Suchergebnisse

'Abd-al-Gawad, Gamal: As-Siyasa al-amrikiya tugaha 'l-'Iraq. = The U.S. policy in Iraq. - S. 84-91. 'Abd-as-Salam, Muhammad: Ta'qidat al-hugum al-'askari al-amriki 'l-muhtamal didda 'l-'Iraq. = The complications of a possible U.S. military attack on Iraq. - S. 92-97. Abu-Talib, Hasan: Al-Muskilat al-'iraqiya wa-'n-nizam al-iqlimi al-'arabi. = The Iraqi problem and the Arab regional system. - S. 98-103. Idris, Muhammad as-Sa'id: Iran wa-'l-Halig wa-'htimalat al-'udwan al-amriki 'ala 'l-'Iraq. (Dt.: Iran und der Golf und die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Angriffs auf Irak.). - S. 104-109. Gad, 'Imad: Isra'il wa-'t-tahrid al-amriki didda 'l-'Iraq. = Israel's incitement of the United States against Iraq. - S. 110-112. Nasrawi, Salah an-: Man yahluf Saddam fi hukm al-'Iraq? (Dt.: Wer folgt Saddam in der Herrschaft?). - S. 114-116

Analyzing the dynamics of politics behind the approval of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), this research investigates the reasons for the acquiescence of the nuclear weapon states (NWS) to this treaty when not one of them had any intention to eliminate its respective nuclear arsenal. As a result, this long sought after treaty which took over forty years to finally negotiate was rendered as a symbolic gesture rather than a step toward the eventual elimination of nuclear weapons. The treaty rather was considered a measure to stop proliferation of nuclear weapons while assuring the nuclear weapon states that they could retain their nuclear arsenals provided a substitute for the testing of these weapons could be developed to assure the safety and reliability of these arsenals. This substitute was the capability of advanced technology available to the nuclear weapons states in the 1990's. Together with the needed consensus among the nuclear weapons states for any value to be placed on the CTBT, advanced technology created a dichotomy in the approval of the Treaty. While the NWS agreed to the harnessment of their nuclear capability, the politics that transpired during the negotiations to gain consensus in the Conference on Disarmament favored the desires of the NWS to the detriment of the goal of the non-nuclear weapon states (NNWS) to forge a path toward disarmament. Once the Limited Test Ban Treaty had been achieved in 1963 outlawing the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, in the oceans, and in space, the three signatories, United States, Soviet Union, and Great Britain, had not anticipated that to achieve a comprehensive test ban it would take over forty years. They also did not have the foresight to realize the key role that advanced technology would play. Finally, they also had not seen that their respective national security interests together with those of the other two recognized nuclear weapon states would undermine the treaty. Through investigating and analyzing the history of nuclear weapons, the nuclear arms race of the Cold War, the original attempts at a test ban and its ultimate achievement through the United Nations in 1996, this research tells the story of how the dynamics of politics, the existence of advanced technology, and the national security interests of the nuclear weapon states overshadowed a lofty goal which could have set the nuclear norms of the twenty-first century.

The joint declaration issued at the British-French Summit at St. Malo envisaged a common defense policy in the framework of the Common Foreign & Security Policy of the European Union. Previous attempts by France & GB to form a "CSDP" were victims to security needs of the Cold War. By 1950, a transatlantic security architecture seemed indispensable to safeguard Western Europe from the fate of South Korea. However, the so-called first detente, triggered by Stalin's death, led to a revival of Anglo-French cooperation & a revival of the Brussels Treaty Organization of 1948. This article focuses on plans during the first detente to form a CSDP by nuclearizing the revised Brussels Pact, now named Western European Union. The challenge to the US reconstruction of (Western) Europe ended with Sputnik & the recreation of the Anglo-American special relationship in Oct 1957. Adapted from the source document.

Based on recently released official documents, the article explores the role played by advanced technology in the Wilson government's efforts to join the Common Market. The analysis focuses on the development of the ultra-centrifuge process – a new technology to produce enriched uranium. The article shows that in restricting collaboration to the Netherlands and West Germany, the British government sought to undermine France's leading role in Europe and to undermine Franco-German relations. It also demonstrates that Britain was determined to establish a European solution to the question of uranium supply even if this led to serious frictions in the Anglo-American special relationship.

Different types of monetary sovereignty are issues in exchange rate agreements monetary unions. Policy sovereignty refers to independence in making exchange rate & monetary policy, legal sovereignty to a country's ability to make its own laws with respect to the unit of contract & medium of exchange. This article traces the history of the concepts & their applications in the history of political philosophy & monetary policies. The first section relates the concepts of legal & policy sovereignty as they emerged in Roman law into the Europe of the Middle Ages & Renaissance. The second part discusses the implication of the sovereignty issue for choice along the road to the European Monetary Union. 26 References. [Copyright 2002 Sage Publications, Inc.]

Analyzes controversy surrounding the Economic Partnership, Political Coordination and Cooperation Agreement (Global Agreement) signed Dec. 8, 1997 between Mexico and the European Union (EU). Summary in English.