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Tackling germs, negotiating norms, and securing access to medicines are persistent challenges that disproportionally affect developing countries' participation in global health governance. Furthermore, over the last two decades, the excessive focus on global pandemics and security in global health diplomacy, rendered peripheral diseases that usually strike the poor and vulnerable, creating situations of marginalisation and inequality across societies. However, as the importance of regions and regionalism increases in global politics, and integration ambitions and initiatives extend beyond trade and investment to embrace welfare policy, there are new opportunities to explore whether and how regional commitments affect health equity and access to medicine in developing nations. What, if any, are the possibilities for meso-level institutions to provide leadership and direction in support of alternative practices of global (health) governance? Can regional polities become international advocacy actors in support of global justice goals? This article addresses these questions by analysing regional health diplomacy in South America. The article argues that regional organisations can become sites for collective action and pivotal actors in the advocacy of rights (to health) enabling diplomatic and strategic options to member state and nonstate actors, and playing a role as deal-broker in international organisations by engaging in new forms of regional health diplomacy. Adapted from the source document.

Energy production using renewable energy has an effect on environmental sustainability and on public expenditure. In fact, this industry is heavily assisted by public support from the European Union and the Italian State. Developing and applying a method to evaluate the return on investment for companies operating in the field of renewable energy allows them to quantify their efficient use of public resources. In this research we develop an assessment method that combines the rate of return on equity capital (IRRE) and financial viability (DSCR), in which IRRE > Ke and sub DSCR >1 for any given period of the investment. This method enables us to quantify both the equity capital return and financial sustainability. The method is applied to a case study of a company's production of biogas from livestock effluents located in the province of Reggio Emilia, Italy. The analysis shows that biogas investment guarantees financial sustainability, even in the case of financial liabilities, in the case examined. It also shows that IRRE is higher than average, with a return on equity assured both by market average (MRP) and government bonds in the long term. The research could be further developed by quantifying the social welfare generated by public spending and private investment as equity capital, both in terms of its activation of the economy and in terms of assessing the environmental effects that qualify as externalities.

Abstract: This article describes the conception of Majelis Umat according to Abdul Qadim Zallum and conception of the DPR under the Constitution of 1945. In Abdul Qadim Zallums thought, the conception of Majelis Umat and the DPR basically is a representative of the people in each form of the state, but in conception of Majelis Umat the representativeness of race is limited, such as in the establishment of the law, a people representative of the non-Muslims cant contribute to the perfection of the law because they are not representative for analizyng Islamic law, so is the Majelis Umat in his opinion (most votes) is not binding for the Caliph, with other words Majelis Umat dont have any authority in law as having law is God. In the conception of DPR, any issues relating to the welfare of the people being their authority, certainly not without the approval of the President as the leader of the government. So the differences that really stands out is the authority of the Majelis Umat who are severely restricted by the Caliph and shari'ah law itself. While in DPR based on the Constitution of 1945, as long as not contrary to the basis of the country, DPR has the right to request the approval of the President. Keywords: Majelis Umat, the conception, DPR, Abdul Qadim Zallum

Nuestro trabajo se centra en la prestación de cuidados llevado a cabo por el hospital de Nuestra Señora de la Visitación da vila de Caminha, ubicado en el distrito de Viana do Castelo, y dedicado a la atención de personas desfavorecidas. Tomándo como ejemplo la actividad desarrollada por otras instituciones similares en del siglo XIX, buscaremos analizar la organización y las reglas de funcionamiento de este hospital, la actividad desarrollada por los diferentes los profesionales que prestaban servicio, la tipología de los pacientes, con especial atención a los grupos profesionales a los que pertenecían, y finalmente, las enfermedades que provocaron su internamiento.Abstract: Our communication focuses on sources that allow knowing poverty and the poor in northern Portugal, as well as the support mechanisms used by state and welfare institutions to mitigate the difficulties faced by poorest. The documental funds of civilian governments and administrations of the county are of increasing importance to social historians, along with the documentation produced by the Misericórdias and other brotherhoods. In the particular case of Viana do Castelo, from 1855, the newspapers also become a source of information of undeniable interest to understand the nineteenth-century society and its problems. We believe that a more complete and comprehensive poverty will be achieved through the intersection of sources from different documental funds.

This article challenges the orthodoxy that Hobbes's laws of nature, considered as dictates of reason, ceaselessly oblige agents in virtue of the general desire for self-preservation. Hobbes is an internalist about reasons, who refuses reason independent motivational efficacy. The universal prescriptive force of natural law is instead grounded in some desire (or set of desires) which all rational agents share. On the Orthodox Interpretation, this is the desire for self-preservation, as death is considered the worst possible evil that can befall Hobbesian agents. I argue that this interpretation is untenable. A plethora of passages attests that at least one thing is worse than death: loss of eternal life. It is therefore rational, according to Hobbes, to choose to die if doing so is necessary to procure salvation. This article sketches a non-preservationist reading of the psychological underpinnings of Hobbes's moral philosophy which can account for (but does not presuppose) the superior disvalue of damnation. Three psychological laws, I submit, structure Hobbesian deliberation and desire-formation. The third and perhaps most controversial law states that humans cannot help caring about their own welfare. My contention is that the inescapable desire for bonum sibi better explains the universal normativity of natural law than self-preservation does.

Several research studies have sought to look into the well-being of caregivers, however, little has been done on determinants of well-being among caregivers of physically challenged children in south-western Nigeria. This paper aims at investigating the impact of income and occupation on the well-being of informal caregivers of physically challenged children. However, data for this paper is from a larger study on the determinants of well-being of informal caregivers in southwest of Nigeria. Quantitative research method was used to explore the impact of income and occupation on the well-being of informal caregivers. Eight hundred and twelve informal caregivers were selected through their disabled children from different special schools in three states in western Nigeria. Data were collected using caregivers' socio-economic status scale (urban) by Kuppuswamy (1962) and Ryff's (1989) psychological well-being scale to measure caregiver's well-being. Findings revealed that both income and occupational status predict well- being of informal caregivers of children with disability. It was therefore, recommended that caregivers' finance should be boosted by improving on the existing welfare package for children with disability and introduction of disability grant by governments in Nigeria to assist caregivers in their bid to cope with financial burden of caregiving role. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n2p111

Benevolence, homogeneity and peace has never been the full story of the Nordic region. Building on a critical review of myths of ' Norden' in international relations theory and beyond (international political economy, security studies, regional and European integration theory and postcolonialism), we develop the framework of postimperial sovereignty games for understanding contemporary Nordic foreign policy and regional dynamics. We shift focus from the 'large' Nordic countries to the remnants of Nordic empires: Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Åland. On the one hand, these polities struggle to enhance their independence – Iceland even after becoming a sovereign state; the other polities via self-government arrangements. On the other hand, the former colonies develop close relationships to a supranational European Union in their effort to achieve independent subjectivity. Contrasting the developments towards increased independence and European integration, the article demonstrates the importance of imperial legacies. Firstly, it challenges Norden as a model security community. Secondly, it questions the image of a harmonious Nordic welfare model based on equality and consensus in light of the experiences of Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Åland. Finally, it suggests that no theory of European integration is complete without taking imperial and postimperial processes into account.

The paper starts with a brief autobiographical reflective narration of my own experience as asocial worker. The purpose is to demonstrate and contextualise the interaction, change andinherent ambivalences in relation to my own experience of post-qualifying learning. I qualifiedas a social worker in 1978. My first employment was with the Department of Social Welfare(Coloured Affairs) in the Western Cape. During the first week of my induction I wasintroduced to two important people, my supervisor and the "In-service training manager"(ISTM). My supervisor was responsible for supervising my day to day workload. The ISTMwas exclusively responsible for guiding and testing me on the content of a thick lever-arch filecalled the in-service training manual. The latter contained all the relevant legislation, policiesand departmental procedures that I had to study and know before becoming a permanentlyemployed social worker and public servant. Every Friday I would religiously go to the inservicetraining guru to be tested on the contents of the file. The ISTM was also kept informedby my supervisor about my performance on the job and would comment on my progress asindicated by my "stats". The latter was a record of how many clients I had seen and what theresults achieved on each of these were. This process would continue until the in-servicetraining was satisfactorily completed.

В настоящей работе проведен анализ профессиональной заболеваемости в ВКО среди женщин за период 2008-2013г., рассмотрена проблема проблемах охраны здоровья работающих женщин и гигиенической оценки вредных производственных факторов и процессов, опасных для репродуктивного здоровья работающих женщин и мужчин. Авторами, учитывая актуальность рассмотренной проблемы, предложены рекомендации по совершенствованию действующего законодательства РК в сфере санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия населения. ; An analysis of occupational morbidity in EKR among women over the period 2008-2013g., Considers the problem of the health problems of working women and hygienic assessment of harmful factors and processes that are hazardous to the reproductive health of working women and men. The authors, considering the relevance of the problem, offered recommendations for improving the current legislation of Kazakhstan in the sphere of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population. Population health is closely dependent on the economic development of the country, conditions and standards of living, education, way of life of the population. One of the priorities of the state policy of health protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the preservation and promotion of health of working capacity. Increasing age retirement age for women, requires the development of health promotion and protection of women workers. Maintaining the health of the working population as the economic basis of society the most important task of preventive medicine.

Civil Affairs (CA) comprises "the vanguard of DoD's support to United States Government efforts to assist partner governments in the fields of rule of law, economic stability, governance, public health and welfare, infrastructure, and public education and information" (2010 Quadrennial Defense Review Report). CA professionals have historically played critical roles in conflict prevention and post-conflict transformation. However, the Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Affairs has identified gaps in opportunities for education and training between CA soldiers in the reserve and active components. One important response to these concerns was the 2013 establishment of the Institute for Military Support to Governance (IMSG) to guide the professionalization of the CA force structure. In particular, the IMSG is leading the development of a new military occupational specialty (MOS) titled "military support to governance specialists," or 38G. The Governance Innovation for Security and Development research project supports initiatives by the US Special Operations Command, the US Special Warfare Center and School and the IMSG to address gaps in Special Operations and the wider CA community. This report presents a set of recommended positions, descriptions, and qualifications for the 38G CA officer. ; Prepared for: US Special Operations Command, John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School, and the Institute for Military Support to Governance. ; Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Distortionary levy applied uniformly to all diameter classes of logs from logging natural forest can lead to inefficiencies; certain diameter should be left in the field because it is not economical to be used. Win-win or Pareto improving solution can be achieved if the government is more flexible. Social welfare is higher because of the waste that can be utilized to create employment, production and additional benefits for employers, as well as revenue for the state. Even if the levy rates are forced to zero for small-diameter timber, governments is actually not harmed at all because from the beginning the government does not get any revenue from small timber that is left in the field as waste. In scarcity situations of timber from natural forests, it is desirable if the government is considering differentiating charges in order to reduce or possibly eliminate the volume of waste generated by the levy. In general, tariff differentiation done in the form of higher tariffs for higher diameter logs. If possible, the lowest diameter limit of logs is forced down to its technical limits. That is, the processing tool that will determine how the minimum diameter logs can be processed profitably.Keywords: tariff differentiation, efficiency, timber utilization, government revenue, win-win solutionDOI: 10.7226/jtfm.19.2.163

From our households and into our communities, from independent States to international governing bodies, gender operates as a construct of evolving aspects of women's identities and is a medium through which expectations are prescribed, social norms are formed and power relations are negotiated. Gender constructs that impede women's access to the public spheres of society diminish the possibility for equitable and empowering life conditions. Of particular emphasis in this paper, facilitating women's entry into political bodies across the world is also compromised by persistent obstacles in women's opportunities in both political and private spheres of life. Our research engages female and male panchayat members in rural Gujarat, India. We aim to understand how being a woman affects access to political office, experiences therein, negotiation procedures and decisions taken. It is theorized that facilitating female representation in local governmental structures (a panchayat) through a quota represents one of many routes toward empowerment and one potential means of improving health and household welfare. When empowerment is analyzed within India's panchayat quota, dimensions such as gender and corresponding perceptions, norms and conditions evidence the centrality of gender as a persistent fault-line in number-based initiatives. The panchayat thus mirrors gendered social realities, demonstrating how complex the processes of substantial democratic political participation and women's empowerment are, in India and elsewhere.

In 2011 the Baltic Sea region was marking the 20th anniversary of the Baltic countries regaining their independence and the resumption of diplomatic relations with them. This region with the riches of experiences is the region where the currently established methods and practices of cooperation are a source of knowledge and experience for a peaceful striving after stabilization and welfare. The changes that took place 20 years ago have brought development of different forms of cooperation and a lot of regional international organizations were established. The governmental international organization is the Council of the Baltic Sea State, a regional political forum, whose stated aims are to coordinate the cooperation between the partners and to achieve sustainable growth of the region. The Prime Ministers have established a number of the valuable initiatives, such as Baltic21, which was a regional counterpart to the UN Agenda21, the Strategy for the Baltic Sea region or the Northern Dimension Partnership for Health and Social well-being. Also the groups of experts were appointed in order to advance work in the respective areas. Many of these aspects are connected with sustainable development, which nowadays is considered as one of the biggest challenges. The Baltic Sea region is also important for the European Union due to its strategic neighborhood.

AbstractWe examine the influence of individual characteristics and targeted and universal social policy on single-mother poverty with a multilevel analysis across 18 affluent Western democracies. Although single mothers are disproportionately poor in all countries, there is even more cross-national variation in single-mother poverty than in poverty among the overall population. By far, the United States has the highest rate of poverty among single mothers among affluent democracies. The analyses show that single-mother poverty is a function of the household's employment, education, and age composition, and the presence of other adults in the household. Beyond individual characteristics, social policy exerts substantial influence on single-mother poverty. We find that two measures of universal social policy significantly reduce single-mother poverty. However, one measure of targeted social policy does not have significant effects, and another measure is significantly negative only when controlling for universal social policy. Moreover, the effects of universal social policy are larger. Additional analyses show that universal social policy does not have counterproductive consequences in terms of family structure or employment, while the results are less clear for targeted social policy. Although debates often focus on altering the behavior or characteristics of single mothers, welfare universalism could be an even more effective anti-poverty strategy.

This paper focuses on competing appropriations of international women's rights standards in the framework of the Moroccan Equity and Reconciliation Commission (ERC) and its follow-up projects. I argue that, even if the ERC's gender approach has been introduced as part of international models of transitional justice, it is geared toward earlier women's rights and human rights activism, as well as to established state practices of at least selectively supporting women's rights. Like political reform in general, the ERC and its gender approach are an outcome of internal, long-time dynamics of change. Within the ERC's politics of gender, there exists a tendency to depoliticize women's rights activism in the process of reconciliation by making women a target for welfare measures and "human development." Yet, at the same time, the officially recognized gender approach also allows for strategies to broaden the basis for women's rights activism by making women's experiences of violence during the "Years of Lead" (the period of fierce repression under the rule of Hassan II), an issue of concern in the framework of its new politics of memory. The implementation of the ERC's gender approach can be interpreted as an example of how women's rights activism may be able to push its agenda while adjusting to both transnational discourses and national politics.