Suchergebnisse

The United States lags behind most other nations in the world with respect to job-protected leave and paid leave from work, such as parental leave. The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) of 1993 is the only federal leave policy, and it provides 12 weeks of job-protected leave for personal care or family care to address serious illnesses or health conditions. However, leave under the FMLA is unpaid, and restrictive eligibility requirements prohibit over 40 percent of the workforce from taking advantage of its provisions. Given the FMLA's shortcomings, states have passed their own leave laws, offering paid leave, covering more workers, lengthening leave durations, or expanding definitions of "family" for the purposes of family caregiving leave. My dissertation applies both quantitative and qualitative analytical approaches to explore relationships between social movements and gender-neutral leave legislation (i.e., paid and/or job-protected family, parental, and sick leave) in U.S. states. It addresses two key questions: First, how and to what extent do union-community coalitions (or social movements) influence state leave legislation? Second, under what conditions do they have influence?This is the first study to compile state leave legislative histories since the passage of the FMLA in 1993 and the first to empirically test relationships between organized labor and leave policy. My mixed-method approach combines an event history analysis of leave policy adoption in 49 states from 1973 to 2014 with in-depth, case-oriented comparisons between two U.S. states characterized by above-average union densities but very different leave policy provisions: California, which has the most generous leave policies in the country and Pennsylvania, which has no state-level leave provisions. Findings from the case-oriented comparisons are based on state legislative hearing transcripts, news sources, and interviews with 34 union, community, and coalition leaders as well as government staff and elected representatives. For the event history analysis, I constructed my own dataset, organized by state-year, drawing from different government and academic sources to measure union institutional strength and economic and political conditions in each state for each year. Combining these two methodological approaches enabled a comprehensive examination of social movement interventions at different points in the policy-making process: setting legislative agendas, shaping the content of legislation, and achieving policy adoption.I find that movement activity, union institutional strength, and government allies in the form of Democrats and women in state legislatures facilitated adoption of leave policies. However, under favorable movement and political conditions, weak economic conditions intervened to slow the progress of leave bills. Social movements (or union-community coalitions) exerted most influence at the agenda-setting stage of the policy-making process. While some elected representatives introduced bills independent of movement pressures, these bills only emerged from house committees with attention from movement actors. At the other end of the policy-making process, I find that Democratic majorities in state houses were necessary for a bill to come to a vote and ultimately to pass. At the stage in which the content of legislation is negotiated, an intermediate stage in the policy-making process, I find interaction between movements and political conditions. At this intermediate stage, movement actors are consulted about what they perceive as reasonable compromises, and these potential compromises are weighed against a desire to win support from moderate legislators, which would potentially enable policy adoption.My research contributes to existing theoretical knowledge regarding social movement outcomes and union contributions to equality. First, I extend social movement theories by arguing that social movements and political conditions interact at the stage in which legislative content is negotiated. My findings confirm previous research showing that social movements have most influence at the early stages in the policy-making process (e.g., bill introduction) rather than later stages (e.g., policy adoption). Political conditions mediate relationships between movements and policy outcomes at the policy adoption stage in the sense that Democratic control of the legislature is a necessary condition for passage of leave legislation. When Democrats are in control, union strength and union-community coalition activity increases the likelihood of policy adoption. At the intermediate stage in which legislative content is negotiated, social movements and political conditions interact to have joint effects on policy outcomes. Second, I introduce the economy as an additional mediator in the relationship between movements and policy outcomes and argue that social movement theories, rather than continuing with political mediation models, should move toward a more generic mediation model of movement outcomes. Finally, I find a significant, positive relationship between union institutional strength and leave policy adoption. Additionally, specify union contributions to coalitions advocating policy change, arguing that unions contribute their relationships with policy-makers and localized knowledge of political conditions. These contributions, I argue, are unique to organized labor. Unions, therefore, facilitate the movement's access to government decision-makers, an achievement that social movement scholars consider a movement outcome in its own right.

My dissertation deals with the poetry, short fiction, and critical writing ofGajanan Madhav Muktibodh (1917-1964). In my dissertation I argue that Muktibodh's work—inspite of or even because of its conscious affiliation to a Marxist idea of international revolutionand progress—presents a critique of postcolonial modernity rooted in the experience of thepost-Independence middle class. Through an account of the ways in which his writings wereable to bring into poetic life a range of issues—not least the imagination of an alternativeglobality in the wake of Indian independence—a picture emerges of the hopes and anxieties ofan emerging lower middle class beginning to speak on a global stage. My work relies on amethodology of close readings of Muktibodh's work with an attention to the formal qualities oflanguage, situated in a theoretical understanding based upon Critical and Postcolonial Theory.In my first chapter, I discuss the life and reception of Muktibodh, who has been a central figure in Hindi literary criticism since his early death in 1964. In the first part of this chapter I examine Muktibodh's life and career, with special attention to the influence of Central India and its distinct literary culture. I then examine Muktibodh's reception, focusing on two main stages. In the first, roughly within the decade after his death, Muktibodh's works are seen as a referendum on debates over aesthetics and politics that dominated Hindi criticism in the 1950s. In the second, which takes place in the late 1970s, Muktibodh is seen as a uniquely prophetic figure, even as he is reinterpreted to fit contemporary concerns. The second chapter of my dissertation examines Muktibodh's interest in science and technology. This interest, typically overlooked in criticism of Muktibodh, brings into light Muktibodh's engagement with the discourse of science and technology in the context of the Cold War. In this chapter, through the examination of his poetry and fiction, I show how Muktibodh used the language and thematics of science and technology to raise questions about India's new relationship to the international.The third and fourth chapters of this dissertation analyze in detail the formal evolution of Muktibodh's poetry towards the "Long Poem" forwhich he is most known. By tracing the sources of the Long Poem both to the influence of the Chāyāvād [Romantic] poet Jayshankar Prasad, as well as the influence of modernist Marathi poetry on the bilingual Muktibodh, I show how Muktibodh's long poem emerges as a unique form in Hindi modernism, one rooted in the literary culture of Central India in which he worked. This chapter therefore demonstrates the complex networks through which Hindi poetry developed. In my fourth chapter, I compare ``Aṁdhere meṁ,'' which is Muktibodh's most well-known long poem, with the more obscure ``Bhaviṣyadhārā.'' This chapter shows how ``Aṁdhere meṁ,'' even as it depicts a nightmarish version of contemporary reality, takes as its subject the role of the autonomous imagination in engaging with the world. These chapters, in analyzing Muktibodh's long poem, point towards the possibilities of a formal analysis of modernist Hindi poetry, and its importance for understanding larger trends in intellectual, cultural, and literary history. The final two chapters take up Muktibodh's views towards realism and genre, issues that are present in the discussion of the long poem, but emphasized here in an investigation of his short fiction and criticism. In the fifthchapter, I use an analysis of several of Muktibodh's short stories in order to examine his ideas about genre, and the problem of a post-Independence reality in which social relations seemed to resist a straightforward, realist depiction. Rather than view Muktibodh's short fiction as unfinished or stagnant, I examine the moments in these stories in which fables, frame stories, and metanarrative devices interrogate ideas of realism. The final sixth chapter of my dissertation analyzes Muktibodh's criticism, showing how he used a critique of Realism to develop an aesthetics centered on the critical imagination. Through an examination of Muktibodh's criticism across his career, I show how a contradiction between narrative and the poetic image eventually develops into an critique of realism, based on readings in Marxist and romantic aesthetic theory.My research not only contributes to an emerging scholarship of post-Independence Hindi, but also develops an understanding of the contribution of Hindi and other South Asian languages to postcolonial literature. I argue that taking account of Muktibodh's writings is crucialtowards forming a model of World Literature that accounts for the experience of India following independence, and the unique perspectives on the international developed by South Asian literatures. My dissertation therefore acts as a corrective to studies of global modernism that privilege literatures written in European languages and view non-European literatures asfundamentally local in scope. In addition, by analyzing the unique way in which Muktibodh combined Marxism with a global Hindi internationalism, my dissertation reveals new ways of understanding the literary and intellectual history of the Cold War. Research that situates writers such as Muktibodh in an international context can thus help to illuminate networks of alternative, postcolonial modernisms in the twentieth century.

'Beneath the Southern Cross: Increasing Trade Between Argentina & Australia' is a research report designed to demonstrate the benefit to be attained by Australia broadening its trade relationships from the traditional markets of USA, EU and Asia into the newly developing region of Latin America. As a means of establishing this, the report argues Australia has the capacity for this increase and Argentina provides a viable entry point. Argentina's ability to act as a conduit to the rest of Latin America is due to the size of its economy and membership in MERCOSUR, which would place Australia in a favourable position with other members. The motivation for increasing the importance given to Latin America now, while it is still a developing region, is to establish close business and political links before development accelerates and creates greater competition in the region. Although the report is designed to demonstrate Australia will enjoy longer-term benefits when development accelerates, it also argues there are short-term benefits associated with the expansion of trade and the three focus areas for initial expansion will enjoy both immediate and longer-term increases. Education, tourism and nuclear technology were elected as focus areas for increasing trade for several reasons. Education and tourism exports in Australia contribute significantly to Australia's exports and are arguably capable of further increasing their importance in the Australian economy by expanding into new markets. Nuclear technology on the other hand, is a recent development in the Australian political arena in which Argentina has the capacity to increase its exports to Australia. Education and tourism both increase beneficial relationships between nations and act as cures to the negative stereotypes occasionally attributed to Latin American nations which label them poor and insignificant in terms of world trade. Education in particular is a mutually beneficial area for increasing trade by allowing Australia to provide the high quality education of a developed nation which is not available in Argentina on a broad scale. In doing so, Australia gains increased profit and demand for universities whilst also gaining the added contribution to the economy of students living in Australia and increasing the education of local students by broadening the cultures and ideas they come into contact with. The report recommends that Australia should actively increase the export of education to Argentina by increasing the priority given to Argentina as a source of international students and for the Federal Government and the Department of Education, Science and Training to assist this increase through increasing their relationships with Argentine counterparts and their overall presence in the region. The effort begun by the Australian Vice-Chancellors Committee was also commended and encouraged in the report as was the importance of continuing to increase the exchange of students, academics and information between Australian and Argentine universities. The report also argued for increasing the funding for universities to preserve or improve their global rankings as among the best universities in the world. The report further demonstrated that due to the large disparity in income distribution in Argentina, that there was a significant market of Argentine tourists which Australia was failing to attract due to an overall neglect at marketing and presence in the region. The report also argued the overly-invasive procedures which have to be endured by Argentines to gain visas act as deterrents to potential tourists and that this situation requires review. Although education and tourism were focused upon as areas in which Australia could increase its trade, nuclear power was included to demonstrate an area in which Argentina might increase its exports to Australia. As a very recent and therefore relevant topic, nuclear technology was argued to be an area in which Argentina has significant expertise from which Australia could benefit. The successful OPAL project is testament to Argentina's capacity, therefore increasing the level of interaction between our nations in this area is fitting given the strong basis which has developed as a result of the project. The report argued that due to Australia's resources of uranium and Argentina's resources of technology and expertise, a mutually beneficial relationship should be pursued by both governments. Ultimately, Beneath The Southern Cross demonstrates that Australia and Argentina no longer have any valid reasons for continuing to neglect trade relationships with one-another and by continuing to do so, are losing many opportunities. The report argues that delaying any improvement in the level of trade and relationships between our nations until Argentina's development accelerates would hinder our ability to successfully engage with Latin America as competition from other nations would also have increased. It took large scale political and economic effort to engage with Asia once development had accelerated during the late 1980s and early 1990s and consequently, Australia should be trying to avoid a repetition of this by utilising foresight and longer-term market planning to engage with emerging areas earlier.

Neste estudo a qualidade da água consumida por escolares na cidade de Uberaba-MG foi avaliada levando-se em consideração os resultados das análises químicas para determinação dos teores de cloro residual livre e níveis de cromo, cobre, manganês, chumbo e cádmio, além das análises microbiológicas para determinação de coliformes totais e Escherichia coli, tomando-se como parâmetro para água potável, os valores estabelecidos pela Portaria nº 2.914 de 2011 do Ministério da Saúde (Brasil, 2011). Foram analisadas amostras de água provenientes de bebedouros e torneiras da cozinha de oito instituições de ensino infantil da rede pública municipal que atendem crianças com a faixa etária de 0 - 5 anos. As amostragens foram realizadas em períodos trimestrais compreendidos entre dezembro de 2011 e setembro de 2012, resultando em quatro coletas. Os resultados obtidos revelaram a presença de Escherichia coli e coliformes totais, acima dos valores permissíveis pela legislação em mais de 50% das amostras analisadas. Foi verificado ainda, teor de cloro residual livre abaixo do valor mínimo exigido pela legislação vigente em quase metade das amostras analisadas. No que se refere à concentração de metais, algumas amostras de água apresentaram teores de cobre, cádmio, cromo, manganês e chumbo acima do permitido. Os testes estatísticos revelaram que, quando analisado o período de realização das amostragens, apenas os valores referentes à concentração de cloro residual livre, cromo e chumbo não apresentaram diferença significativa (p>0,05). Os resultados obtidos revelam a necessidade de ações corretivas nos pontos de fornecimento de água para a população escolar, além do monitoramento e controle da qualidade da água para consumo humano, tanto pelos gestores escolares como pelas autoridades sanitárias. ; This study evaluated the quality of water consumed by schoolchildren in the city of Uberaba, relying upon chemical analyzes to determine the levels of free-residual chlorine and levels of chromium, copper, manganese, lead and cadmium. Microbiological analysis was also performed in order to determine total coliforms and Escherichia coli, using the values established by Ordinance n0. 2914 of 2011 of the Ministry of Health as parameters for safe drinking water. Water samples were analyzed from the drinking fountains and kitchen faucets of eight public schools that serve children aged 0-5 years. Sampling was conducted quarterly from December 2011 to September 2012, resulting in four collections. The results revealed the presence of Escherichia coli and total coliforms above the valued permitted by legislation in more than 50% of the samples. It was also observed that concentrations of free-residual chlorine were below the minimum value required by law in nearly half of the samples analyzed. In relation to the concentration of metals, some samples had water contents of copper, cadmium, chromium, manganese and lead above the permissible levels. Statistical tests revealed that when analyzing the period of sampling, only the values for the concentrations of free-residual chlorine, chromium and lead showed no significant difference (p> 0.05). The results show the need for corrective actions at the water supply point for the school population, in addition to monitoring and controlling the quality of water for human consumption. ; Neste estudo a qualidade da água consumida por escolares na cidade de Uberaba-MG foi avaliada levando-se em consideração os resultados das análises químicas para determinação dos teores de cloro residual livre e níveis de cromo, cobre, manganês, chumbo e cádmio, além das análises microbiológicas para determinação de coliformes totais e Escherichia coli, tomando-se como parâmetro para água potável, os valores estabelecidos pela Portaria nº 2.914 de 2011 do Ministério da Saúde (Brasil, 2011). Foram analisadas amostras de água provenientes de bebedouros e torneiras da cozinha de oito instituições de ensino infantil da rede pública municipal que atendem crianças com a faixa etária de 0 - 5 anos. As amostragens foram realizadas em períodos trimestrais compreendidos entre dezembro de 2011 e setembro de 2012, resultando em quatro coletas. Os resultados obtidos revelaram a presença de Escherichia coli e coliformes totais, acima dos valores permissíveis pela legislação em mais de 50% das amostras analisadas. Foi verificado ainda, teor de cloro residual livre abaixo do valor mínimo exigido pela legislação vigente em quase metade das amostras analisadas. No que se refere à concentração de metais, algumas amostras de água apresentaram teores de cobre, cádmio, cromo, manganês e chumbo acima do permitido. Os testes estatísticos revelaram que, quando analisado o período de realização das amostragens, apenas os valores referentes à concentração de cloro residual livre, cromo e chumbo não apresentaram diferença significativa (p>0,05). Os resultados obtidos revelam a necessidade de ações corretivas nos pontos de fornecimento de água para a população escolar, além do monitoramento e controle da qualidade da água para consumo humano, tanto pelos gestores escolares como pelas autoridades sanitárias.

This paper provides a retrospective account of efforts, from 2007 to 2013, to establish a community-managed protected area just south of Ankarana National Park that would encompass the limestone massif known locally as Tsingy Mahaloka and adjacent remnant forest patches. Community members of the rural commune of Antsiravibe came together in 2007 and, with support from the Peace Corps, formed KOFAMA (Koperativa Fikambanana Ankarabe Mitsinjo Arivo) to oversee management of the Tsingy Mahaloka site. When KOFAMA was initially established, Tsingy Mahaloka was envisioned as an ecotourist destination. Ecotourism is a pillar of the new IUCN "Lemurs of Madagascar" conservation action plan (2013–2016), and can allow rural communities to (i) secure revenue for habitat protection; (ii) create economic incentives and benefits for residents; and, (iii) facilitate locally-supported conservation efforts. Ecotourism to Tsingy Mahaloka was seen as a means for future sustainable development in the area. KOFAMA, as the local organization to be responsible for management of the protected area, was intended to operate by a "bottom-up" approach, where local stakeholders take active participation and leadership in decision-making affecting the protected area. But, obviously, an ecotourist site needs tourists; this has proven to be a problem for KOFAMA and the Tsingy Mahaloka site. The Tsingy Mahaloka site, on the face of it, would appear to offer much that would attract and educate ecotourists, including: striking topography (the massif's sheer limestone cliffs rising 80–100 metres above a flat coastal plain), a diverse endemic avifauna, a resident crowned lemur population, and extensive caves containing human burials made over generations. However, the site's relatively remote location and Madagascar's recent political crisis have worked against Tsingy Mahaloka becoming established as a site that ecotourists regularly visit. Regardless, a core group of local residents remain committed to the project's original goals. At this point in KOFAMA's history, however, an initial assessment of the organization draws attention to the limits of a "build it and they will come" approach to ecotourism, sustainable development, and locally-managed conservation efforts. The struggles encountered by KOFAMA in its efforts to oversee the Tsingy Mahaloka site highlight the importance of detailed ethnographic and socioeconomic work prior to embarking on such locally-managed conservation efforts. RÉSUMÉ Le présent compte rendu porte sur une rétrospective des efforts déployés de 2007 à 2013 pour établir une aire protégée au sud du Parc National de l'Ankarana et qui concerne le massif calcaire du Tsingy Mahaloka ainsi que ce qu'il reste de forêt sur sa périphérie. En 2007, les membres de la communauté de la commune rurale d'Antsiravibe se sont organisés avec le soutien des volontaires du Corps de la Paix pour former le KOFAMA (Koperativa Fikambanana Ankarabe Mitsinjo Arivo) afin de superviser le site du Tsingy Mahaloka reconnu comme une aire à protéger par la communauté. Lorsque KOFAMA a été initialement établi, le Tsingy Mahaloka avait été retenu comme une destination écotouristique. L'écotourisme est d'ailleurs un pilier du nouveau plan d'action de conservation des lémuriens de Madagascar de l'UICN pour la période 201 3–201 6. L'écotourisme est ainsi proposé aux communautés rurales de la périphérie des aires protégées comme un moyen de sécuriser des revenus en échange de la protection de l'habitat, mais aussi un moyen de proposer des incitations économiques et des avantages pour les résidents, et enfin une structure destinée à faciliter les efforts de conservation qui sont supportés localement. L'écotourisme lié au Tsingy Mahaloka a été considéré comme une activité de développement durable qui s'inscrit dans l'avenir de la région. KOFAMA, en tant qu'organisation locale responsable de la gestion de l'aire protégée est destiné à fonctionner selon une approche de bas en haut dans laquelle les acteurs locaux s'engagent réellement et dirigent les prises de décisions affectant l'aire protégée. Mais, de toute évidence, le processus a besoin de touristes, ce qui a constitué un problème pour KOFAMA et le Tsingy Mahaloka. À première vue, le Tsingy Mahaloka semble offrir de nombreuses caractéristiques propres à attirer et éduquer des écotouristes, dont une topographie remarquable avec des falaises calcaires abruptes de 80–100 mètres de haut dominant une plaine côtière, une avifaune endémique variée, une population résidente de Lémurs couronnés et des grottes abritant des sépultures humaines déposées par plusieurs générations. Mais, non seulement le Tsingy Mahaloka est-il relativement isolé, mais la crise politique de 2009 à 2014 Madagascar a également joué contre le développement de l'écotourisme. Malgré cela, un groupe de gens motivés poursuit les premiers objectifs du projet. À ce stade de l'histoire de KOFAMA, une évaluation initiale de l'organisation montre les limites d'une approche du type « proposons quelque chose, ils viendront voir » aussi bien pour l'écotourisme, le développement durable que les efforts déployés localement pour la protection de la nature. Les problèmes rencontrés par KOFAMA dans ses efforts pour protéger le Tsingy Mahaloka soulignent l'importance de mener un travail ethnographique et socio-économique détaillé avant d'embarquer dans des efforts de protection de la nature gérés localement.

The objective of this document is to emphasize the attractiveness of African countries of foreign direct investment which can be linked to macroeconomic variables traditionally analyzed and confirmed, but also to other recent variables relating to the political climate linked to development of the institutional economy. The analysis of this attractiveness and its characteristics show the weak influence of these institutional determinants on FDI inflows, this negative influence which is in contradiction with recent studies and the theoretical contribution whose impact is positive. It seems that the unfavorable business climate encourages this attractiveness. The results confirm the positive impact of the exchange rate, the degree of openness and the size of the market on FDI inflows. In particular, the institutional quality, through political stability, voice and responsibility, and the quality of the regulator have a negative impact on improving the attractiveness of African countries in terms of FDI. While other institutional variables are not significant, such as the efficiency of government, the control of corruption and the role of the law. From the perspective of the foreign investor, most African countries present gigantic obstacles to investment, notably: corruption and cumbersome democracy, weak judicial systems, insufficient infrastructure, shortage of manpower. skilled labor and fears of political instability. To reduce corruption and bureaucracy and improve the image of these countries, specialized centers must be set up where investors can obtain all the necessary licenses and other authorizations, instead of having to face a multitude of administrative obstacles. time and allow local officials to demand bribes or other personal benefits. In addition, political instability and the various conflicts and violence that are found in many African countries discourage FDI inflows. Even countries far from conflict zones are not spared this negative image. Political stability and the absence of violence is one of the first determinants if we want to make these countries a more attractive pole of investment in the long term. Similarly, the legal, regulatory and legal framework of the country is essential in the establishment of companies which seem necessary to reform: company law, labor law, environmental law, regulation of public procurement and its accessibility to companies with foreign capital and the functioning of the judicial system. keywords: obstacles, conflict, business, legal, judiciary. ; L'objectif de ce document est de mettre l'accent sur l'attractivité des pays africains des investissements directs étrangers qui peuvent être liée à des variables macroéconomiques traditionnellement analysées et confirmées, mais aussi à d'autres variables récentes relative au climat politique lié au développement de l'économie institutionnelle. L'analyse de cette attractivité et ses caractéristiques montrent la faible influence de ces déterminants institutionnels sur les entrées d'IDE, cette influence négative qu'est en contradiction avec des études récentes et l'apport théorique dont l'impact est positif. Il semble que le climat des affaires non propice encourage cette attractivité. Les résultats confirment l'impact positif tu taux de change, le degré d'ouverture et la taille de marché sur les entrées d'IDE. Notamment, la qualité institutionnelle, à travers la stabilité politique, la voix et responsabilité, et la qualité du régulateur ont un impact négatif sur l'amélioration de l'attractivité des pays africains en matière d'IDE. Tandis que d'autres variables institutionnelles ne sont pas significatives, telles que l'efficacité du gouvernement, le contrôle de la corruption et le rôle de la loi. Du point de vue de l'investisseur étranger, la plupart des pays africains présentent des obstacles gigantesques à l'investissement, notamment : la corruption et les lourdeurs démocratiques, la faiblesse des systèmes judiciaires, l'insuffisance des infrastructures, la pénurie de main-d'œuvre qualifiée et les craintes d'instabilité politique. Pour réduire la corruption et la bureaucratie et améliorer l'image de ces pays, il faut mettre en place des centres spécialisées où les investisseurs pourraient se procurer toutes les licences et autre autorisations nécessaires, au lieu de devoir affronter une multitude des obstacles administratives qui prennent du temps et permettent aux responsables locaux d'exiger des pots-de-vin ou autres avantages personnels. En plus, l'instabilité politique et les différents conflits et violences qui se trouvent dans beaucoup des pays africains découragent les entrées d'IDE. Même les pays éloignés des zones de conflit ne sont pas épargnés de cette image négative. La stabilité politique et l'absence des violences est l'un des premiers déterminants si l'on veut faire de ces pays un pole d'investissement plus attrayant à long terme. De même, le cadre légal, réglementaire et juridique du pays est primordial dans l'implantation des entreprises ce qui semblent nécessaire de réformer : le droit des sociétés, le droit du travail, le droit de l'environnement, la réglementation de la commande publique et son accessibilité aux entreprises à capitaux étrangers et le fonctionnement du système judicaire. mots cle:obstacles,conflit,entreprise,legal,judiciare.

Zusammenfassung: Der Begriff der Emanzipation spielt in der neueren Erziehungswissenschaft nur mehr eine geringe Rolle. Mit dem Bildungsbegriff steht jedoch eine Alternative zur Verfügung, die das kritische Potential des Emanzipationsbegriffs bewahren lässt. Wie sehr eine kritische pädagogische Haltung auch heute notwendig ist, wird anhand ausgewählter Beispiele aus dem schulischen und familiären Bereich aufgezeigt. Gegenüber der wachsenden Tendenz, Erziehung und Unterricht nach ihrem Output zu beurteilen und ihre Überwachung und Kontrolle zu intensivieren, wird daran erinnert, dass Bildung nicht machbar ist, sondern vom sich bildenden Subjekt selber geleistet werden muss.Schlüsselwörter: Bildung, Bildungspolitik, Emanzipation, Helikoptereltern, Kompetenz, PISA ; Summary: The concept of emancipation plays a limited role in the recent science of pedagogics. With the concept of education, all alternatives are available which preserve the critical potential of the emancipation concept. The extent to which a critical pedagogic attitude is also necessary today, will be illustrated by means of examples chosen from the schooling and familial domains. Countering the increasing tendency to judge education and teaching in terms of their output and so intensify surveillance and control, is a reminder that education is not doable but rather needs to be accomplished by the subject who is being educated.Key words: education, the politics of education, emancipation, helicopter parents, competence, PISA ; L'émancipation a largement perdu de sa signification en tant que notion normative dans le domaine des sciences de l'éducation. Ce terme continue toutefois d'être utilisé pour décrire la fonction critique des sciences de l'éducation. Comme en témoigne fortement la critique aujourd'hui, l'école et la famille sont en pleine évolution. Les réformes actuelles de l'enseignement en Suisse se distinguent de façon marquante par une tendance dominante à la standardisation et à la normalisation de l'école et des cours. La standardisation ne concerne pas seulement les conditions dans lesquelles ont lieu l'école et les cours, mais aussi les résultats, c'est-à-dire la performance attendue de la part des élèves. Au lieu de se former, les élèves doivent acquérir des compétences, précisées en détails et évaluées à l'aide de procédés psychométriques. Tandis que les processus de formation ciblent l'autonomisation de l'individu au sens de l'organisation de sa personnalité, les compétences se mesurent à l'aune de leur utilité dans les situations quotidiennes. La formation est redéfinie dans ses fonctions et évolue vers un capital humain, ce qui transparait dans les études PISA. Par ailleurs, les écoles et les cours sont désignés de plus en plus souvent par des métaphores technologiques qui laissent penser que l'apprentissage des élèves est la résultante directe de l'enseignement des professeurs. Les fantasmes de faisabilité, qui font la part plus belle à l'influence de la politique de l'enseignement qu'elle n'en a dans les faits, se propagent. Ainsi le monitorage suisse de la formation, projet porté conjointement par la Confédération et les cantons, exige que la recherche sur l'enseignement fournisse des savoirs permettant de mieux piloter le système de formation. Même si des voix critiques s'élèvent sur la scène internationale, l'assimilation entre formation et éducation ne cesse de progresser en suivant la logique des processus de fabrication industrielle en Suisse. L'introduction de normes de formation basées sur les résultats dans le cadre du concordat HarmoS et l'organisation du Lehrplan 21 (plan d'études) en fonction des compétences s'inscrivent dans le contexte d'un changement de cap politique, dont l'objectif est d'attirer l'attention sur les résultats des écoles et des cours. De façon comparable, il se développe dans les familles une mentalité de surveillance et de contrôle. Par souci justifié ou non, des parents dits hélicoptères s'occupent en permanence de leurs enfants, ne leur laissant quasiment aucun espace de liberté pour explorer leurs propres centres d'intérêt en autonomie, sans surveillance. Mus par une « panique de l'éducation » (Bude), les parents croient devoir toujours investir davantage dans leurs enfants pour que leur vie soit couronnée plus tard de succès. Mais cette mentalité du contrôle, dite hélicoptère, empêche les enfants de mener leurs propres expériences au sens strict du terme. Leur formation est également en jeu, car la formation ne peut pas être prise en charge par un tiers, c'est à la personne elle-même de s'y impliquer. « Émancipons-nous », d'un point de vue pédagogique, signifie que nous prenions nos distances avec les exigences de standardisation et de normalisation, telles que l'école et la famille en regorge dernièrement, et que nous renouions avec l'idée de formation qui recèle un potentiel d'émancipation indélébile.Mots clés: formation, politique de formation, émancipation, parents hélicoptères, compétence, PISA ; Riassunto: Il concetto dell'emancipazione ricopre un ruolo via e più minoritario nella nuova scienza dell'educazione. Il concetto di formazione offre tuttavia un'alternativa che consente di preservare il potenziale critico del concetto di emancipazione. Attraverso esempi selezionati del contesto scolastico e familiare, viene mostrato quanto anche oggi sia necessario un atteggiamento pedagogico critico. Di fronte alla crescente tendenza a valutare l'educazione e l'insegnamento in base al loro output e a intensificarne la sorveglianza e il controllo, si ricorda che la formazione non può essere creata, ma deve essere svolta dal soggetto in formazione.Parole chiave: formazione, politica della formazione, emancipazione, genitori elicottero, competenza, PISA ; unknown ; publishedVersion

La irrupción de Wikileaks en el mundo reforzó la sintonía geopolítica histórica de los gobiernos latinoamericanos y los hackers globales. Además, supuso un viraje en el imaginario y método de las luchas latinoamericanas históricas: las filtraciones y la criptografía renovaban el camino de la soberanía tecnológica. Las revelaciones de Edward Snowden acontecidas en junio de 2013 provocaron una aceleración del idilio de los criptopunks(o ciberpunks) y hackers globales con los gobiernos latinoamericanos, siendo aquellos profundamente influyentes en la aprobación del Marco Civil de Internet, un proceso colaborativo que la sociedad civil brasileña activó en 2009 para crear una legislación que protegiera la neutralidad de la red y que fue finalmente aprobado en marzo de 2014. El presente estudio intenta repasar la influencia de los criptopunks y hackers globales en América Latina, especialmente en la relación con los gobiernos progresistas. En concreto se presenta un estudio de datos para ver el impacto de las conversaciones en Twitter que vinculan a Snowden y el Marco Civil de Brasil. ; The emergence of Wikileaks in the world strengthened the historical geopolitical link between Latin American governments and global hackers. In addition, it was a turning point in the imaginary and the method of historical Latin American struggles: leaks and cryptography renewed the wheel of technological sovereignty. Edward Snowden's revelations, occurred in June 2013, led to an acceleration of the idyll of criptopunks and global hackers with Latin American governments and were deeply influential in the aproval of Brazilian Marco Civil. This study attempts to review the relationship between criptopunks and global hackers and Latin America, especially with the progressive governments. We performed a study of data to see the impact of conversations that linked Snowden and Brazil Civil Marco during 2013 and 2014. ; A propagação do Wikileaks no mundo reforçou a histórica simetria geopolítica entre os governos latino-americanos e os hackers globais. Ademais, marcou uma mudança no imaginário e no método das históricas lutas latino-americanas: os vazamentos e a criptografia forneceram um novo caminho para a soberania tecnológica. As revelações de Edward Snowden, ocorridas em junho de 2013, deram impulso aos criptopunks (ou ciberpunks), hackers globais e governos latino-americanos, que acabaram profundamente influenciados para a aprovação de um "Marco Civil" da internet – uma iniciativa verificada, por exemplo, junto à sociedade civil brasileira, que quis promulgar uma legislação que protegesse a neutralidade na rede (iniciativa esta precipitada em 2009, e finalmente aprovada em março de 2014). O presente estudo examina a influência dos criptopunks e hackers globais na América Latina; especialmente suas relações com governos progressistas. Com a análise de dados pretendeu-se avaliar o impacto que conversas de Twitter (ligando Snowden ao Marco Civil brasileiro) tiveram entre os anos de 2013 e 2014.A propagação do Wikileaks no mundo reforçou a histórica simetria geopolítica entre os governos latino-americanos e os hackers globais. Ademais, marcou uma mudança no imaginário e no método das históricas lutas latino-americanas: os vazamentos e a criptografia forneceram um novo caminho para a soberania tecnológica. As revelações de Edward Snowden, ocorridas em junho de 2013, deram impulso aos criptopunks (ou ciberpunks), hackers globais e governos latino-americanos, que acabaram profundamente influenciados para a aprovação de um "Marco Civil" da internet – uma iniciativa verificada, por exemplo, junto à sociedade civil brasileira, que quis promulgar uma legislação que protegesse a neutralidade na rede (iniciativa esta precipitada em 2009, e finalmente aprovada em março de 2014). O presente estudo examina a influência dos criptopunks e hackers globais na América Latina; especialmente suas relações com governos progressistas. Com a análise de dados pretendeu-se avaliar o impacto que conversas de Twitter (ligando Snowden ao Marco Civil brasileiro) tiveram entre os anos de 2013 e 2014.A propagação do Wikileaks no mundo reforçou a histórica simetria geopolítica entre os governos latino-americanos e os hackers globais. Ademais, marcou uma mudança no imaginário e no método das históricas lutas latino-americanas: os vazamentos e a criptografia forneceram um novo caminho para a soberania tecnológica. As revelações de Edward Snowden, ocorridas em junho de 2013, deram impulso aos criptopunks (ou ciberpunks), hackers globais e governos latino-americanos, que acabaram profundamente influenciados para a aprovação de um "Marco Civil" da internet – uma iniciativa verificada, por exemplo, junto à sociedade civil brasileira, que quis promulgar uma legislação que protegesse a neutralidade na rede (iniciativa esta precipitada em 2009, e finalmente aprovada em março de 2014). O presente estudo examina a influência dos criptopunks e hackers globais na América Latina; especialmente suas relações com governos progressistas. Com a análise de dados pretendeu-se avaliar o impacto que conversas de Twitter (ligando Snowden ao Marco Civil brasileiro) tiveram entre os anos de 2013 e 2014.

Horizon Environmental Services, Inc. (Horizon) was selected by Hutto Independent School District (ISD) to conduct an intensive cultural resources inventory and assessment of the proposed location of Hutto ISD's Elementary School No. 6 Project. The proposed Elementary School No. 6 tract consists of an approximately 6.8-hectare (16.7-acre) tract located east of the Park at Brushy Creek residential subdivision, extending eastwards from the eastern end of Holbrooke Street. For purposes of the cultural resources survey, the project area was considered to consist of the entire 6.8-hectare (16.7-acre) tract, though construction-related activities would be restricted to approximately the southern half of the tract. No ground-disturbing activities would be conducted in the northern half of the project area. The proposed undertaking is being sponsored by Hutto ISD, which represents a political subdivision of the state of Texas, on land owned by Hutto ISD; as such, the project falls under the jurisdiction of the Antiquities Code of Texas (Texas Natural Resources Code of 1977, Title 9, Chapter 191). No federal jurisdiction has been identified for the project at this time. As the project represents a publicly sponsored undertaking with the potential to impact significant cultural resources, Hutto ISD is required to provide for a cultural resources inventory of the project area. On March 5, 2015, Horizon archeological technicians Briana Nicole Smith and Jared Wiersema, under the overall direction of Jeffrey D. Owens, Principal Investigator, performed an intensive cultural resources survey of the project area to locate any cultural resources that potentially would be impacted by the proposed undertaking. Horizon's archeologists traversed the 6.8-hectare (16.7-acre) tract in parallel, linear transects spaced no more than 30.5 meters (100.0 feet) apart and thoroughly inspected the modern ground surface for aboriginal and historicage cultural resources. The project area has apparently been cleared of vegetation in the past and is currently characterized as an open field covered in sporadic clump grasses and shrubs. Trees are largely absent except for a small copse of trees surrounding a windmill and stock tank in the southeastern portion of the project area. Approximately the southern half of the project area is situated on an upland formation, while approximately the northern half is situated on alluvial terraces that frame the channel of Brushy Creek, which flows eastwards to the north of the project area. The cultural resources survey was conducted under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 7207. In addition to pedestrian walkover, the Texas State Minimum Archeological Survey Standards (TSMASS) require the excavation of 1 shovel test per 2 acres for project areas measuring between 11 and 100 acres in size; thus, a minimum of 9 shovel tests were required within the 6.8-hectare (16.7-acre) project area to meet the TSMASS. Horizon excavated a total of 11 shovel tests during the survey, thereby exceeding the TSMASS for a project area of this size. Holocene-age soils with the potential to contain cultural resources were fully penetrated in 9 of the 11 shovel tests located. The remaining 2 shovel tests, designated as BS3 and BS4, which are located near the northern boundary of the project area, were terminated at depths of 60.0 and 70.0 centimeters (23.6 and 27.6 inches) below surface, respectively. While the potential exists for more deeply buried cultural resources to be present at greater depths, no backhoe trenching was conducted during the survey as no ground-disturbing activities are proposed in the northern half of the project area. Aside from a modern windmill and stock tank located in a small copse of trees in the southeastern portion of the project area, no cultural resources, historic or prehistoric, were identified within the project area as a result of the survey. Based on the results of the surveylevel investigations documented in this report, no potentially significant cultural resources would be affected by the proposed undertaking. In accordance with 36 CFR 800.4, Horizon has made a reasonable and good-faith effort to identify historic properties within the project area. No cultural resources were identified within the project area that meet the criteria for designation as State Antiquities Landmarks (SAL) according to 13 TAC 26, and no further archeological work is recommended in connection with the proposed undertaking. However, human burials, both prehistoric and historic, are protected under the Texas Health and Safety Code. In the event that any human remains or burial objects are inadvertently discovered at any point during construction, use, or ongoing maintenance in the project area, even in previously surveyed areas, all work should cease immediately in the vicinity of the inadvertent discovery, and the Texas Historical Commission (THC) should be notified immediately.

Вопросы, рассматриваемые в статье, возникли в связи с объективной необходимостью проведения исследований, направленных на повышение эффективности работы налоговой системы регионального уровня. Государство не может тратить большие средства на сбор налогов, поэтому сама структура налогов и государственная система налогового администрирования (СНА), обеспечивающие их сбор, должны при минимальных затратах обеспечивать высокую эффективность работы, которая невозможна без хорошей информационно-аналитической системы поддержки принимаемых решений. Построение такой системы предполагает интеграцию в единое информационное пространство всех структурных подразделений налоговых и других государственных органов. Необходимое единое информационное пространство создавалось в последние годы в виде системы электронной обработки данных (ЭОД), разработанной ФНС РФ. Эта система, которая является основой автоматизации в работе налоговых органов, описана практически во всех учебниках российских экономических вузов. Однако ЭОД имеет одно узкое место в ней слабо форматизирован аналитический блок, ядром которого должна служить математическая модель анализа финансово-экономического состояния налогоплательщиков, выявления нарушений налогового законодательства в декларациях, синтеза оптимального плана выездных налоговых проверок. Такие модели должны служить достаточно достоверной и объективной основой для поддержки принятия управленческих решений. В настоящее время существует мощный математический инструментарий (универсальный аппроксиматор и кластеризатор) нейронные сети. При использовании нейросетей требуется их обучение на примерах, что с математической точки зрения является некорректно поставленной по Адамару обратной задачей типа задачи интерпретации. Здесь возникает дилемма нахождения компромисса между ошибками обобщения модели и ее робастностью (устойчивостью к вариации данных в заданном диапазоне). Применительно к нейросетевым моделям СНА, которые отличаются сильным зашумлением данных, отягченным в ряде случаев дефицитом наблюдений, исследования по регуляризации нейросетей в обратных задачах не проводились. В работах В.К. Иванова [8] дано строгое математическое обоснование двух методов решения некорректно поставленных задач при условии, что имеется дополнительная априорная информация об искомом решении. Если известно, что решение является элементом заданного компакта, им был разработан метод квазирешений. В этом случае возможна и оценка погрешности приближенного решения. В статье развивается идея новой компьютерной технологии предварительной (камеральной) налоговой проверки предприятий-налогоплательщиков, предложенная на основе нейросетевого моделирования. Использование этих моделей создает основу для повышения достоверности и объективности налогового контроля в налоговых органах, и повысить результативность выездных налоговых проверок. ; Issues covered in this article arose from an objective need for research aimed at improving the efficiency of the tax system at the regional level. The state can not spend more on the collection of taxes, so the structure of taxes and state tax administration system (SNA) to ensure that they collect, must at minimum cost to provide high performance, which is impossible without good information and analytical system of support of decisions. The construction of such a system involves the integration into a single information space of all structural units of the tax and other state bodies. Required common information space created in recent years in the form of electronic data interchange (EDI), developed by the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation. This system, which is the basis for the automation of the tax authorities is described in almost all textbooks Russian economic institutions. However, EDI is one bottleneck it poorly formatizirovan analysis unit, the core of which should serve as a mathematical model for analyzing the financial condition of the taxpayer, of violations of the tax legislation in the declarations, the synthesis of the optimal plan of field tax audits. Such models should serve as a sufficiently reliable and objective basis for management decision support. Currently, there is a powerful mathematical tool (universal approximator and clusterer) neural network. By using neural networks require their learning by example, that from a mathematical point of view, is an ill-posed inverse Hadamard problems like interpretation. This raises the dilemma of finding a compromise between the generalization error model and its robustness (resistance to variations of the data in a given range). With regard to the neural network model CHA, which differ very noisy data, aggravated in some cases, shortage of observations, research on regularization of neural networks in inverse problems were not carried out. In the works V.K. Ivanova [8] a rigorous mathematical justification of the two methods for solving ill-posed problems, provided that there is an additional a priori information on the desired solution. If you know that the decision is an element of the set of the compact, he developed a method of quasi-solutions. In this case it is possible and error estimates for approximate solutions. The article develops the idea of a new pre-computer technology (desk) tax audit companies, taxpayers, proposed on the basis of neural network modeling. Use of these models provides the basis for improving the reliability and objectivity of the tax control in the tax authorities, and to improve the effectiveness of field tax audits.

Статья посвящена анализу роли фактора «умной силы» в процессах институциональных изменений в международных отношениях, их основных элементов и движущих сил, а также значения взаимодействий по проблемам «силы» в эволюции международной системы и подсистем. Сегодня наблюдается очередной виток трансформации среды международных отношений благодаря радикальному расширению возможностей для трансграничного взаимодействия отдельных сообществ и общественных групп. Результатом этого может являться формирование новой идентичности, существующей вне государственных границ. Широкая практика трансграничных контактов, помимо прочего, способствует серьезному повышению роли факторов ценностей и идеологии на международной арене. При этом в роли фона для трансформации среды международных отношений выступают процессы глобализации, которые, в свою очередь, обостряют проблемы «трех ключевых разрывов»: экономико-социального, политического и ценностного. В конечном счете происходит экспоненциальный рост неопределенности в мировой политике и серьезное ослабление международных возможностей государств. Одним из наиболее действенных средств структурирования взаимодействий и элиминирования неопределенности является формирование комплексных институциональных структур. Кроме того, они отражают убеждения и ценности, сформировавшиеся в обществах и сообществах в ходе исторического развития. Таким образом, создание соответствующих институтов способно существенно облегчить многие существующие международные проблемы, в том числе связанные с изменением среды. При этом крайне важно обеспечить взаимовыгодное сочетание и взаимоучет интересов всех участвующих акторов. В противном случае эффективность создаваемых систем будет невелика. Рассматривавшееся ослабление международных позиций государств как ключевых акторов проявляется также и в снижении эффективности ресурса «жесткой силы» в реализации государствами своих национальных интересов. Происходит постоянное увеличение значения ресурса «мягкой силы», которая сама по себе также не является эффективным механизмом прямого действия на политику других государств. Более результативным и корректным средством представляется политика «умной силы», которая сочетает в себе «жесткую силу» для понуждения и возмездия и «мягкую силу» в виде убеждения и притяжения. Способности актора в реализации «умной силы» тесно связаны с контекстуальным интеллектом и существующими «эффектами колеи», коренящимися в культуре и историческом опыте, которые формируют особенности общественного познания и восприятия тех или иных событий и явлений. Вышеуказанные факторы оказывают непосредственное воздействие на формирование международных институциональных структур. В контексте анализа функций отдельных аспектов «умной силы» автор обращает внимание на концепцию «трех лиц силы». Также в статье отмечается определяющее значение безопасности в международных процессах (институционализации), которая лежит практически в основе всех ключевых решений, принимаемых элитами в ходе процессов дефинизации2. При этом повышение безопасности может трактоваться как снижение неопределенности в ее отношении, в том числе за счет институционализации взаимодействий и реализации коллективной «умной силы». ; The article analyzes the smart power factor in institutional changes in international relations, the main elements and features, and the importance of interaction on the issue of "power" in the evolution of international system and subsystems. International relations is currently in a process of transformation, related to the dramatic increase in opportunities for transborder interaction among different communities and social groups. The result could be the creation of the new identity that exists beyond the states' borders. The wide practice of the transborder contacts increases the significance of values and ideology in international interaction. At the same time, the background for the transformation of international relations is the globalization that exacerbates the socioeconomic divide, the political divide and the value divide. As the result, there is an exponential increase in global political uncertainty and the international weakness of states. One effective remedy to systematize interactions and eliminate uncertainty is the establishment of complex institutional structures, which reflect the convictions and values of societies and communities in the course of history. Therefore, building appropriate institutes can significantly ease many existing international problems, including ones connected with the changing international environment. Another important thing is to provide mutual benefits for all involved actors. Otherwise, the established systems would not be significantly efficient. The decrease in the international capacities of the states also appears in the decrease of the hard power source to promote national interests. The significance of soft power is constantly rising. However, soft power does not involve direct action regarding the politics of other states. Smart power, which combines hard power for compulsion and vengeance and soft power for persuasion and attraction, is more effective and adequate. An actor's capacity to promote smart power is closely linked with contextual intellect and existing path dependence rooted in culture and historical experience, which shapes the collective cognition and perception of events and occurrences. Such factors directly influence the process of international institutionalization. In analyzing smart power aspects, this article draws attention to the concept of the "three faces of power." In addition, it points out the determinant meaning of security in international processes, which accounts for most important decisions of elites in the process of definization, the process of decision making regarding the national interests. Improving security can be treated as decreasing uncertainty, including by means of institutionalization and collective smart power implementation.

В рамках данной статьи систематизированы и обобщены закономерности формирования зарубежного опыта и тенденций освоения арктических территорий. Изложены важные моменты, предопределяющие ориентацию и специфику проявления национальных интересов государств потенциальных участников недропользования в Арктической зоне. В статье были получены следующие выводы: значительный интерес к Арктике проявляют сегодня не только пять стран (Россия, США, Канада, Норвегия, Дания), которые владеют арктическими территориями, но и приполярные государства (Исландии, Швеции, Финляндии), Европейский Союз и страны Азии. Вследствие чего, ожидается, что в XXI веке Арктический регион будет находиться в фокусе пристального внимания как официальных приарктических 45, так и множества государств, чьи территории весьма удалены от нее; для России, учитывая сегодняшние, острые внешнеполитические условия (санкции, противостояние с Западом, украинский кризис и война на Ближнем Востоке) освоение арктических территорий, несколько отодвигается, переносясь на завтрашнюю, а то и на послезавтрашнюю повестку дня. Подобный подход является в корне ошибочным и таит в себе ряд угроз, поскольку другие страны не снижают, а лишь увеличивают свою заинтересованность в этом вопросе; территориальное противостояние всех причастных к этой теме стран приводит к нестабильности в арктическом регионе, однако не представляет реальной угрозы для возникновения масштабного конфликта. Поэтому, делая выбор между жестким прессингом национальных интересов и гармонизацией интересов приарктических государств, Российская Федерация должна базироваться на международном сотрудничестве и взаимном учете интересов при разработки своей арктической стратегии; рассматривая кооперацию стран в Арктическом Совете и их сотрудничество в рамках глобального экономического форума G8, возникают предпосылки к решению арктического противостояния путем переговоров и компромиссов. В данном контексте чрезвычайно важна разработка нормативно-правовой институциональной базы по арктическому вопросу. Научная новизна данного исследования состоит в том, что, основываясь на передовом зарубежном опыте и тенденциях в сфере освоения и разработки арктических территорий, рекомендованы меры относительно развития и реализации российской арктической политики, а именно: повышение технологической оснащенности и эффективности поиска и добычи природных ресурсов Арктики; достижение надежной логистической инфраструктуры для обеспечения будущих поставок энергоресурсов; трансформация операционных рисков освоения и добычи природных ископаемых Арктики в финансовые риски через механизмы государственно-частного партнерства и венчурного финансирования; гармонизация внутреннего законодательства в сфере освоения арктических территорий с международным; либерализация производства и продажи энергетических ресурсов, лоббирование национальных арктических интересов на глобальном уровне через различные наднациональные структуры и организации. ; In this article and summarized the regularities of formation of foreign experience and trends of development of Arctic territories. Set out the important points predetermine orientation and specifi city of manifestations of national interests potential participants of the subsoil in the Arctic zone. On the basis of the illuminated materials were obtained the following conclusions: Significant interest in the Arctic show today, not only the five countries (Russia, USA, Canada, Norway, Denmark), who own Arctic territories, but also polar state (Iceland, Sweden, Finland), the European Union and Asia. As a consequence of that, it is expected that in the XXI century the Arctic region will be the focus of attention as an official Arctic 45, and a number of states whose territory is quite removed from it; For Russia, given the current, acute political conditions (sanctions, confrontation with the West, Ukrainian crisis and war in the Middle East) development of Arctic territories, some moved away, moved on tomorrow and the day after tomorrow on the agenda. This approach is fundamentally flawed and fraught with a number of threats, because other countries do not decrease, but only increase their interest in this issue; Territorial opposition to all those involved in the topic of causing instability in the Arctic region, but does not represent a real threat for the emergence of large-scale conflict. Therefore, making the choice between the hard pressure of national interests and the interests of harmonization of the Arctic states, Russia must be based on international cooperation and mutual consideration of interests in the development of its Arctic strategy; Considering the cooperation of the countries of the Arctic Council and their cooperation in the framework of a global economic forum G8, there are prerequisites for the decision of the Arctic confl ict through negotiation and compromise. In this context it is very important to develop the legal and regulatory institutional frameworks on Arctic issues. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the fact that, based on best international practices and trends in the field of exploration and development of Arctic territories, recommend measures regarding the development and implementation of the Russian Arctic policy, namely: Increase the efficiency of technological equipment and exploration and production of natural resources in the Arctic; The achievement of a reliable logistical infrastructure to secure future energy supplies; Transformation of the operational risks of development and extraction of natural resources in the Arctic financial risks through the mechanisms of public-private partnerships and venture financing; Harmonization of domestic legislation in the sphere of development of Arctic territories with international; Liberalization of the production and sale of energy resources, lobbying national Arctic interests at the global level through the various national structures and institutions.

В статье рассматривается влияние решений Европейского суда по правам человека на правовую систему Украины. Дана характеристика механизма обеспечения исполнения вынесенных решений. ; The article describes the identifying areas of influence of the European Court on the legal system of Ukraine, as well as the enforcement mechanism of decisions. Analyzes the problems that affect the designated question and points of view of different scholars and practitioners. In Europe there are different documents convention covenants, charters that provide and ensure the inclusion of a special protection mechanism in case of violation of human rights. These documents Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Rome, 1950, hereinafter the Convention), which provides the most effective and real protection mechanism for human rights. Convention not only proclaimed fundamental human rights, but also created a special mechanism to protect them. The key to this mechanism is the European Court of Human Rights. European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter the Court) located in Strasbourg, France. Its jurisdiction extends to forty-seven European states that are members of the Council of Europe and signatories. Article 9 of the Constitution of Ukraine clearly states that international treaties, ratified by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine are part of the national legislation of Ukraine. The Court can not apply the law that governs the legal relationship in question, other than an international agreement. However, international agreements apply if they do not contradict the Constitution of Ukraine. Urgency of the problem by the growth requirements of the rule of law in the judiciary, increasing legal awareness of citizens and their activity to protect their rights and freedoms, the presence of non judicial legislation with international legal acts. Procedural legislation of Ukraine in many aspects not harmonized not only in line with the decisions of the European Court, but also to the current constitution. Ukraine ratified the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms July 17, 1997. Since then, the citizens of our country have an opportunity to apply for protection of violated rights to the European Court. The Convention, the basic human rights and freedoms, and in performance of work by an international agreement is necessary to consider the interpretation of the Court. It follows from Article 32 of the Convention, according to which the jurisdiction of the Court shall extend to all matters concerning the interpretation and application of the Convention and its Protocols. The case-law of the European Court increasingly becoming an important source of law in Ukraine The European Court is the subject of judicial lawmaking. The high authority of the European Court was obtained by ensuring uniform interpretation and application of the Convention across the entire European continent. Number of appeals to the European Court is growing, and more and more of its decision relating to the interpretation of law, and the problems of its imperfection.Law of Ukraine «On execution of decisions and application of the European Court of Human Rights» dated February 23, 2006 by fundamental for the legal system of Ukraine provisions. The existence of precedents of the European Court as a unique source of law is due, usually gaps in the law or its ambiguous understanding. In terms of reforming legislation of Ukraine, the European Court in its systematic conceptual models provide certain legislative activities. The court is designed to ensure strict adherence to and compliance with the rules of the Convention by the States Parties. It carries out this task through the consideration and resolution of specific cases taken him to the proceedings on the basis of individual complaints filed by an individual, group of individuals or non-governmental organization. It is also possible filing complaints of violations of the Convention by the State a member of the Council of Europe of another Member State. European court can not reverse the decision rendered by a public authority or national court does not give instructions to the legislator, the abstract does not control the national legislation or judicial practice has no right to order measures with legal consequences. The Court considers only specific complaint in order to establish whether indeed been admitted violation of the Convention. However, the Court has the right to award «just satisfaction claim» in the form of financial compensation for material damage and moral damages and compensation side that won all costs. European Court puts the main purpose of the payment of financial compensation for infringement of the applicant's main task to draw attention to the fact of violation of the relevant articles of the Convention and provide the applicant all remedies, where he was denied a national legal system.

У статті розглядається поняття «тролінгу» як нового мережевого феномену сучасності та нового виду комунікативної практики. Аналізується походження і розвиток «тролінгу», зазначається, що поява цього поняття здебільшого пов'язана з мережевою анонімністю. Обґрунтовується те, що цей феномен можна розглядати як прояв соціальної агресії. Також у статті розглянуто феномен «політичного тролінгу». В статье рассматривается понятие «троллинга» как нового сетевого феномена современности и нового вида коммуникативной практики. Анализируется происхождение и развитие «троллинга», отмечается, что появление «троллинга» в основном связано с сетевой анонимностью. Обосновывается то, что этот феномен можно рассматривать как проявление социальной агрессии. Также в статье рассмотрен феномен «политического троллинга». ; The rapid pace of development of «trolling» in the communicative space of the global network allow us to speak of him as a powerful form of communicative activity, which is constantly being improved. The term «trolling» comes from the slang of the participants of virtual communities and is not directly related to the sphere of scientific discourse. «Trolling» is regarded as a kind of virtual communication with a violation of the ethics network interaction, such as various forms of aggressive, humiliating or offensive behavior to foment conflict. Used as a process of communication between personalized attendees who are interested in more awareness, publicity or outrageous, and in the anonymous user interaction exercised without the possibility of identifying the real subject relationship. In the most general terms, this phenomenon is proposed to characterize the process as placing on virtual communication resources provocative messages for escalation of social tension by breaking the rules of ethical code of online interaction. Should also divide such thing as a «network trolling» and «Internet trolling». Network «trolling» a deliberately provocative message development to cause conflicts between the participants of the network community, «the wave of edits» (active purposeful interference with text messages in the context of promoting and imposing their own position), and introduce users are useless confrontation. «Internet trolling» a phenomenon that starts with a certain joke, a hoax, uncomplicated and straightforward expression «trolling» attack whose goal is to destroy the selected conference or news-group (collectively news), or the making available of a particular person to a nervous breakdown. The first who studied this phenomenon was a researcher John Donat an expert on modern media, researcher at Harvard University. R. Vnebrachnyh examining this phenomenon, draws a parallel «trolling» phenomenon «energy vampirism». In his opinion, the most successful «trolls» can create tension in a number of communities, making them colliding with each other and using the projection of publicity in the media to attract public attention. The most important source appearance and spread of «trolling» is anonymity network. «Internet trolls» hamper to lead the discussion on the Internet users a simple and wellknown people, using the fact that punishing them is impossible. It seems that the «Internet trolls» are among the communicators that are active, mobile, able to activate the Internet audience and update problems, giving their interpretation using their own methods and implementing their own goals. There are no less important to note about a type of «trolling» political «trolling». This is a phenomenon that takes place on the Internet and allows politicians to gain some political capital and implement political interests. If used terminology «thick» and «thin trolling», it may be noted that the political dialogue rendered in real and virtual space, often using «thin trolling». Political troll, affecting the personal and professional qualities of the opponent, acting on it, takes off balance and causing responses expected troll. Political «trolling» differs from the usual «trolling» that aims to promote their ideas. In this case, the benefits of their ideas and discredit political force competitors. Working methods trolls are different from post content and comments provocative content that cause heated debate with the information flows which aim to divert attention from the topic, to the elegant try to discredit the image of competitors. The main task of political trolls information support their candidate, discrediting the opponent. They are trying to create the appearance of broad public discontent existing power or some politician what register hundreds of similar «nickname» (network name) of supposedly different regions. They distribute hundreds of almost identical message to every way to discredit their opponents. The main feature of political troll is aggression and obsession. To him do not care what arguments you spend it, he has consistently maintains the same opinion, to attract more attention to this point. Message troll usually are offensive and unconstructive criticism. Troll polarizes community members into two irreconcilable «camps» communication which sometimes turns into a real information war. The formation and development of the information society, the rapid development of the Internet contributed to the emergence of new phenomena that require scientific study and forecasting. One of these phenomena is actively developing «trolling» on the Internet.

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo general analizar cuál el papel de la asignatura Danza en la Carrera de Formación de Profesores en Educación Física de la Universidad Regional de Cariri (URCA/Ceará/Brasil), a partir del paradigma sociocrítico y de la investigación cualitativa en educación. En el ámbito de la investigación cualitativa en educación optamos por el estudio de caso y como estrategia de recogida de datos el análisis documental. Los datos fueron analizados a la luz de la teoría de la cultura corporal del movimiento humano y llegó a la constatación que la Danza como asignatura de la Carrera de Profesores en Educación Física de la URCA no es concebida como un lenguaje artístico y sí como un contenido volcado para atender a las actividades rítmicas y expresivas en cuanto deporte, que de hecho son actividades en 'danza' y/o actividades corporales con un acompañamiento musical. Todavía para lograr el objetivo general fueran definidos como objetivos específicos: 1. Analizar la concepción curricular de la Carrera de Formación de Profesores en Educación Física de la Universidad Regional de Cariri (URCA); 2. Identificar el porqué de la nomenclatura Danza y Actividades Rítmicas y Expresivas y las contradicciones existentes con la Danza Escénica como un área del conocimiento y sus implicaciones para la concepción curricular en la Formación de Profesores en Educación Física; 3. Identificar la contribución de la Danza Escénica en la Carrera de Formación de Profesores en Educación Física de la Universidad Regional de Cariri (URCA) a partir del estudio del Proyecto Político Pedagógico (PPP). La concepción e investigación que orientó la Tesis fue el paradigma sociocrítico cualitativo, que según Pérez Serrano (2008) centra su interés en los procesos de transformación de las realidades sociales y procura plantear soluciones a dichas transformaciones, de lo que se deduce que el investigador parte de un interés respecto a la selección del objeto de estudio y de los resultados que pretende obtener con la investigación. La investigación se constituyó en un estudio de caso desde el punto de vista de que se trataba de analizar el contexto brasileño y específicamente la Carrera de Formación de Profesores en Educación Física de la Universidad Regional de Cariri – URCA/Ceará/Brasil. Tal elección se justifica por el hecho de ejercer la docencia en esa Carrera impartiendo clases de la asignatura Danza y Actividades Rítmicas y Expresivas, así como por los conflictos existentes, pues se la Danza es un área de conocimiento y con Carrera de formación para profesores así como de artistas ¿porque en los planes curriculares de las Carreras de formación en Educación Física existe la asignatura Danza? ; The present study had the general objective to analyze what the role of Dance in Race Course Teacher Training in Physical Education of the Regional University Cariri (URCA / Ceará/Brazil), from sociocritic paradigm and qualitative research in education. In the field of qualitative research in education opted for the case study as data collection strategy document analysis. The data were analyzed in the light of the theory of physical culture of human movement and came to the realization that the dance as a subject of Career Teachers in Physical Education URCA is not conceived as an artistic language itself as a content dump to meet the rhythmic and expressive activities as sport, which are in fact activities 'dance' and/or personal activities with a musical accompaniment. Yet to achieve the overall goal were defined as specific objectives: 1. To analyze the curriculum design of the Career Teacher Training in Physical Education of the Regional University Cariri (URCA); 2. Identify why the nomenclature and Rhythmic Dance and Expressive Activities and contradictions with Stage Dance as an area of knowledge and its implications for curriculum design in Teacher Education in Physical Education; 3. Identify the contribution of Career Stage Dance Teacher Training in Physical Education of the Regional University Cariri (URCA) from the study of Political Pedagogical Project (PPP). The conception and research that guided the thesis was qualitative sociocritic paradigm, according to Perez Serrano (2008) focuses his interest in the processes of transformation of social realities and seeks to propose solutions to these transformations, it follows that the researcher starts of interest regarding the selection of the object of study and the results intended by the research. Research was established in a case study from the point of view that it was analyzing the Brazilian context and specifically Career Teacher Training in Physical Education of the University of Cariri Regional - URCA/Ceará/Brazil. This choice is justified by the fact that teaching at career lecturing the subject and Rhythmic Dance and Expressive Activities, as well as the conflicts, as is the Dance is an area of knowledge and career training for teachers and why artists in the curricula of Career training in Physical Education Dance course there?