Suchergebnisse

Fear and loathing in the former Yugoslavia / Ivo H. Daalder -- Peaceful transformations in East-Central Europe / Milada Anna Vachudovd(c)Ł -- Historical legacies and the politics of intervention in the former Soviet Union / Matthew Evangelista -- Conflict and crisis in South and Southwest Asia / Sumit Ganguly -- Turning the corner in Southeast Asia / Trevor Findlay -- Cycles of conflict in the Middle East and North Africa / Rachel Bronson -- Conflict and conciliation in sub-Saharan Africa / Stephen John Stedman -- Peacemaking and violence in Latin America / Marc W. Chernick -- Political accommodation and the prevention of secessionist violence / Alicia Levine -- Negotiation and mediation in internal conflict / Stephen John Stedman -- Arms limitations, confidence-building measures, and internal conflict / Joanna Spear -- Economic sanctions and internal conflict / Elizabeth S. Rogers -- Nongovernmental organizations and internal conflict / Thomas G. Weiss -- The United States and military intervention in internal conflict / Ivo H. Daalder -- The United Nations and internal conflict / Chantal de Jonge Oudraat -- Collective security organizations and internal conflict / Dan Lindley -- The causes and regional dimensions of internal conflict ; Internal conflict and international action / Michael E. Brown

The continuous Prisoner's Dilemma is a reasonable model for nuclear crises (usually represented by "Chicken"), and for the arms race. This article addresses the existence of credible deterrence strategies that promote cooperation as a dynamically stable steady state. Decisions made repeatedly in time are the selection by each side of a level of hostility. Assessment of the resulting situation is represented by a utility function for each player. As the game proceeds, players are concerned with the current situation as well as with the future consequences of their present decisions. Thus each side must formulate intentions and expectations of each other's future behavior and use them to infer their own present optimal decisions. A formal concept of deterrence strategy is introduced: It promises the other side retaliation in kind to prevent any gain from aggressive play, and it inflicts increasing losses as a result of escalation. If one side adopts such a deterrence strategy, the other side cannot do better than acting similarly, and when both sides adopt it, they both enjoy optimal decision rules that confirm intentions and expectations. The resulting dynamical system endows cooperation with asymptotic stability provided the threats of retaliation contain a fair mix of firmness and restraint.

Finanzkrise und wachsende Legitimationsprobleme staatlicher Institutionen haben in einer ganzen Reihe von öffentlichen Aufgabenbereichen zu einer Einschränkung staatlicher Aktivitäten geführt. Es hat den Anschein, als hätte diese Entwicklung mittlerweile auch den Bildungsbereich erfasst. Die Schaffung marktähnlicher Bedingungen durch Privatisierung scheint in einer wachsenden Zahl von Ländern handlungsleitend für die Bildungspolitik zu sein. Zur Privatisierungsbegründung geltend gemachte Effizienzvorteile sind empirisch nicht zu sichern. Ein Trend in Richtung einer stärkeren Privatisierung der Bildungsproduktion lässt sich in OECD-Ländern bislang weder im Vorschulbereich noch im allgemeinbildenden Schulbereich nachweisen. Dieser Befund lässt sich freilich nicht in die Zukunft extrapolieren. Ein weiter wachsendes gesellschaftliches Interesse an einer Pluralisierung des schulischen Bildungsangebots im Zuge einer fortschreitenden Ausdifferenzierung von Bildungspräferenzen in westlichen Industrienationen lassen im Schulbereich einen Bedeutungszuwachs des privaten Sektors erwarten. Verstärken könnte diesen Trend die als Qualitätsdeterioration perzipierte Verschlechterung der Ressourcenausstattung des öffentlichen Schulwesens im Gefolge der sich verschärfenden staatlichen Finanzkrise. Am stärksten dürfte der Privatisierungstrend im Bildungssektor jedoch von den expandierenden und staatlich weniger regulierten Bereichen außerhalb des formalen Bildungswesens geprägt werden, in denen private Bildungsanbieter traditionell eine besondere Rolle spielen. (DIPF/ Orig.) ; The fiscal crisis and the increasing legitimacy problems of state institutions have caused a worldwide reduction of state activities in several areas of the public sector. It seems that this development has in the meantime also seized the field of education and that the establishment of market-like conditions through privatisation has become a guiding principle of education policy in a growing number of countries. This article shows that claims of advantages in efficiency brought about by privatisation in education are not supported empirically as proposed by proponents of the market oriented system. Statistics also do not indicate a trend towards privatisation in elementary or primary and secondary general education in OECD countries. It is argued, however, that this result cannot be extrapolated into the future since in the course of the growing pluralisation of societies and the resource constraints that public education is facing the private sector might gain greater importance. Furthermore, the aggregate statistics do not reflect interesting small scale developments in the privatisation of education, some of which are demonstrated in the article using examples from English speaking countries. (DIPF/ Orig.)

International crime and justice is an emerging field that covers crime and justice from a global perspective. This book introduces the nature of international and transnational crimes, theoretical foundations to understanding the relationship between social change and the waxing and waning of the crime opportunity structure, globalization, migration, culture conflicts, and the emerging legal frameworks for their prevention and control. It presents the challenges involved in delivering justice and international cooperative efforts to deter, detect, and respond to international and transnational crimes; and the need for international research and data resources to go beyond anecdote and impressionistic accounts to testing and developing theories to build the discipline that bring tangible improvements to the peace, security and well-being of the globalizing world. A timely analysis of a complex subject of international crime and justice for students, scholars, policymakers and advocates who strive for the pursuit of justice for millions of victims.