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International audience ; A significant problem common for di↵erent domains of applications is an issue of obtaining and keeping an influential position in the respective social media society. In this paper a new approach is proposed based on the analysis of roles of users in groups identified within society. Three di↵erent dimensions of user behavior are considered as key elements of these roles: their activity, influence and cooperativeness/competition. Taking into account measures describing these dimensions, a set of roles characterizing behaviors of users in groups is formulated. We propose an original set of roles with their justification in sociological models, develop an easy extendable model of a social system and conduct experiments to allow us to define patterns describing stability and variability of given roles as well as statistics of transitions in time between these considered roles. To define the roles, we took into account di↵erent features of user interactions, both quantitative and qualitative. We propose an integrated approach to the analysis of role changes in the context of group evolution. We consider behavior of users in groups with di↵erent sizes and di↵erences between them. We also analyse the stability of individual roles players by users in groups and often occurring transitions between individual roles. The obtained results, interpreted also from the sociological point of view, allow the formulation of general recommendations on which behaviors of users could ensure achieving and maintaining influential roles in social media. The most frequent patterns of transitions between roles are identified and significant similarities between them for two considered blog portals are described. The approaches and methods of analysis presented in the paper may be applied to support decisions leading to obtaining and maintaining influential positions in social media, which may be useful for the promotion of goods and services, leading business or political campaigns.

International audience ; This article explores trajectories of eating vegetarian and non-vegetarian of people living in India by anchoring in a micro sociology of relationships with food and life course transitions. These trajectories, "in continuity" or "in rupture", thus depend on relationships with food (serene pleasure, anxious health, social) and biographical triggers. In fact, on the sidelines of the classic approaches which consider diet to be determined by caste or social class, or even sex, this reading grid looks at the reasons invoked by individuals who mention events, such as encounter, breakup, loss of a job, illness, involvement in a political party, age. All of these triggers modify the relationship with food, the body, and other individuals. The ruptures are mainly related to the social environment (through triggers called "exogenous" to the person) and to the change of stage in the life cycle (called "processual"). The recurrences in these accounts inform on how society regulates a life course and on new collective ways of considering social position such a biographisation of the life course. Indeed, and although these trajectories are following vegetarian and non-vegetarian models, the new "eggetarian" (egg eater) or "pescetarian" (fish eater) statuses are emerging as possible new identities, as well in the Indian society. ; Cet article explore les trajectoires alimentaires végétariennes et non-végétariennes, de personnes vivant en Inde, en s'ancrant dans une micro sociologie des rapports à l'alimentation et des transitions biographiques. Ces trajectoires alimentaires, « en continuité » ou « en rupture », dépendent de rapports à l'alimentation (plaisir serein, santé anxieux, social) et de déclencheurs biographiques. En marge des approches classiques qui considèrent l'alimentation comme déterminée par la caste ou la classe sociale, voire le sexe, cette grille de lecture s'intéresse aux motifs invoqués par les individus qui mentionnent des évènements, tels une rencontre, une rupture amoureuse, la ...

International audience ; By studying a Tunisian household, that of the Bū Ḥājib family, established in the second half of the 19th century, this essay explores the multiple forms of Ottoman legacies and the various Ottoman provincial practices used by some Tunisian elites well into the first five decades of the French colonization in Tunisia. This case study shows that families and household units – central to Ottoman society during the early modern period – remained vital to reshaping society through the action of women during the colonial period. Such an approach further reassesses an historiography whose conception was strictly colonial and focused on relations between metropolitan France and her Maghrebi colonies to the exclusion of other temporalities and Mediterranean lands and cities such as Italy, Istanbul and Cairo, all of which remained central to Tunisian people at that time. ; À travers l'étude d'une stratégie patrimoniale développée par la famille Bū Ḥājib, dans la seconde moitié du xixe siècle à Tunis, cet article explore les formes multiples de legs ottomans et de pratiques provinciales ottomanes que des sujets tunisiens continuaient à mobiliser durant les cinq premières décennies de la colonisation française de la Tunisie. Cette étude de cas démontre ainsi que les stratégies familiales développées à partir de maisonnées – si cruciales dans la vie sociale et politique des provinces ottomanes aux temps modernes – continuaient à être des lieux de transformation sociale durant la période coloniale notamment par le biais des femmes. Cette approche micro permet aussi de remettre en cause une historiographie qui n'a pensé l'histoire de cette région que par le colonial et en ne se focalisant que sur les relations entre la métropole française et les colonies maghrébines, oubliant au passage, d'autres temporalités et d'autres territoires méditerranéens tels que l'Italie, Istanbul et Le Caire qui étaient encore des lieux importants pour des sujets tunisiens à l'époque.

Every theory of social justice and every political philosophy lie on a specific approach of the value granted to an individual subject and to the human dignity. According to the importance given to each principle by a each national society, a multitude of different bioethics models are created, and each are unique. These models are subjected to globalisation and de facto nationals practices are challenged by the avalaibilty of others ethics benchmarks. In this confrontation between the national legal systems, there is an unresolved tension between individuals whishes and public order.Thus, the french prohibition of surrogacy motherhood is circumvented by citizens going abroad to realize an international surrogacy motherhood. In the contexts of movement of people, the sovereign allows or prohibits by using the frontier as a material tool of control. Then the transcription of the filiation established abroad after a surrogacy motherhood reveals a symbolic value : the normativity facing the fait accompli and the french model uniqueness facing the foreign models. In the european area, supranational organisations, can control the substantiality of the solution given by the national judge, in particular regarding fundamental rights.A study of the interactions between overlapped legal systems allows to question their permeability. Indeed, the european court of human rights and the court of justice of the European union can evict private international law's solutions given by the national legal systems. By controlling directly these legal solutions, there is an indirect control of the ethic, political and legal foundations of the national standard. Behind the control of the national public order by the european courts, divergent systems of values are confronting one another. The legal system that dictates its own hierarchy of values is the dominant one, its telos triumphs.The study examines that following the action of the european courts, there is the imposition of an individualist society, where the right of an ...

In less than forty years, the Chinese society has completely transformed its social legislation made necessary by the transition to a market economy. With the labour law adopted in 1994, then the labour contract law in 2007, China seems to have introduced, in a very short time, profound changes in the employer-employee relationship. This generalization of the written contract at work, indeed, seems to oppose the older form of the implicit contract, which still prevails in contemporary China. On a cultural level, one of the characteristics of Chinese society is the existence of a relational contract which characterizes interpersonal relations and reciprocity between subordinates and their superiors. On the theoretical level, this form of contract is to be compared to the psychological contract which is a subjective perception of the promises that we make and those which are made to us, and thus of the content and the force of our mutual obligations (Rousseau, 1995). In China, relationships between employees and employers are mainly based on relational psychological contracts and the employment contract is therefore perceived as less flexible. What impacts do these economic and legal transformations have today on the employment relationships? Our qualitative study focuses on the perceptions of this formal employment contract by young Chinese born after 1980. Taking into account the societal context, we propose an original contribution in management sciences by articulating the different contracts: psychological contract, social contract and employment contract. ; En moins de quarante ans, la société chinoise a complètement transformé sa législation sociale pour répondre aux impératifs du passage à une économie de marché. Avec la loi sur le travail adoptée en 1994, puis la loi sur le contrat de travail en 2007, la Chine semble avoir introduit, en très peu de temps, de profondes modifications dans le rapport employeur-employé. L'introduction du contrat formel dans le monde du travail s'oppose, en effet, à la forme ...

Weltweit zeichnet sich eine Tendenz zur Regression ab, d.h., ein Rückfall auf überwunden geglaubte Bedürfnisse, Weltbilder und Parolen, die historisch gewonnene Freiheit und Vernunft als Steuerungsmaximen menschlichen Handelns wieder zurücknehmen. Welche Bildungsprozesse wären imstande, die Menschen zu ermächtigen, sich kompetent und verantwortet in die eigenen wie in allgemeine Angelegenheiten einzumischen? Der vorliegende Beitrag diskutiert sechs Säulen formaler Qualifizierung, die gegen den regressiven Sog in freiwillige Knechtschaft wappnen und fit machen könnten für die Zumutungen der Freiheit: Selbstdenken, Eigensinn, Versiertheit in der Dynamik sozialer Systeme, universalistische Moral und Humor. Ein Fazit der Autorin: Legitime Antworten auf politische Fragen von Menschen mit diversen Erfahrungen und widersprüchlichen Interessen lassen sich nur in deliberativen Prozessen finden. Die Zivilgesellschaft, die Öffentlichkeit wären probate Orte, um gesamtgesellschaftliche Fragen aufzuklären und argumentativ auszuhandeln. Diskursive politische Willensbildung könnte intellektuelle wie moralische Qualifizierung der Bürger_innen mit sich bringen und damit vernünftiges Wahlverhalten. Die Ergebnisse öffentlicher Diskurse wären wertvoller Input für ratio nale Entscheidungsprozesse in Regierung und Verwaltung. Schließlich läge es noch an der Zivilgesellschaft, die Entscheidungen im Zentrum politischer Macht zu kontrollieren. (DIPF/Orig.) ; Around the world a tendency toward regression has emerged, i.e. a relapse to ostensibly passé needs, worldviews and slogans that cancel out previously hard-won freedom and reason as the maxims for controlling human action. In light of this, what educational processes would be able to empower people to competently and responsibly intervene in their own affairs as in general matters? This article discusses six pillars of formal qualifications that might serve as arms against the regressive undertow into voluntary servitude and prepare the individual to meet the demands of freedom: these virtues are thinking for oneself, obstinacy, experience in the dynamics of social systems, universalist(ic) morals and humor. One of the author's conclusions: Legitimate answers to political questions by people with diverse experiences and contradictory interests can only be found in deliberative processes. Civil society and the public sphere are appropriate places in which to clarify issues that affect society as a whole and negotiate through argumentation. Discursive formation of political will could go hand in hand with intellectual and moral qualifications of citizens and thus reasonable voting behaviour. (DIPF/Orig.)

This chapter, building on the individual contributions to this book, highlights the complex interactions and feedback-loops between the politics and the science of the future. First, the chapter reflects on current and future trends in politics, science, and society that shape the context of future-oriented thinking at the intersection between politics and academia; acknowledging the co-constitution and co-evolution of different historical, and increasingly global imaginaries of the future and the national and international social and political order across time. Second, the chapter highlights how different knowledge conceptions and temporal logics of and within politics and science complicate the processes of creating and assembling future knowledge; and how a better understanding of the interlinkages between method, practice, context, and political purpose of different types of future reasoning can facilitate collaboration between policy-makers and scientists. Third, the chapter discusses how risks and uncertainty are dealt with across different policy-fields, from climate, health, and financial markets to biological and nuclear weapons proliferation, civil war, and crime; and compares whose predictions and forecasts are integrated how deeply into what forms of governance systems and what consequences this has for politics, society, and science. ; Dieses Kapitel, das auf den einzelnen Beiträgen dieses Buches aufbaut, beleuchtet die komplexen Wechselwirkungen und Rückkopplungsschleifen zwischen der Politik und der Wissenschaft der Zukunft. Zunächst wird im Kapitel über aktuelle und zukünftige Trends in Politik, Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft reflektiert, die den Kontext des zukunftsorientierten Denkens an der Schnittstelle zwischen Politik und Wissenschaft prägen; Es erkennt die Ko-Konstitution und Ko-Evolution verschiedener historischer und zunehmend globaler Zukunftsvorstellungen sowie die nationale und internationale soziale und politische Ordnung im Zeitablauf an. Zweitens zeigt das Kapitel auf, wie unterschiedliche Wissenskonzeptionen und zeitliche Logiken von und innerhalb der Politik und Wissenschaft die Prozesse der Schaffung und Zusammenstellung zukünftigen Wissens verkomplizieren; Zudem zeigt es, wie ein besseres Verständnis der Zusammenhänge zwischen Methode, Praxis, Kontext und politischem Zweck verschiedener Arten von Zukunftsüberlegungen die Zusammenarbeit zwischen politischen Entscheidungsträgern und Wissenschaftlern erleichtern kann. Drittens wird erörtert, wie mit Risiken und Unsicherheit in verschiedenen Politikfeldern - von Klima, Gesundheit und Finanzmärkten über die Verbreitung biologischer und nuklearer Waffen bis hin zu Bürgerkriegen und Kriminalität - umgegangen wird, und es wird verglichen, wessen Vorhersagen und Prognosen wie tief in welche Formen von Governance-Systemen integriert sind und welche Konsequenzen dies für Politik, Gesellschaft und Wissenschaft hat.

Post-apartheid South African society is now more diverse than it ever was. Its title of "rainbow nation" seems hence to be well deserved. The Republic of South Africa is composed of citizens from different ethnicities and immigrants from other countries, among which a majority from the African continent. Nevertheless, although South Africa is a cosmopolitan country, the social environment in which citizens and immigrants live is marked by resentment and xenophobic violence, that reveals a much darker side of the rainbow. As the primary victims of xenophobia, from 2008 to 2019, are foreign nationals from Africa, it is relevant to analyse how they are perceived by South African society. The study is a gradual observation of several aspects which forms South African's opinion on African immigrants. It tackles the social, economic and the public perception of the subject, as well as its political dimension. ; La société sud-africaine post-apartheid est plus hétérogène aujourd'hui qu'elle ne l'était hier. Son surnom de « nation arc-en-ciel » semble donc bien lui convenir. La République d'Afrique du Sud, est composée de citoyens de différentes origines et de migrants venus d'autres pays, notamment du continent africain. Toutefois, bien que le pays soit cosmopolite, la vie sociétale entre immigrants et citoyens est marquée de rancoeur et de violence xénophobe qui divulgue une face cachée de l'arc-en-ciel bien plus sombre qu'il n'y paraît. Comme les principales victimes de xénophobie, de 2008 à 2019, sont en majorité des immigrants d'origines africaine, il serait pertinent d'observer comment ils sont perçus par la société sud-africaine. L'étude se veut progressive, explorant plusieurs aspects de l'opinion sud-africaine envers les immigrants africains, allant de la perception socio-économique à la perception civile, en passant par l'aspect politique du sujet.

The policy of issuing Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages is the basis for allocating funds for development and empowerment of villages, which are the basis of society and the nation at the lowest level of government called Gampong. The funds allocated for the Gampong come from the APBN, Provincial APBD or Regency / City APBK. Through this policy, it is hoped that the Gampong will develop into an independent Gampong that is able to organize and take care of itself. The allocation of Gampong funds is directed to finance government activities, development and community empowerment. Specifically for the economic sector in Gampong, the government established a Village-Owned Enterprise (BUMG) which is a strategic business driver for collective economic development in order to improve the quality of life and create a prosperous society. BUMG is a form of Gampong economic independence with financial support through APBK as a capital to move strategic and potential business units based on local wisdom, with the final hope that there will be a transformation from a helpless village to a more capable and government driven village to a capable independent village organize and take care of itself. BUMG must be able to compete in today's global era with the right strategy, and BUMG must act as a social entrepreneur who not only prioritizes profit but pays more attention to the welfare of the community. To determine the potential business berkearifan riel local businesses, conducted through a SWOT analysis with a focus on internal factors BUMG ie Strength (Strength) and weakness (Weakness) owned and external factors that are Opportunities (Opportunities) and Challenge (Threats).With a SWOT analysis, it finally makes it easier to apply the concept of a plan as a step to develop a future BUMG model.

This paper tries to explore the basic of cosmopolitant thinking of Abdurrahman Wahid or better known as Gus Dur. Abdurrahman Wahid's thinking has a holistic spectrum, for example the relation between Islam and democracy, religion and the state, economic people movement, struggle for human rights and anti-violence, struggle for the existence of nation state and except the Pancasila as the guidence of the plural and multicultural Indonesian society. From his several idea's and concepts above, actually can't be separated from Islamic universality and local wisdom particularity around society. Religious style of Indonesia has its own peculiarities. It appears on the different shades of Islamic archipelago from other coutries in the Middle East. It deals with the uniqueness of the treasures of the experience and practice of the Indonesian as their adherents. Due to the historical background of the existence of cultural experiences and religious belief of its predecessors from the different shades between Islam Indonesia and Islam from other countries existed. In carrying out Islam, they always maintain its normative religious values based on al-Qur'an and al-Hadith. In addition they also carry out historical teachings, in wich the role of spiritual values, inner values (esoteric) in religion, especially the values of human morality has become a very urgent principle in his life. As religion that carry out a mission of universal humanity, Islam must be adapted with any cultural and local wisdom in the world. The universal principles of Islam, for the example equality, openes attitude, brotherhoods, love each other, peacefull, justice, sovereignity of law, and respectfully each others, was cosmopolitant civilization values of Islam. From this research, founded that the basic of cosmopolitant thinking Gus Dur has clearly and fix references. From this starting point Gus Dur tried to spread it on nationally and globally. Clearly, Islam within, was inherent with universality and particularity values.

The existence of Islamic law in Indonesia has a long history, starting from the time of the Islamic empire, where the law lives in a society with the Sultan (King) as the highest power holder who gave birth to the theory of creed or creeds among observers of Islamic law. Then the Dutch colonial period that came to Indonesia began to narrow the space and the development of Islamic law, but Muslims still fight for and maintain the Islamic law until Indonesia's independence. After that the old order where the position of Islamic law is still relatively weak and has no significant change even though at that time has been present Act no. 1 the Year 1974 concerning marriage, Law no. 7 of the 1989 Religious Courts and KHI. Then the new order whose presence was a fresh breeze that gave new spirit and hope for the development of Islamic law but the result was disappointing because the government of that time showed its power. After that emerged a period of reform that is so evolving and progress in society until now, it can be seen by the enactment of some legislation from the values of Islamic law in the national legal system. In such changes, the opportunities and challenges of Islamic law in the national legal system must always experience ups and downs so it needs to be investigated further. This study describes and analyzes the challenges and opportunities of integration of Islamic law in the national legal system. This research uses the Library research method, with the procedure of reduction, presentation, and data analysis. The results show that Islamic law has an opportunity to provide input for the formation of national law because one of them is the majority of Indonesia's population is Muslim. The challenges can be seen structurally, substantially, and culturally.

Purpose of the study: This article focuses on the definition of 'illegitimate children' in Muslim society in Malaysia based on its perspective of Shariah law, Islamic family law, civil law in Malaysia, and the existing perception of the Muslim society in Malaysia. This study also aims to compare the legal terms of ' illegitimate children' from various perspectives with the layman definition of illegitimate children. Methodology: Research information has been obtained through the documentary data collection based on report and annual data from the Malaysian government, non-government agencies and relevant turath scriptures to obtain the best definition of "illegitimate child". Once data have been collected, the data have been analysed using a content analysis method through deductive or inductive reasoning. Main Findings: The result shows that the term 'illegitimate children' is based on the opinions of the Muslim Scholars which is the child conceived from adultery act without a legal marriage. However, the definition of illegitimate children is broad and varies among the existing authoritative bodies in Malaysia, which include a child conceived from an adultery act, unregistered because of lack of proper documentation for registration. Applications of this study: The results of this study are expected to assist the authorities especially Malaysian Islamic Development Office - Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia (JAKIM), National Registration Department (JPN), Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH), Islamic State Department of Malaysia, Shariah Courts in Malaysia and other agencies and NGOs in formulating strategies and taking follow-up actions. In addition, this study will become a reference to individuals, researchers, academicians, students, and the public in Malaysia. Novelty/Originality of this study: The misunderstanding about the definition of an illegitimate child according to JPN, added by the fact that JPN does not have the jurisdiction at all to determine the validity of the child that is supposed to be placed under the Shariah Court, has triggered an ongoing polemic in the Muslim community in Malaysia, concerning this child status issue.

The implementation of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is indispensable for building a sustainable and just future for all humans and our planet. The SDGs are global goals. However, their implementation equally calls for action by a variety of actors in government, business, and civil society. Thus, policy making as well as industrial innovation efforts need to be designed to facilitate rather than hinder the implementation of the SDGs. Consequently, it is necessary to ensure that the possible environmental, economic, and societal impacts of technological innovations aiming for public support and funding in research, development, and market implementation are aligned with the respective objectives of the SDGs. Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) applications are an example of such innovations. By capturing and utilizing CO2, they are intended to have positive impacts on economy, society, and environment. Next to industries' own efforts to advance such technologies, CCU is currently funded by governments in several countries, and such funding is likely to increase. Therefore, an assessment of the compatibility of CCU technologies with the SDGs is as much necessary as it is overdue. Hence, this paper elucidates on how CCU might contribute to or hinder the delivery of the SDGs. By comparing CCUs against the SDGs, it can be concluded that, under certain conditions, they might deliver contributions to several SDGs. The main contributions are expected within the context of energy transition processes, and in societal advancements that are linked to technological progress. For eight out of the seventeen SDGs, positive and indirect negative effects can be predicted. Therefore, the development and implementation of CCU aligned with the SDGs poses a challenge for policy makers when designing frameworks and funding schemes. Specific risks need to be monitored and considered in policy making. This paper therefore argues that the SDGs should be used as a framework for assessing potential societal ...

In last decades, Denmark has been facing major challenges related to the integration of immigrants, along with the fact, that right-wing populist parties, have achieved significant electoral support. Common patterns in Europe among the right-wing populist parties have been previously identified in the literature, yet it is still unclear why some people support such parties' immigration policy and how these political parties' discourses and strategies affect people's identities. The goal of this study was to examine the identity motives, driving people to support right-wing populist parties' immigration policy. 16 supporters of the immigration policy of the two major Danish right-wing populist parties, were interviewed. Identity Process Theory was the leading theory used to examine participants identity motives and to investigate how the right-wing populist parties' strategies influence supporters' identity. The study suggested that participants need of self-efficacy was a key element in explaining the support of the parties' immigration policy. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that the participants seems to be influenced by the parties' discourses and strategies, which was illustrated through the participants social representation of Muslims. The analysis shows that perceived cultural differences between Danish people and Muslims are considered to be a threat to the participants need of belonging. Muslims are considered to be the triggers of social change, leading to uncertainty regarding the future of the Danish society. Finally, participants shared representations of Denmark, as a homogeneous community and the fear of losing such society, appeared as an essential element in explaining the participants support of far-right anti-immigration positions. ; Ao longo das últimas décadas, a Dinamarca tem enfrentado diversos desafios ligados à integração de imigrantes, e ao o crescimento eleitoral dos partidos populistas de extrema direita. A literatura sugere alguns padrões comuns nos diversos partidos da direita ...

The genocide in Cambodia, that lasted from 1975 until 1979, caused by the Khmer Rouge, left the Cambodian society completely devastated in a desolate state. The survivors of the genocide had to cope with many problems ranging from material poverty to physical and psychological injuries. In comparison to other conflicts, the most affected people during that four-year period were intellectuals and educated people. As a consequence the country lost 90% of its artists and therefore its rich artistic culture.1 After the genocide, mostly in the early 1990s, Cambodia witnessed an influx of hundreds of non-governmental organizations. Nowadays there are in total around 3.500 NGOs registered in the country.2 That means the second highest number of NGOs per capita in the world after Rwanda.3 The NGOs came with the aim to help the Cambodians in general, and genocide survivors in particular, in the course of the signings of the Paris Peace Agreements on October 23rd 1991, to put the Cambodian society back on its feet.4 The Paris Peace Agreements, which were signed by 19 governments, offered a comprehensive political settlement aimed at ending the tragic conflict in Cambodia.5 This work therefore, is a Case Study, which seeks to investigate the role of one specific Non- Governmental Organization (NGO) called Cambodian Living Arts. This NGO is working on the continuity and preservation of Cambodia´s artistic cultural heritage. The investigation also surveys the social and political background to the genocide. The assessment was carried out through the analysis of the conducted interviews, which have been complemented with secondary data from organizational project reports and websites related to that topic. One of the major challenges of the Case Study will be, to connect my own primary research with the broader theoretical themes of the existing literature. ; O genocídio no Camboja, que durou de 1975 a 1979, causado pelos Khmers Vermelhos, deixou a sociedade cambojana completamente devastada num estado de desolação. Os ...