du commerce " en général " à l'usage du législateur, apte à formuler des principes sur la ...

Статтю присвячено видатному українському вченому-славісту, філософу, історику культури та літературознавцю – Дмитру Чижевському. Окреслюються основні віхи життя в контексті славістичної діяльності дослідника, з'ясовується його внесок у розвиток національного та європейського слов'янознавства, аналізуються концептуальні положення фундаментальних праць М. Гоголя в книзі «Нариси з історії філософії на Україні».Проаналізовано погляди та поетику М. Гоголя. Чижевський виділяє в ній, першою чергою, гротеск як панівну форму зображення та парадоксальну гіперболу.Розглядаючи біографію Д. Чижевського й аналізуючи його наукову й архівну спадщину, треба визнати, що він ніколи не вкладався в рамки тільки однієї ойкумени, будучи людиноюєвропейської культури – європейцем не у вузькополітичному чи територіальному, а насамперед у духовному сенсі цього поняття. Саме з цієї позиції і треба розглядати його спадщину, не обмежуючись штучно створеними бар'єрами і кордонами. Своєю плідною й багатогранною діяльністю вчений сприяв зближенню європейських народів. ; The article is dedicated to outstanding Ukrainian scientist Slavist, philosopher, cultural historian and literary critic – Dmytro Chyzhevskyi. The basic milestones of the life and work of the scientist turn his contribution to the development of National and European Slavic, analyzes the conceptual fundamental works of M. Gogol in the book "Essays on the history of philosophy in Ukraine".The views and poetics of M. Gogol are analyzed. The author of the article discerns, first of all, the grotesque as the dominant form of image and paradoxical hyperbole which is widely used by Chizhevskyi. The analysis of the the book "Comparative History of Slavic Literatures" allows to admit his great importance because Slavic literature (especially Russian in the person of Gogol, Tolstoy and Dostoevsky) "has never been captured in the tail of Western European literatures." In particular, Gogol's "Taras Bulba" (as well as Pushkin's "Captain's Daughter", "Black Council" of Ukrainian writer P. Kulish, some novels by Pola M. Tchaikovsky) is a vivid example of the Valter-Scottish tradition in European literature. Secondly, we have determined that D. Chyzhevskyi speaks about some romantics, who later found their place among the realists, but there is great doubt, whether Gogol belongs to them.Third, Gogol's "natural school", according to D. Chizhevskyi, responded not only to the work of Russian writers themselves (young F. Dostoevsky, I. Turgenev, etc.), but also in Russian-language works of Ukrainians: T. Shevchenko, E Hrebinka and P. Kulis.Considering the biography of D. Chyzhevskyi and analyzing his scientific and archival heritage, it must be admitted that he never fell within the scope of only one oikumene, being a person of European culture - a European not in a narrow political or territorial, but above all in the spiritual sense of the concept. It is from this position that we must consider his inheritance, not limited to artificially created barriers and borders. The scientist contributed to the rapprochement of European peoples by his fruitful and multifaceted activities.

Статтю присвячено видатному українському вченому-славісту, філософу, історику культури та літературознавцю – Дмитру Чижевському. Окреслюються основні віхи життя в контексті славістичної діяльності дослідника, з'ясовується його внесок у розвиток національного та європейського слов'янознавства, аналізуються концептуальні положення фундаментальних праць М. Гоголя в книзі «Нариси з історії філософії на Україні».Проаналізовано погляди та поетику М. Гоголя. Чижевський виділяє в ній, першою чергою, гротеск як панівну форму зображення та парадоксальну гіперболу.Розглядаючи біографію Д. Чижевського й аналізуючи його наукову й архівну спадщину, треба визнати, що він ніколи не вкладався в рамки тільки однієї ойкумени, будучи людиноюєвропейської культури – європейцем не у вузькополітичному чи територіальному, а насамперед у духовному сенсі цього поняття. Саме з цієї позиції і треба розглядати його спадщину, не обмежуючись штучно створеними бар'єрами і кордонами. Своєю плідною й багатогранною діяльністю вчений сприяв зближенню європейських народів. ; The article is dedicated to outstanding Ukrainian scientist Slavist, philosopher, cultural historian and literary critic – Dmytro Chyzhevskyi. The basic milestones of the life and work of the scientist turn his contribution to the development of National and European Slavic, analyzes the conceptual fundamental works of M. Gogol in the book "Essays on the history of philosophy in Ukraine".The views and poetics of M. Gogol are analyzed. The author of the article discerns, first of all, the grotesque as the dominant form of image and paradoxical hyperbole which is widely used by Chizhevskyi. The analysis of the the book "Comparative History of Slavic Literatures" allows to admit his great importance because Slavic literature (especially Russian in the person of Gogol, Tolstoy and Dostoevsky) "has never been captured in the tail of Western European literatures." In particular, Gogol's "Taras Bulba" (as well as Pushkin's "Captain's Daughter", "Black Council" of Ukrainian writer P. Kulish, some novels by Pola M. Tchaikovsky) is a vivid example of the Valter-Scottish tradition in European literature. Secondly, we have determined that D. Chyzhevskyi speaks about some romantics, who later found their place among the realists, but there is great doubt, whether Gogol belongs to them.Third, Gogol's "natural school", according to D. Chizhevskyi, responded not only to the work of Russian writers themselves (young F. Dostoevsky, I. Turgenev, etc.), but also in Russian-language works of Ukrainians: T. Shevchenko, E Hrebinka and P. Kulis.Considering the biography of D. Chyzhevskyi and analyzing his scientific and archival heritage, it must be admitted that he never fell within the scope of only one oikumene, being a person of European culture - a European not in a narrow political or territorial, but above all in the spiritual sense of the concept. It is from this position that we must consider his inheritance, not limited to artificially created barriers and borders. The scientist contributed to the rapprochement of European peoples by his fruitful and multifaceted activities.

Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- ESSAYS -- Harris beyond Hermes -- The Courier de l'Europe, the Gordon Riots and Trials, and the Changing Face of Anglo-French Relations -- Lapdogs/Lenses: Microscopy, Narrative, and The History of Pompey the Little -- Deus sive Natura: The Monistic Link of Spinoza with China -- Murphy and Johnson: Prolegomenon to a New Edition -- SPECIAL FEATURE. The Achievements of John Dennis -- Introduction to Special Feature -- "A Separate Ministry": Dennis, Drury Lane, and Opposition Politics -- "Naked Majesty": The Occasional Sublime and Miltonic Whig History of John Dennis, Poet -- Anatomy of a Pan: John Dennis's Annotated Copy of Blackmore's Prince Arthur -- My Enemy's Enemy: Dennis, Pope, and Edmund Curll -- Ovid Made English: Dennis's Translation of The Passion of Byblis -- BOOK REVIEWS -- Catherine Ingrassia, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Women's Writing in Britain, 1660–1789 -- Stephen Gaukroger, The Natural and the Human: Science and the Shaping of Modernity 1739–1841 -- Malcolm Jack, To the Fairest Cape: European Encounters in the Cape of Good Hope -- Nan Goodman, The Puritan Cosmopolis: The Law of Nations and the Early American Imagination -- Christopher J. Berry, The Idea of Commercial Society in the Scottish Enlightenment -- Stewart Pollens, Stradivari -- Paul Prescott, Reviewing Shakespeare: Journalism and Performance from the Eighteenth Century to the Present -- Jonathan I. Israel, Democratic Enlightenment: Philosophy, Revolution, and Human Rights, 1750–1790 -- Andrew Janiak and Eric Schliesser, eds., Interpreting Newton: Critical Essays -- Geordan Hammond, John Wesley in America: Restoring Primitive Christianity -- Geordan Hammond and David Ceri Jones, eds., George Whitefield: Life, Context, and Legacy -- Felix Waldmann, ed., Further Letters of David Hume -- Henry Hitchings, The World in Thirty-Eight Chapters, or, Dr Johnson's Guide to Life -- Ian Woodfield, Performing Operas for Mozart: Impresarios, Singers and Troupes -- Stephen Rumph, Mozart and Enlightenment Semiotics -- Susan Carlile, Charlotte Lennox: An Independent Mind -- Antoine Quatremère de Quincy, Letters to Miranda and Canova on the Abduction of Antiquities from Rome and Athens, introduction by Dominique Poulot, translation by Chris Miller and David Gilks -- Christine Alexander and Margaret Smith, eds., The Oxford Companion to the Brontës, Anniversary Edition -- About the Contributors

""He that resists the power ... resists the ordinance of God, and God's lawful constitution. But he who resists the man who is the king, commanding that which is against God and killing the innocent, resists no ordinance of God, but an ordinance of sin and Satan; for a man commanding unjustly and ruling tyrannically has in that no power from God." From Samuel Rutherford's Lex Rex The Reformation in England and Scotland was in crisis. The English Civil War had just begun due to the attempts by Charles to impose popish rituals on the church and to assert his divine right as king to overrule parliament. Against these grandiose claims the Scottish pastor Samuel Rutherford wrote a book that changed the course of western civilization. In a very learned work, Rutherford shows from both Scripture, classical authors, and scholastic theologians that the king is not above the law and that when he violates it flagrantly the people are right to resist him, even to the point of war. The title Lex Rex is Latin for "Law is King." Divine right theorists had said that the King was the law, but Rutherford reverses this and shows that natural law is above the king, and thus there are times when citizens can and must obey God rather than man. This book changed western political philosophy forever and led to the thinking that ennabled the American revolution. "Rutherford was a practical and pastoral theologian who could soar to great heights of glorious consolation. Rutherford was the one who said that when he was in the cellar of affliction, he would look for Christ's choicest wines. He also said that "dry wells send us to the fountain," and "if contentment were here, heaven were not heaven," and "there are many heads lying in Christ's bosom, but there is room for yours among the rest . But Rutherford was also a bare-knuckle brawler who was clearly able to hold his own in the theological bar fight that was the sixteenth century. You are now holding in your hands the evidence of that." From Douglas Wilson's introduction"--

El presente trabajo tiene por objeto el estudio de una parte específica del pensamiento ético-político del filósofo escocés David Hume: sus descripciones acerca del origen de la justicia y el gobierno. Ambas son analizadas con la intención de esclarecer el tratamiento de la desigualdad que en ellas se ofrece. Nuestro objetivo es describir el particular proceso de criminalización de la desigualdad natural que comienza a producirse con la moralización de las leyes de la justicia tras la primera convención y se consolida tras la génesis delgobierno y el Estado.El principal objetivo durante el ejercicio descriptivo de esta investigación será identificar el perfil y la función de los diversos protagonistas, así como la aparición del paternalismo moral y el dominio en la interactuación de los mismos. Por último, trataremos de ofrecer una solución verosímil a uno de los conflictos perennes en la literatura secundaria sobre la filosofía ético política humeana ?la paradoja de la motivación?, reinterpretando el sentido de la estrategia adoptada por la figura del sensible knave. ; This work aims to study a specific part of the ethical and political thought of Scottish philosopher David Hume: his descriptions of the origin of justice and government. Both are analyzed in an attempt to clarify the treatment of inequality that it is offered by them. We describe how the particular process of criminalization of natural inequality begins to occur with the moralization of laws of justice after the first convention and how it is consolidated after the genesis of government. During this particular descriptive process our main goal will be to identify the profile and role of the various players, and the emergence of moral paternalism and dominance in the interaction thereof. Finally, try to offer a credible solution to one of the perennial conflicts in the secondary literature on Hume's ethic philosophy ?the paradox of motivation?, reinterpreting the meaning of the strategy adopted by the figure of the sensible knave.

El presente trabajo tiene por objeto el estudio de una parte específica del pensamiento ético-político del filósofo escocés David Hume: sus descripciones acerca del origen de la justicia y el gobierno. Ambas son analizadas con la intención de esclarecer el tratamiento de la desigualdad que en ellas se ofrece. Nuestro objetivo es describir el particular proceso de criminalización de la desigualdad natural que comienza a producirse con la moralización de las leyes de la justicia tras la primera convención y se consolida tras la génesis del gobierno y el Estado. El principal objetivo durante el ejercicio descriptivo de esta investigación será identificar el perfil y la función de los diversos protagonistas, así como la aparición del paternalismo moral y el dominio en la interactuación de los mismos. Por último, trataremos de ofrecer una solución verosímil a uno de los conflictos perennes en la literatura secundaria sobre la filosofía ético política humeana ‒la paradoja de la motivación‒, reinterpretando el sentido de la estrategia adoptada por la figura del sensible knave. ; This work aims to study a specific part of the ethical and political thought of Scottish philosopher David Hume: his descriptions of the origin of justice and government. Both are analyzed in an attempt to clarify the treatment of inequality that it is offered by them. We describe how the particular process of criminalization of natural inequality begins to occur with the moralization of laws of justice after the first convention and how it is consolidated after the genesis of government. During this particular descriptive process our main goal will be to identify the profile and role of the various players, and the emergence of moral paternalism and dominance in the interaction thereof. Finally, try to offer a credible solution to one of the perennial conflicts in the secondary literature on Hume's ethic philosophy ─the paradox of motivation─, reinterpreting the meaning of the strategy adopted by the figure of the sensible knave.

Book reviewed in this article: The Sovereignty of Parliament. History and Philosophy. By Jeffrey Goldsworthy. Edward VI. By Jennifer Loach. Tudor Church Militant. Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation. By Diarmaid MacCulloch. State and Society in Early Modem Scotland. By Julian Goodare. England's Troubles. Seventeenth‐Century English Political Instability in European Context. By Jonathan Scott. Sociability and Power in Late‐Stuart England. The Cultural Worlds of the Verneys 1660–1720. By Susan E. Whyman. Bom to Rule. British Political Elites. By Ellis Wasson. Contesting Ireland. Irish Voices Against England in the Eighteenth Century. By T. O. McLoughlin. The Moravian Church in England 1728–1760. By Colin Podmore. A Life of George Dempster, Scottish M.P. of Dunnichen (1732–1818). By Andrew Munro Lang. John Scott, Lord Eldon, 1751–1838. The Duty of Loyalty. By Rose A. Melikan. British Politics in an Age of Reform. By Michael J. Turner. Cornwall Politics in the Age of Reform 1790–1885. By Edwin Jaggard. Wellington Studies II. Edited by C. M. Woolgar. Wellington Studies III. Edited by C. M. Woolgar. Protection and Politics. Conservative Economic Discourse, 1815–1852. By Anna Gambles. The Self‐Fashioning of Disraeli, 1818–1851. Edited by Charles Richmond and Paul Smith. Policing Provincial England 1829–1856. The Politics of Reform. By David Philips and Robert D. Storch. Class in Britain. By David Cannadine. Defining the Victorian Nation. Class, Race, Gender and the Reform Act of 1867. By Catherine Hall, Keith McClelland and Jane Rendall. Famine, Land and Politics. British Government and Irish Society 1843–1850. By Peter Gray. Local and Parliamentary Politics in Liverpool from 1800 to 1911. By D. Ben Rees. Lord Salisbury. A Political Biography. By David Steele. The Labour Party. A Centenary History. Edited by Brian Brivati and Richard Heffernan. The British Study of Politics in the Twentieth Century. Edited by Jack Hayward, Brian Barry and Archie Brown. Sacred Cows and Common Sense. The Symbolic Statecraft and Political Culture of the British Labour Party. By Tim Bale.

Drinking to excess has been a striking problem for industrial and post-industrial societies - who is responsible when an individual opts for a slow suicide? The causes of such drinking have often been blamed on genes, moral weakness, 'disease' (addiction), hedonism, and Romantic illusion. Yet there is another reason: the drinker may act with sincere philosophical intent, exploring the edges of self, consciousness, will, ethics, authenticity and finitude. Beginning with Jack London's 'John Barleycorn': alcoholic memoirs the book goes on to cover novels such as Jean Rhys's 'Good Morning, Midnight', Malcolm Lowry's 'Under the Volcano', Charles Jackson's 'The Lost Weekend' and John O'Brien's 'Leaving Las Vegas', and less familiar works such as Frederick Exley's 'A Fan's Notes', Venedikt Yerofeev's 'Moscow-Petushki', and A.L. Kennedy's 'Paradise'

In the 19th cent, the Industr Revolution, the development of new means of transport, the rapid spread of the applications of electricity, prospecting for natural resources & the advances of medicine strengthened the hope that sci'fic progress would lead to a general improvement of the conditions of human life. In various countries those sci'ts who were firmly convinced of the soc importance of their work realized that a broad campaign to promote understanding of recent advances in sci would help make the public alive to the value of res work. The establishment of learned societies & the nat'l assoc's for the advancement of sci is reviewed. To show the emergence of nat'l sci'fic communities, an analysis is given of the situation of 3 Western European countries (France, Germany & the UK) & 1 Oriental country (Japan). (1) France-deals with the reform of French sci'fic org brought about by the Revolution, the educ'al system & their staff of sci'ts, & the decline of conditions favorable to sci brought about by the Restoration. (2) Germany-trests the renaissance of sci brought about by C. Gauss's work & the influence of the Naturphilosophie, (natural philosophy), the efforts of Alexander von Humboldt & the meetings of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher and Artze (German Society of Natural Scientists & Physicians), Germany's rise to prominence as the most active center of Western sci, & the increase in the number of laboratories, res instit's & seminars which paved the way for increasing specialization. (3) UK-points out the fields in which British sci'ts were in the forefront of progress (physics & the earth set's) & those in which they had no contribution to make (mathematics), the movement for reform spearheaded by the Scottish U's, the hostility of the Rc's, & the final decision of the gov to reform the existing U's & to set up new general or specialized teaching instit's, laboratories & res centers. (4) Japan-shows that modern sci was associated with the forces of soc $a pol'al change, discusses the impact of Amer intervention which inspired a radical modernization of the country, the setting up of academic societies, the modernization of Med legislation, &, in the period of about 20 yrs around 1900, the final establishment of modern sci & technology & its instit's as a nat'l sci'fic community very close in its structure, concerns & activities to similar communities in Western Europe & the US. E. Weiman.

How David Hume and Adam Smith forged a new way of thinking about the modern state. What is the modern state? Conspicuously under theorized in recent political theory, this question persistently animated the best minds of the Enlightenment. Recovering David Hume and Adam Smith's long-underappreciated contributions to the history of political thought, The Opinion of Mankind considers how, following Thomas Hobbes's epochal intervention in the mid-seventeenth century, subsequent thinkers grappled with explaining how the state came into being, what it fundamentally might be, and how it could claim rightful authority over those subject to its power. Hobbes has cast a long shadow over Western political thought, particularly regarding the theory of the state. This book shows how Hume and Smith, the two leading lights of the Scottish Enlightenment, forged an alternative way of thinking about the organization of modern politics. They did this in part by going back to the foundations: rejecting Hobbes's vision of human nature and his arguments about our capacity to form stable societies over time. In turn, this was harnessed to a deep reconceptualization of how to think philosophically about politics in a secular world. The result was an emphasis on the "opinion of mankind," the necessary psychological basis of all political organization. Demonstrating how Hume and Smith broke away from Hobbesian state theory, The Opinion of Mankind also suggests ways in which these thinkers might shape how we think about politics today, and in turn how we might construct better political theory

Venus pour la plupart du négoce et de la province, les " experts de l'administration " (Schumpeter) réunis autour de l'intendant du Commerce Vincent de Gournay conjuguaient savoirs faire marchands, connaissances cosmopolites, pratique assidue des langues étrangères, éducation élitaire et compétences savantes lorsqu'ils montèrent à Paris pour investir le Bureau du Commerce. Dès les années 1750, l'offensive que le " groupe de Gournay " (entre autres : Abeille, Butel-Dumont, Clicquot de Blervache, Dangeul, Forbonnais.) mena en faveur de la " science du commerce " et d'un projet de réforme de l'administration économique du royaume sous Louis XV procéda donc d'un double transfert culturel : • transfert interne à la société française d'alors, – d'une culture négociante, provinciale et cosmopolite vers les élites nobiliaires de la capitale ; • transfert international, – de la culture économique et administrative de la grande nation rivale vers le Bureau du Commerce parisien, telle qu'elle est reconstruite par le collectif Gournay sous l'effet d'une demande publique alarmée par les succès insolents de la riche " République commerçante " d'Outre-Manche. Les idées politico-économiques importées de Londres (mais aussi d'Édimbourg, capitale du Scottish Enlightenment) connurent ainsi une profonde transformation avec le contexte de réception, des traductions libres (Petty, Davenant et l'arithmétique politique, Child, Hume, Tucker, Bolingbroke.), des essais, des brochures polémiques . Savoir d'État et pour l'État, la " science du commerce " fut initiée par des " négociants gentilshommes " devenus agents de l'État monarchique moderne, qui une fois intégrés aux élites parisiennes virent leur entendement s'étatiser et se " centraliser ". Depuis la vision synoptique du royaume que leur offrait la capitale, et fort de leur expérience internationale, ils sublimèrent leur savoir-faire commerçant (pratique, partiel, local) en une science du commerce " en général " à l'usage du législateur, apte à formuler des principes sur la production et la circulation des richesses. Leur profil singulier leur permit de procéder à une critique en règle du colbertisme, de l'excessif parisianisme des élites dirigeantes (par trop ignorantes des réalités économiques et sociales du territoire), en même temps que de leur provincialisme intellectuel (négligeant les pratiques exemplaires de l'administration économique de Londres : liberté du commerce et publicité des débats), et enfin de l'échelle féodale des valeurs monarchiques (minorant les groupes productifs). Cette entreprise intellectuelle et politique se doubla d'une vaste stratégie de publicisation depuis Paris, visant à briser l'opacité et la culture monarchique du secret sur les finances de la monarchie : abondance éditoriale, collaborations à l'Encyclopédie, bruyantes polémiques lancées dans la République des lettres, recrutement d'hommes de lettres et relais dans les salons parisiens (où l'économie politique devint vite une mode incontournable). Nous tenterons d'esquisser quelques-unes de ces transformations ayant affecté le savoir économico-politique au milieu du XVIIIe siècle français et avant les Physiocrates, transformations qui firent de Paris, pour un temps, la capitale européenne de la science économique.

This paper aims to elaborate the architectural theory on place-making that supported Claremont Court housing scheme (Edinburgh, United Kingdom). Claremont Court (1959-62) is a post-war mixed development housing scheme designed by Basil Spence, which included 'place-making' as one of its founding principles. Although some stylistic readings of the housing scheme have been published, the theory on place-making that allegedly ruled the design has yet to be clarified. Architecture allows us to mark or make a place within space in order to dwell. Under the framework of contemporary philosophical theories of place, this paper aims to explore the relationship between place and dwelling through a cross-disciplinary reading of Claremont Court, with a view to develop an architectural theory on place-making. Since dwelling represents the way we are immersed in our world in an existential manner, this theme is not just relevant for architecture but also for philosophy and social sciences. The research in this work is interpretive-historic in nature. It examines documentary evidence of the original architectural design, together with relevant literature in sociology, history and architecture, through the lens of theories of place. First, the paper explores how the dwelling types originally included in Claremont Court supported ideas of dwelling or meanings of home. Then, it traces shared space and social ties in order to study the symbolic boundaries that allow the creation of a collective identity or sense of belonging. Finally, the relation between the housing scheme and the supporting theory is identified. The findings of this research reveal Scottish architect Basil Spence's exploration of the meaning of home, as he changed his approach to mass housing while acting as President of the Royal Incorporation of British Architects (1958-60). When the British Government was engaged in various ambitious building programmes he sought to drive architecture to a wider socio-political debate as president of the RIBA, hence moving towards a more ambitious and innovative socio-architectural approach. Rather than trying to address the 'genius loci' with an architectural proposition, as has been stated, the research shows that the place-making theory behind the housing scheme was supported by notions of community based on shared space and dispositions. The design of the housing scheme was steered by a desire to foster social relations and collective identities, rather than by the idea of keeping the spirit of place (genius loci). This paper presents Claremont Court as a signifier of Basil Spence's attempt to address the post-war political debate on housing in United Kingdom. They highlight the architect's theoretical agenda and challenge current purely stylistic readings of Claremont Court as they fail to acknowledge its social relevance.