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In the broad context of business combinations and group of companies, this thesis selects some matters of interest at the crossroad between accounting, law (especially legal provisions and accounting regulation) and corporate finance.Concerning accounting theory, chapter 2 studies how business economics scholars understood groups of companies, group accounts and the process for their preparation in particular compared to Italian legal scholars. Then, chapter 3 reconstructs the political and legislative process that brought about the birth of the concept of group of companies in the Italian legal corpus. Concerning law and accounting policy, a comparative analysis is carried out in chapter 4 which clearly shows how the notion of control and its use in consolidated financial statements (group accounts) and business combinations accounting evolved (I) in European law, (II) under international accounting standards as issued by the IASB – International Accounting StandardsBoard and (III) in US GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). Moreover, chapters 5 and 6 investigate the effects of lobbying on accounting standards on consolidated financial statements and business combinations issued by the IASB. Interestingly, results are consistent with a regulatory capture of the international standard setter by a category of financial institutions. In fact, confronted with a consolidation model purportedly based on control, the latter lobbied in favour of a consolidation exception which is based on an ownership view and is documented to have been proposed by US audit companies in that context at least from 1995. That view found a fertile ground within the IASB. As a result, other categories of financial institutions such as long term investment funds and those run by a family preferring a different consolidation model are now prohibited from presenting consolidated financial statement. Concerning corporate finance, chapter 7 studies the implications of different financing decisions ina novel and comprehensive sample ...

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: The prevention of the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is complicated by multidimensional interplays between biological and psychosocial factors acting at the individual level. To address the challenge we took a systematic approach, to explore the bio-psychosocial predictors of blood glucose in mid-age. Methods: Based on the 31-year and 46-year follow-ups (5,078 participants, 43% male) of Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966, we used a systematic strategy to select bio-psychosocial variables at 31 years to enable a data-driven approach. As selection criteria, the variable must be (i) a component of the metabolic syndrome or an indicator of psychosocial health using WHO guidelines, (ii) easily obtainable in general health check-ups and (iii) associated with fasting blood glucose at 46 years (P < 0.10). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to derive latent factors, and stepwise linear regression allowed exploration of relationships between factors and fasting glucose. Results: Of all 26 variables originally considered, 19 met the selection criteria and were included in an exploratory factor analysis. Two variables were further excluded due to low loading (<0.3). We derived four latent factors, which we named as socioeconomic, metabolic, psychosocial and blood pressure status. The combination of metabolic and psychosocial factors, adjusted for sex, provided best prediction of fasting glucose at 46 years (explaining 10.7% of variation in glucose; P < 0.001). Regarding different bio-psychosocial pathways and relationships, the importance of psychosocial factors in addition to established metabolic risk factors was highlighted. Conclusions: The present study supports evidence for the bio-psychosocial nature of adult glycemic health and exemplifies an evidence-based approach to model the bio-psychosocial relationships. The factorial model may help further research and public health practice in focusing also on psychosocial aspects in maintaining normoglycaemia in the prevention of cardio-metabolic diseases. ; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, grant agreement No 633595.

5 Figuras.- 1 Tabla.- Información complementaria disponible en línea en la página web del editor. ; The emission of a bright blue fluorescence is a unique feature common to the vast variety of polymer carbon dots (CDs) prepared from carboxylic acid and amine precursors. However, the difficulty to assign a precise chemical structure to this class of CDs yet hampers the comprehension of their underlying luminescence principle. In this work, we show that highly blue fluorescent model types of CDs can be prepared from citric acid and ethylenediamine through low temperature synthesis routes. Facilitating controlled polycondensation processes, the CDs reveal sizes of 1–1.5 nm formed by a compact network of short polyamide chains of about 10 monomer units. Density functional theory calculations of these model CDs uncover the existence of a spatially separated highest occupied molecular orbital and a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital located at the amide and carboxylic groups, respectively. Photoinduced charge transfer between these groups thus constitutes the origin of the strong blue fluorescence emission. Hydrogen-bond-mediated supramolecular interactions between the polyamide chains enabling a rigid network structure further contribute to the enhancement of the radiative process. Moreover, the photoinduced charge transfer processes in the polyamide network structure easily explain the performance of CDs in applications as revealed in studies on metal ion sensing. These findings thus are of general importance to the further development of polymer CDs with tailored properties as well as for the design of technological applications. ; This work has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 642742. A.M.B. and W.K.M. further acknowledge Spanish MINEICO (project ENE2016-79282-C5-1-R), the Gobierno de Aragón (Grupo Reconocido DGA T03_17R), and associated EU Regional Development Funds. E.P.U. acknowledges Gobierno de Aragón (Grupo Reconocido DGA E19_17R) and associated EU Regional Development Funds. ; Peer reviewed

International audience ; Background The lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a dsDNA virus belonging to the Poxviridae family and the Capripoxvirus genus. Lumpy skin diseases (LSD) is a highly contagious transboundary disease in cattle producing major economic losses. In 2014, the disease was first reported in the European Union (in Cyprus); it was then reported in 2015 (in Greece) and has spread through different Balkan countries in 2016. Indirect vector transmission is predominant at small distances, but transmission between distant herds and between countries usually occurs through movements of infected cattle or through vectors found mainly in animal trucks. Methods and principal findings In order to estimate the threat for France due to the introduction of vectors found in animal trucks (cattle or horses) from at-risk countries (Balkans and neighbours), a quantitative import risk analysis (QIRA) model was developed according to the international standard. Using stochastic QIRA modelling and combining experimental/field data and expert opinion, the yearly risk of LSDV being introduced by stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans), that travel in trucks transporting animals was between 6 x 10−5 and 5.93 x 10−3 with a median value of 89.9 x 10−5 ; it was mainly due to the risk related to insects entering farms in France from vehicles transporting cattle from the at-risk area. The risk related to the transport of cattle going to slaughterhouses or the transport of horses was much lower (between 2 x 10−7 and 3.73 x 10−5 and between 5 x 10−10 and 3.95 x 10−8 for cattle and horses, respectively). The disinsectisation of trucks transporting live animals was important to reduce this risk. Conclusion and significance The development of a stochastic QIRA made it possible to quantify the risk of LSD being introduced in France through the import of vectors that travel in trucks transporting animals. This tool is of prime importance because the LSD situation in the Balkans is continuously changing. Indeed, this model can be ...

This work was supported by IRD through the JEAI-ECOBIZ and the LIM COSYS-Med. MM was financed by an IRD fellowship (ARTS program). The work of Nathalie Niquil on ENA derived indicators for characterizing the stress in food webs is supported by DEVOTES (DEVelopment Of innovative Tools for understanding marine biodiversity and assessing Good Environmental Status) funded by the European Union under the 7th Framework Programme, 'The Ocean for Tomorrow' Theme (grant agreement no. 308392) ; International audience ; The study is the first attempt to (i) model spring food webs in three SW Mediterranean ecosystems which are under different anthropogenic pressures and (ii) to project the consequence of this stress on their function. Linear inverse models were built using the Monte Carlo method coupled with Markov Chains to characterize the foodweb status of the Lagoon, the Channel (inshore waters under high eutrophication and chemical contamination) and the Bay of Bizerte (offshore waters under less anthropogenic pressure). Ecological network analysis was used for the description of structural and functional properties of each food web and for inter-ecosystem comparisons. Our results showed that more carbon was produced by phytoplankton in the inshore waters (966–1234 mg C m−2 d−1) compared to the Bay (727 mg C m−2 d−1). The total ecosystem carbon inputs into the three food webs was supported by high primary production, which was mainly due to > 10 µm algae. However, the three carbon pathways were characterized by low detritivory and a high herbivory which was mainly assigned to protozooplankton. This latter was efficient in channelling biogenic carbon. In the Lagoon and the Channel, foods webs acted almost as a multivorous structure with a tendency towards herbivorous one, whereas in the Bay the herbivorous pathway was more dominant. Ecological indices revealed that the Lagoon and the Channel food webs/systems had high total system throughput and thus were more active than the Bay. The Bay food web, which had a high ...

The development of the nanomaterials industry leads to putting an increasing number of manufactured nanomaterials on the market. In order to better anticipate future risks on the environment, the European Union is financing the project NanoFASE (http://nanofase.eu/) relative to the study of the environmental fate of nanomaterials in the environment. The project aims at developing an integrated exposure framework that allows all stakeholders to assess the environmental fate of nano releases from industrial nano-enabled products along their lifecycle. Ineris is involved in two work packages dedicated to estimating the emissions of ENM along their life cycle (WP4) and modelling the air dispersion of ENM emitted from different processes (WP6). Ineris develops a catalogue of emission scenarios from industrial activities, both in normal and accidental situations. It also develops a series of models for estimating the consequences in terms of air concentration and ground deposition of such emission scenarios. Ineris also performed a series of measurements around industrial plants to obtain data for checking the consistency of the developed models. ; Les nanomatériaux sont des matériaux composés de nano-objets (nanoparticules) de dimension nanométrique (inférieure à 100 nm). Ils peuvent être libres, agrégés, agglomérés, liés à une matrice ou incorporés dans un liquide. Au cours de leur cycle de vie, les nanomatériaux sont susceptibles de relarguer des nano-objets suivant des mécanismes très variés . Dans le cadre du projet européen NanoFASE (http://nanofase.eu/), l'Ineris s'est intéressé aux scénarios d'émission chronique et accidentelle au cours des premières phases du cycle de vie, à savoir la synthèse des nanoparticules et leur incorporation dans des matériaux [1]. Au cours de ces étapes, les nanoparticules existent généralement sous forme de poudre, forme la plus émissive. C'est durant ces étapes que les flux d'émission localisés sont potentiellement les plus importants et susceptibles de conduire localement aux ...

Розглянуто проблеми вдосконалення змісту правового регулювання економічних відносин у сфері неплатоспроможності та банкрутства. Особливу увагу приділено правовідносинам у сфері неплатоспроможності й банкрутства, а також проблемі їх правової регламентації. Здійснено ретроспективний і порівняльно-правовий аналіз на прикладі країн з розвиненою економікою ; Статья посвящена проблемам совершенствования содержания правового регулирования экономических отношений в сфере неплатежеспособности и банкротства. Особое внимание уделено правоотношениям в сфере неплатежеспособности и банкротства и проблеме их правовой регламентации. Проанализированы ретроспективный и сделан сравнительно-правовой анализ на примере стран с развитой экономикой ; The article is devoted to problems of improving legal regulation content of economic relations in the area of insolvency and bankruptcy. The article is focused on legal relations in the area of insolvency and bankruptcy and the problem of their legal adjustment. Retrospective review is analyzed and comparative legal analysis is made after the example of developed countries.Formation of a highly civilized society on the principles of European integration in Ukraine is possible by means of reforming the basic economic and legal foundations of its life activity, where the legal regulation of insolvency and bankruptcy must be involved. For the long time of independence of the country, this issue is steadily in constant dynamic development, which is due to the diverse orientation of its consideration by various scientists, as well as changes in the normative and legislative support for its solution.A considerable number of scientific works is devoted to the problems of the formation of legal regulation of insolvency and bankruptcy relations effective model in developed countries on the basis of existent models in the scientific literature, in particular by such scholars as O. Pashaver, L. Verhovodova, K. Agaeva, V. Jun, O. Kovalenko, K. Pralichen, B. Polyakov, M. Titov and others.Substantiation of the proposal in order to determine the directions of further development of Ukrainian legislation in the area of insolvency and bankruptcy

The importance of agricultural financing in ensuring food security and safety, jobs, poverty reduction, economic growth and more recently, climate change mitigation, natural resource conservation and sustainable development imposes periodic analysis of the factors which might influence the farmers' financial situation, in order to improve it. One way of assessing this is to analyze the agricultural debt. In this context, based on previous models, the paper aims to assess the impact of specific factors on the agricultural debt level in the European Union during 2008–2015, as these should be considered in future common agriculture policies as well as in achieving sustainable agriculture. The research was conducted based on econometric techniques, by applying panel models in the Eviews 7.0 software-64 bit version. More than 20 variables were considered in the analysis. Some of the findings suggest that an increase in subsidies as well as the share of cash flow in the total existing capital would determine considerable reductions of the total debt. Decoupled subsidies seem to have a higher impact than coupled subsidies on short term debt, while its value is between the one found for coupled subsidies in the case of long term debt. Large farms/companies, to which decoupled payments are granted, have higher debts on long run and on total debt. The same units, to which coupled subsidies were granted, have smaller short-term debt. In contrast, the increases of labor costs, fixed costs, and crop/livestock costs lead to an increase in the total debt, since the farms require additional financial resources to cover the expanded costs. Also, the results suggest that short-term debts are mainly formed of long-term loans that reached maturity. In this case, the authors support the idea of differentiated financing programs for the agricultural activities because of their peculiarities and reinforced by the need to turn the intensive agriculture into a sustainable and plentiful one.

This work was supported by IRD through the JEAI-ECOBIZ and the LIM COSYS-Med. MM was financed by an IRD fellowship (ARTS program). The work of Nathalie Niquil on ENA derived indicators for characterizing the stress in food webs is supported by DEVOTES (DEVelopment Of innovative Tools for understanding marine biodiversity and assessing Good Environmental Status) funded by the European Union under the 7th Framework Programme, 'The Ocean for Tomorrow' Theme (grant agreement no. 308392) ; International audience ; The study is the first attempt to (i) model spring food webs in three SW Mediterranean ecosystems which are under different anthropogenic pressures and (ii) to project the consequence of this stress on their function. Linear inverse models were built using the Monte Carlo method coupled with Markov Chains to characterize the foodweb status of the Lagoon, the Channel (inshore waters under high eutrophication and chemical contamination) and the Bay of Bizerte (offshore waters under less anthropogenic pressure). Ecological network analysis was used for the description of structural and functional properties of each food web and for inter-ecosystem comparisons. Our results showed that more carbon was produced by phytoplankton in the inshore waters (966–1234 mg C m−2 d−1) compared to the Bay (727 mg C m−2 d−1). The total ecosystem carbon inputs into the three food webs was supported by high primary production, which was mainly due to > 10 µm algae. However, the three carbon pathways were characterized by low detritivory and a high herbivory which was mainly assigned to protozooplankton. This latter was efficient in channelling biogenic carbon. In the Lagoon and the Channel, foods webs acted almost as a multivorous structure with a tendency towards herbivorous one, whereas in the Bay the herbivorous pathway was more dominant. Ecological indices revealed that the Lagoon and the Channel food webs/systems had high total system throughput and thus were more active than the Bay. The Bay food web, which had a high ...

Prediction of bathing water quality is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Union (EU) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and is an established element in bathing water management designed to protect public health. Most commonly, historical regulatory compliance data are used for model calibration and provide the dependent variable for modelling. Independent (or predictor) variables (e.g. rainfall, river flow and received irradiance) measured over some antecedent period are used to deliver prediction of the faecal indicator concentration measured on the day of the regulatory sample collection. The implied linked assumptions of this approach are, therefore, that; (i) the independent variables accurately predict the bathing-day water quality; which is (ii) accurately characterized by the single regulatory sample. Assumption (ii) will not be the case where significant within-day variability in water quality is evident. This study built a detailed record of water quality change through 60 days at a UK coastal bathing water in 2011 using half-hourly samples each subjected to triplicate filtration designed to enhance enumeration precision. On average, the mean daily variation in FIO concentrations exceeded 1 log(10) order, with the largest daily variations exceeding 2 log(10) orders. Significant diurnality was observed at this bathing water, which would determine its EU Directive compliance category if the regulatory samples were collected at the same time each day. A sampling programme of this intensity has not been reported elsewhere to date and, if this pattern is proven to be characteristic of other bathing waters world-wide, it has significance for: (a) the design of regulatory sampling programmes; (b) the use of historical data to assess compliance, which often comprises a single sample taken at the compliance point on a regular, often weekly, basis; and (c) the use of regulatory compliance data to build predictive models of water quality.

International audience ; Background The lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a dsDNA virus belonging to the Poxviridae family and the Capripoxvirus genus. Lumpy skin diseases (LSD) is a highly contagious transboundary disease in cattle producing major economic losses. In 2014, the disease was first reported in the European Union (in Cyprus); it was then reported in 2015 (in Greece) and has spread through different Balkan countries in 2016. Indirect vector transmission is predominant at small distances, but transmission between distant herds and between countries usually occurs through movements of infected cattle or through vectors found mainly in animal trucks. Methods and principal findings In order to estimate the threat for France due to the introduction of vectors found in animal trucks (cattle or horses) from at-risk countries (Balkans and neighbours), a quantitative import risk analysis (QIRA) model was developed according to the international standard. Using stochastic QIRA modelling and combining experimental/field data and expert opinion, the yearly risk of LSDV being introduced by stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans), that travel in trucks transporting animals was between 6 x 10−5 and 5.93 x 10−3 with a median value of 89.9 x 10−5 ; it was mainly due to the risk related to insects entering farms in France from vehicles transporting cattle from the at-risk area. The risk related to the transport of cattle going to slaughterhouses or the transport of horses was much lower (between 2 x 10−7 and 3.73 x 10−5 and between 5 x 10−10 and 3.95 x 10−8 for cattle and horses, respectively). The disinsectisation of trucks transporting live animals was important to reduce this risk. Conclusion and significance The development of a stochastic QIRA made it possible to quantify the risk of LSD being introduced in France through the import of vectors that travel in trucks transporting animals. This tool is of prime importance because the LSD situation in the Balkans is continuously changing. Indeed, this model can be ...

This paper aims at critically re-assessing the new regulatory framework for public policy governance in Serbia, a structure of crucial importance for urban governance. Public policy regulation is a key objective of Serbia's Regulatory Reform and Public Policy Improvement Strategy, 2016-2020. The first measure envisaged under the Action Plan to implement this Strategy is the creation of a common legal framework for governing public policies through the enactment of a Planning System Law. Its purpose is to govern the planning system by: (a) defining mechanisms for the adoption and mutual alignment of public policies; (b) establishing instruments to direct public policies and linking policymaking with budgeting; and (c) formalising the currently informal planning practice and integrating it with formal planning in all areas of public policy in Serbia. In the absence of an appropriate regulatory framework, Serbia's current practices in urban governance have caused a proliferation of mutually unaligned documents and uncoordinated actions by stakeholders at various levels of government, resulting in the unsustainable use of resources and the generation of spatial conflicts. The proposed Planning System Law marks an advance in the understanding of the role and purpose of the public sector in urban governance in line with the concept of sustainable development and the requirements of European integration. This paper will review this Law proposal as a new legislative framework, which ought to contribute to the establishment of system and a system governance model. Therefore, the structure of the system, regarding its elements and their mutual relations, will be analysed with reference to systems theory and the model for the governance of the development process. After omissions were identified in the consistency and integration of the proposed solutions, recommendations to improve the system and its management were developed in line with the contemporary concept of good governance.

International audience ; Background The lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a dsDNA virus belonging to the Poxviridae family and the Capripoxvirus genus. Lumpy skin diseases (LSD) is a highly contagious transboundary disease in cattle producing major economic losses. In 2014, the disease was first reported in the European Union (in Cyprus); it was then reported in 2015 (in Greece) and has spread through different Balkan countries in 2016. Indirect vector transmission is predominant at small distances, but transmission between distant herds and between countries usually occurs through movements of infected cattle or through vectors found mainly in animal trucks. Methods and principal findings In order to estimate the threat for France due to the introduction of vectors found in animal trucks (cattle or horses) from at-risk countries (Balkans and neighbours), a quantitative import risk analysis (QIRA) model was developed according to the international standard. Using stochastic QIRA modelling and combining experimental/field data and expert opinion, the yearly risk of LSDV being introduced by stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans), that travel in trucks transporting animals was between 6 x 10−5 and 5.93 x 10−3 with a median value of 89.9 x 10−5 ; it was mainly due to the risk related to insects entering farms in France from vehicles transporting cattle from the at-risk area. The risk related to the transport of cattle going to slaughterhouses or the transport of horses was much lower (between 2 x 10−7 and 3.73 x 10−5 and between 5 x 10−10 and 3.95 x 10−8 for cattle and horses, respectively). The disinsectisation of trucks transporting live animals was important to reduce this risk. Conclusion and significance The development of a stochastic QIRA made it possible to quantify the risk of LSD being introduced in France through the import of vectors that travel in trucks transporting animals. This tool is of prime importance because the LSD situation in the Balkans is continuously changing. Indeed, this model can be ...

The article analyzes the processes of decentralization of power in France. France is one of the few European countries that have accumulated considerable experience in the field of decentralization of public administration through the expansion of the powers and responsibilities of local governments.Assessing the vast experience of territorial reforms accumulated in France for almost three and a half decades, it should be noted that, despite the positive results (for example, in the field of local government development, intermunicipal cooperation, etc.), many important problems remained unresolved. Contrary to the expectations of the reformers, the administrative and territorial structure of the country did not become simpler and more understandable.The number of levels and types of territorial units has increased. To three historical levels (communes, departments and state) regions were added.It should be noted and one more direction of reforms in France. It is about increasing the role of cities in local development through the creation of inter-municipal associations, including cities and adjacent territories.Also, after analyzing the process of decentralization in France, it is useful to point out that in our opinion decentralization should be considered as a powerful instrument of public administration, the key task of which is not to redistribute power between the state and the administrative units, but to redistribute the powers between them for the provision of various public services to the population. and different legal entities in the most effective way (convergence of services with simultaneous saving of budget expenditures), in order to create conditions for dynamic the flow of communities and the state as a whole.The construction of a decentralization model in Ukraine may have its own national peculiarities, but the use of examples of foreign good practices is a significant factor in the search for a Ukrainian model of development, therefore, in today's world, the use of international experience ...

This article is the transcription of the Lectio Magistralis that professor Oreste Massari pronounced on the occasion of his retirement as a university professor and that was held in Rome on October 31, 2017. Throughout his intellectual and academic life he has analyzed the evolution of Italian parties and its party system as well as the evolution of the British parties, especially the Labor Party, the Westminster model and, in a more general way, the relevance of political leadership, the evolution of party models and the relationship of parties with democracy. His intellectual trajectory shows us how the Italian political system has changed in the last 40 years as well as the evolution and conceptual development of the analysis of parties and party systems, the development of the Italian and European political science and, finally, the challenges that parties and democracy face in the coming years. ; Este artículo es la transcripción de la Lectio Magistralis que pronunció el profesor Oreste Massari con motivo de su jubilación como profesor de universidad y que se celebró el 31 de octubre de 2017 en Roma. A lo largo de su vida intelectual y académica ha analizado en profundidad la evolución de los partidos y el sistema de partidos italiano así como la experiencia de los partidos británicos, especialmente el partido laborista, el modelo Westminster y consideraciones generales sobre el liderazgo político, los modelos de partido y la relación de los partidos con la democracia. Su trayectoria intelectual nos muestra cómo ha cambiado el sistema político italiano en los últimos 40 años así como la evolución y el desarrollo conceptual del análisis de los partidos y sistemas de partidos en general, el desarrollo de la ciencia política italiana y europea y, finalmente, los retos a los que se enfrentan los partidos y la democracia en los próximos años.