Suchergebnisse

Lei Deng,1,2 Xiaoli Pan,1 Yulong Zhang,1 Sujing Sun,1 Liping Lv,1 Lei Gao,1 Ping Ma,1 Huisheng Ai,2 Qianqian Zhou,1 Xiaohui Wang,1 Linsheng Zhan1 1Department of Emerging Transfusion Technology, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China; 2Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Xiaohui Wang; Linsheng ZhanDepartment of Emerging Transfusion Technology, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of ChinaEmail lszhan91@yahoo.com; lovechina1980@163.comBackground: Due to their extraordinary physical and chemical properties, MoS2 nanosheets (MSNs) are becoming more widely used in nanomedicine. However, their influence on immune systems remains unclear.Materials and Methods: Two few-layered MSNs at sizes of 100– 250 nm (S-MSNs) and 400– 500 nm (L-MSNs) were used in this study. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) were exposed to both MSNs at different doses (0, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 μg/mL) for 48 h and subjected to analyses of surface marker expression, cytokine secretion, lymphoid homing and in vivo T cell priming.Results: Different-sized MSNs of all doses did not affect the viability of DCs. The expression of CD40, CD80, CD86 and CCR7 was significantly higher on both S-MSN- and L-MSN-treated DCs at a dose of 128 μg/mL. As the dose of MSN increased, the secretion of IL-12p70 remained unchanged, the secretion of IL-1β decreased, and the production of TNF-α increased. A significant increase in IL-6 was observed in the 128 μg/mL L-MSN-treated DCs. In particular, MSN treatment dramatically improved the ex vivo movement and in vivo homing ability of both the local resident and blood circulating DCs. Furthermore, the cytoskeleton rearrangement regulated by ROS elevation was responsible for the enhanced homing ability of the MSNs. More robust CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation and activation (characterized by high expression of CD107a, CD69 and ICOS) was observed in mice vaccinated with MSN-treated DCs. Importantly, exposure to MSNs did not interrupt LPS-induced DC activation, homing and T cell priming.Conclusion: Few-layered MSNs ranging from 100 to 500 nm in size could play an immunostimulatory role in enhancing DC maturation, migration and T cell elicitation, making them a good candidate for vaccine adjuvants. Investigation of this study will not only expand the applications of MSNs and other new transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) but also shed light on the in vivo immune-risk evaluation of MSN-based nanomaterials.Keywords: MoS2 nanosheets, dendritic cells, migration, vaccine adjuvant

Srinivasan Ayyanaar,1 Chandrasekar Balachandran,2 Rangaswamy Chinnabba Bhaskar,3 Mookkandi Palsamy Kesavan,4 Shin Aoki,2,5 Ramachandran Palpandi Raja,6 Jegathalaprathaban Rajesh,7 Thomas J Webster,8 Gurusamy Rajagopal1 1PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Chikkanna Government Arts College, Tiruppur 641 602, Tamilnadu, India; 2Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan; 3Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India; 4Department of Chemistry, Hajee Karutha Rowther Howdia College, Uthamapalayam 625 533, Tamil Nadu, India; 5Research Institute of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan; 6Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India; 7Chemistry Research Centre, Mohamed Sathak Engineering College, Kilakarai 623 806, Tamil Nadu, India; 8Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USACorrespondence: Jegathalaprathaban Rajesh; Thomas J Webster Email mkuraji@gmail.com; th.webster@neu.eduBackground and Objective: Cancer cells accumulate high concentrations of reactive oxygen species as a result of their faster and uninhibited metabolic activity. Cancer chemotherapeutic agents release an excess of severe adverse reactions as a result of targeting normal cells. This demands an improvement in targeted drug-delivery systems to selectively discharge anticancer drugs in the vicinity of such highly metabolically and mitotically active cells.Materials and Methods: Here, magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by a traditional co-precipitation technique. Fe3O4@OA-CS-5-FLU-NPs were synthesized by an easy and rapid in situ loading method. The proposed Fe3O4@OA-CS-5-FLU-NPs were productively prepared as well as characterized by various spectroscopic and microscopic studies.Results: The targeted drug release profile of the Fe3O4@OA-CS-5-FLU-NPs was studied in the presence of ROS including H2O2 and pH induction. The released product, Fe3O4@OA-CS-5-FLU-NP, exhibited desirable levels of cytotoxicity and demonstrated morphological changes and inhibition of colony formation for A549 and HeLa S3 cancer cells. The IC50 values at 24 hours were 12.9 and 23 μg/mL, respectively.Conclusion: In summary, results from the MTT assay, fluorescence staining as well as colony formation assays, revealed that the Fe3O4@OA-CS-5-FLU-NPs were active and safe for anticancer biomedical applications. In summary, the present investigation provides a powerful nanostructured based system for improved cancer theranostics that should be further studied.Keywords: magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, oleic acid, chitosan, 5-fluorouracil, cytotoxicity, targeted drug delivery

This paper discusses the comparative perspective of the European Modernity towards other civilizations, and the creation of comparative studies, and, for that matter, of comparative education. The paper argues that much of the debate about Eurocentrism neglects the fact that the European tradition includes also an inextricable self-reflective dimension, which has allowed for the emergence of impartial approaches to the study of overseas societies, and has established critique as a sine qua non intellectual stance. Through illustrations from the cultural history of Europe, the paper points to a rupture in the representational and cognitive closure, that characterized medieval Europe, regarding other cultures, which led to the awareness that, while human beings share the same features societies are instituted differently. However, from the 19th century on, foreign societies were to be gauged primarily through the lenses of 'progress' and 'development', which became the main legitimating ideas of capitalist expansion. Nevertheless, as the paper concludes, self-reflectivity is embedded in the European epistemological tradition – a tradition that needs to be advanced rather than ignored.

The onset of the Covid-19 global pandemic in early 2020 forced many governments to quarantine their citizens within their own homes over the course of the year - namely from the early to middle months of the year. This was then followed by a surge of domestic violence cases against women, most often by their own spouses. This problem seemed to be a global problem as it affected any countries regardless of how high or low they score in the Gender Development Index. This paper attempts to discuss the factors behind such a phenomenon and scrutinise what it represents through the lenses of gender theories. The paper will also analyse the studied countries' governments' approach to this issue. To that end, three countries from three different levels of GDI rankings are studied: Australia (ranked high), Indonesia (ranked medium) and India (ranked low). A brief explanation regarding this non-endemic issue will also be drawn from each countries' individual variables.

First developed in earth system science, the idea of planetary boundaries has gradually spilled over into social science research in the past decade. An interdisciplinary body of lit-erature has emerged as a result at the intersection of earth system science, law, and gov-ernance. In this paper we provide a bird's eye view of the state of the art, and examine how social scientists frame the planetary boundaries framework and what they identify as key regulatory challenges and implications. To that end, we conducted a systematic review of 80 peer-reviewed articles identified through keyword search. Our survey finds that social scientists have approached the planetary boundaries framework using four key problem framings, which revolve around the notion of planetary boundaries as embodying a set of interdependent and politically constructed environmental limits that are global in scale. We also identify four key clusters of governance solutions offered in the literature, which broadly relate to the ideas of institutionalizing, coordinating, downscaling, and democra-tizing planetary boundaries. We then apply the foregoing insights to the legal domain and explore their implications for law. More specifically, we discuss how the recently proposed notion of earth system law is related to these emerging problem framings and how it might contribute to these responses.

Global power shift and the long-lasting war on terror have left deep impact for US foreign policy. It has put a blow on the overall political, economic and diplomatic affairs that has caused securitization and increased military influence in American foreign policies. The post-9/11 deviations in military related policies to report these changing security scenarios have caused drift in civil-military tensions. It is subsequently becoming important to understand that states can fuse a military that is obliged to do the acts, the civilians ask them to, consequently guarantees that a military will remain under the control of civilian enough to the civilians and the state authorizes it to perform any task. Therefore, shifting the strategic policy, the defence diplomacy of the United States in the core of the current war against terror in Afghanistan helped US military to operate without granting of total authority to the Taliban. There is a notion that when war ends, diplomacy begins. But reality lies in a fact that diplomacy is a constant before, during and after wars. When diplomacy fails, war becomes an option at times.

Yongwei Gu,1– 3,* Qing Gu,4,* Qing Yang,1,2 Meng Yang,3 Shengzhang Wang,5 Jiyong Liu1– 3 1Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China; 2Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China; 3Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China; 4Department of Pharmacy, Jingan District Zhabei Central Hospital, Shanghai 200070, People's Republic of China; 5Institute of Biomechanics, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Shengzhang WangDepartment of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Institute of Biomechanics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of ChinaTel/Fax +86-21-65647825Email szwang@fudan.edu.cnJiyong LiuDepartment of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of ChinaTel/Fax +86-21-64175590Email liujiyong@fudan.edu.cnBackground: Skin pharmacokinetics is an indispensable indication for studying the drug fate after administration of transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS). However, the heterogeneity and complex skin structured with stratum corneum, viable epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue inevitably leads the drug diffusion coefficient (Kp) to vary depending on the skin depth, which seriously limits the development of TDDS pharmacokinetics in full thickness skin.Methods: A multilayer geometry skin model was established and the Kp of drug in SC, viable epidermis, and dermis was obtained using the technologies of molecular dynamics simulation, in vitro permeation experiments, and in vivo microdialysis, respectively. Besides, finite element analysis (FEA) based on drug Kps in different skin layers was applied to simulate the paeonol nanoemulsion (PAE-NEs) percutaneous dynamic penetration process in two and three dimensions. In addition, PAE-NEs skin pharmacokinetics profile obtained by the simulation was verified by in vivo experiment.Results: Coarse-grained modeling of molecular dynamic simulation was successfully established and the Kp of PAE in SC was 2.00× 10− 6 cm2/h. The Kp of PAE-NE in viable epidermis and in dermis detected using penetration test and microdialysis probe technology, was 1.58× 10− 5 cm2/h and 3.20× 10− 5 cm2/h, respectively. In addition, the results of verification indicated that PAE-NEs skin pharmacokinetics profile obtained by the simulation was consistent with that by in vivo experiment.Discussion: This study demonstrated that the FEA combined with the established multilayer geometry skin model could accurately predict the skin pharmacokinetics of TDDS.Keywords: nano transdermal drug delivery system, skin pharmacokinetics, finite element analysis, multilayer geometry model, diffusion coefficient, paeonol nanoemulsion

YÖK Tez No: 652341 ; Düşünce kuruluşlarının dış politika yapım etkileri son dönemlerde dikkatleri bu kuruluşlara çevirmiştir. Düşünce kuruluşları yeni dünya düzeniyle birlikte liberal bakış açısının özgürlükçü ve çoğulcu etkisiyle Türkiye'de daha anlaşılır olmuştur. Türk dış politikasında karar alma süreci liberal anlayışa göre çoklu araçlarla işlenmektedir. Düşünce kuruluşları da bu çoklu yapının bir parçasıdır ve Türk dış politikasının oluşumuna katkı yapmaktadır. Düşünce kuruluşları, dış politikada karar alımında bakanlıklar, hükümetler ve siyasi partiler kadar etkiye sahip olabilirler. Bu çalışmada Türk dış politikası ve bu politikaya hatırı sayılır düzeyde etki eden aktörlerden olan düşünce kuruluşlarının önemi savunulmuştur. Bu bağlamda düşünce kuruluşları medyanın desteğini alarak, çeşitli konferans, panel, analiz ve raporlar ile gücüne güç katmaktadır. Dış politika yapım sürecine etki eden düşünce kuruluşları ikibinli yıllardan sonra Türkiye'de küçük boyutlarda olmalarına rağmen daha aktif rol almaya ve alınan kararları etkilemeye başlamıştır. Çalışmada düşünce kuruluşlarının yetersiz finansal olanaklara sahip olduğu, bu nedenle kendilerinden beklenen faydayı üst düzeyde sunamadıkları savunulmaktadır. Çalışmada ikinbinli yıllarla birlikte düşünce kuruluşlarının etkisinin dünyaya paralel olarak Türkiye'de de arttığı, sayı, nitelik ve çalışan çokluğuyla beraber bu etkinin daha da artacağı değerlendirilmiştir. ; The determination and influence of think tanks in the foreign policy making process has recently drawn attention to these institutions. With the new World order, by means of liberal end plüralist effect of liberalism viewpoint, think tanks in Turkey have become more understandable. In Turkish foreign policy, the decision-making process is handled with multiple tools according to the liberal understanding. Think tanks are also a part of this multiple structure and contribute to the formation of Turkish foreign policy. Think tanks can have as much influence on foreign policy decision-making as ministries, governments and political parties. In this study, Turkish foreign policy and the importance of think tanks, which are among the actors that have a significant influence on this policy, are defended. In this context, think tanks gain more strength taking the support of the media and with various conferences, panels, analyzes and reports.Thinking organizations acting on foreign policy making process, after the 2000s, even though they are small in size in Turkey, began to take a more active role and affect the decisions taken. In the study, it is argued that think tanks have insufficient financial opportunities and therefore cannot offer the expected benefit at the highest level. In this study, the influence of think tanks with the 2000s, parallel to the world in Turkey also increased, it is evaluated that this effect will increase more with the number, qualification and the multitude of employees.

In den vergangenen Jahren wurde oftmals die Goodwillbilanzierung nach IFRS auf Anreizproblematiken untersucht und das Konzept des Impairment-only approach und des korrespondierenden Impairment Test kritisiert. Im Rahmen des Post Implementation Review des IFRS 3 ging das IASB auf die adressierte Kritik ein und konstituierte als Antwort das Forschungsprojekt "Goodwill and Impairment". Der Forschungsprozess gipfelt in einem Diskussionspapier, welches voraussichtlich Ende 2019 veröffentlicht wird. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich der Thematik der Goodwillbilanzierung auf zwei nachgelagerten Ebenen. Die erste Ebene befasst sich mit den anreiztechnischen Problemen des Goodwill und ergründet den Informationsgehalt des Abschlussposten. Zu diesem Zweck wird die Vornahme von Goodwill Impairments aus einer bilanzpolitischen Sicht sowie die Value Relevance des Goodwill einer retrospektiven Analyse unterzogen. Einige Forschungsarbeiten dokumentieren eine derartige Instrumentalisierung für bilanzpolitische Zwecke sowie eine erhöhte Value Relevance, dennoch liegen auch konträre Ergebnisse vor. Die zweite Ebene umfasst eine systematische Untersuchung der Entwicklungen des "Goodwill and Impairment" Forschungsprojekts. Um ein Verständnis für die Entwicklungen des Projekts zu bekommen, wird der Forschungsprozess in drei chronologisch angeordneten Phasen sukzessive behandelt und die aktuelle Situation abschließend bewertet. Der Forschungsstand deutet gegenwärtig auf eine Anpassung des Berechnungsmodells für den Value in Use sowie auf eine Ausweitung der Offenlegungspflichten hin. Der Impairment-only approach, wie auch der Impairment Test, werden innerhalb des IASB kontrovers diskutiert. Dies resultiert in einer Betrachtung aller behandelten Ansätze innerhalb des Diskussionspapiers aus der Perspektive eines Impairment-only approach und eines Amortisationsmodells. ; In recent years Goodwill accounting according to IFRS was often analysed in respect to management incentives and the concept of the Impairment-only approach as well as the corresponding Impairment Test was frequently criticised. In the Post Implementation Review of IFRS 3 the IASB gives attention to the topic and founds the "Goodwill and Impairment" research project in response to the surrounding critics. The research process peaks in a discussion paper that is planned to be published at the end of 2019. This thesis deals with Goodwill accounting on two different levels. The first level addresses the incentives issue of Goodwill according to IFRS and examines the information content of the position. For this purpose, Goodwill Impairments in relation to earnings management motives and the Value Relevance of Goodwill will be revised with a retrospective problem analysis. Several research papers document an instrumentalization of Goodwill for earnings management purposes, but others provide contrary results. Similarly, no definite conclusion can be made for an increase of Value Relevance within the IFRS. The second level incorporates a systematic examination and description of the developments of the "Goodwill and Impairment" research project. To get an understanding of the developments within the project, the research process is covered sequentially in three chronologically ordered phases and the current situation is assessed at the end. The state of research indicates an adjustment of the calculation model for the Value in Use and an extension of the disclosure requirements. The Impairment-only approach and Impairment Test are both controversially discussed inside the IASB. This results in a consideration of all approaches in the discussion paper from the perspectives of both the Impairment-only approach and the amortisation model. ; Thomas Müllner, BSc ; Zusammenfassungen in Deutsch und Englisch ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers/der Verfasserin ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Masterarbeit, 2019 ; (VLID)3806574

Major Trends in Russian Geopolitics After 1991, "Politeja" 2019, nr 4, s. 141-160., 2019 Russian geopolitical thought after the collapse of the USSR can be classified in different ways. However, it always remains under the influence of the same conditions (the trauma of a historical downfall) and proposes clear indications for the foreign policy of the state. The article presents a preliminary view of some directions in Russian geopolitical thought from the point of view of their origin. The study focuses on seven trends: the visions of Great Russia in a multipolar world order, Neo-Eurasianism, the insular theory, military geo-politics, the thought of political geographers, the geopolitics of the Russian World doctrine with its varieties in the form of information geopolitics and cy-ber-geopolitics, and, last but not least, geoeconomics. A typological study of contemporar

The Historical Relationship Between the Chinese State and the Uyghur Population

This article explores family separation and reunification of the disappeared Salvadoran children separated from their families during El Salvador's civil war (1980-1992) from the perspectives of adult relatives. During separation, adult relatives experienced an "unresolvable loss." Following reunion, families experienced an immediate relief that was often accompanied by an "ambiguous reunification." Emotions were especially complicated and painful when the separation had been a "forced choice" by the parent under coercive wartime political conditions. Adoptive parents strongly influenced reunification. Findings suggest that disappeared children and biological and adoptive family members need psycho-social support throughout separation and reunification.