Suchergebnisse

Through the study of cases of urban intervention programs in Medellin, Colombia and Juarez, Mexico, similarities and differences in the development of these interventions and their effects violence will be highlighted. Interventions are defined as efforts to disrupt the violent situation that is the status quo of a city. These interventions are carried out through infrastructural and non-infrastructural aspects. The Medellin case study is an example of an intervention through infrastructure that adopts the built environment to decrease spatial segregation and measure how this in turn affects violence. Other manifestations of these interventions took the form of what is referred to as social infrastructures, which are the creations of local councils to work through neighborhood concerns and to come up with anti-crime strategies. These manifestations of interventions took the form of tables of security in Juarez as the remnants of a larger intervention that had both infrastructural and social infrastructural aspects, We are Juarez. After considering these specific interventions, my hypothesis is that urban interventions through infrastructural and social development can reduce violence, but only if supported by business and political coalitions invested in reducing violence through social development. This hypothesis is propelled by the theoretical mechanism that a business climate favorable to diversified economic development plus business and politician coalitions that will enhance interactions with civil society.

With the rise of 'bioeconomy', trees are receiving increasing attention. This contribution conducts a preliminary analysis of the trajectories and the main drivers of change in the rise of new, flexible and multiple uses of trees. It assesses the political dimensions involved in this transformation, which is simultaneously ongoing, anticipated and imagined. Notes are offered on the issues to be considered when the flex-crop framework is operationalized to include the study of trees, and additional conceptualizations that help in analyzing the political economy of tree uses are provided. Areas needing further empirical study are identified and a preliminary research agenda is suggested. The flexible and multiple use of trees and tree-derived commodities is having a large impact on power relations in the global political economy of forestry and the forest industry, the asymmetry of which is based on who is best able to flex or de-multiply, thereby controlling commodity webs and processing technology. It is argued that while flexing seems to increase diversity, in practice it typically increases this only for the processing industry; the converse occurs in terms of the unification of the productive base into monocultures. However, these two processes go hand in hand, and illustrate how flexing is a deeply capitalist process. ; Peer reviewed

This study entitled "ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT OF SMEs LEADING PRODUCTS IN BANYUMAS". The purpose of this research is to analyze the leading products of SMEs in Banyumas and the economic sectors in the districts that are leading sectors, prospective, mainstay and left behind. The purpose of this research is also to identify advanced districts areas that are fast growing, growing, but pressed forward and backward, and to analyze the products of SMEs which is the leading product in the center of SME products, and to formulate SME product development strategy which is to develop the leading products choice in Banyumas. This study used analytical tool SLQ, LQ, proportional growth, the growth of the share of the region, and net growth. From the analysis of SLQ, LQ, proportional growth, the growth of the share of the region, and net growth, it is suggested that coconut sugar is in a strong condition, whereas the SWOT analysis also showed that coconut sugar business opportunities in Banyumas is high. The implication of this research is that the government needs to move more economic activity so that coconut sugar industry is more advanced and continue to grow by strengthening the industrial institutions, in particular, improving production management, finance, licensing, and market segments in Banyumas. Keywords: SME, Leading Products, LQ, SWOT

The central question examined in this article is whether women's representation through quotas and subsequent participation in the local governance makes a difference in politics. Based on an empirical study of eight Gram Panchayats in the state of Odisha, the article explores whether the women elected members in decentralised government institutions considerably pronounce and document women's issues and interests. Further, it outlines the overall political attitude and behaviour towards women's entry and leadership in local politics. Taking insights from a theoretical review of the concept of representation and the issue of quota for women in government, the article narrates the empirical experiences of the attempts towards feminisation of rural politics and public sphere and engages with the larger debate of the implication of such feminisation to bring out transformation in women's personal life as well as political life. Contrary to the commonly held belief that seat reservation would bring elitists women to politics, the study observed that three-fourth of the women representatives coming through quotas belong to middle and lower castes of society. Further, the findings highlight that association with political families is a trend as common among women as men, and therefore, it would be wrong to have a simplistic understanding that quotas would result in politically influential families putting their women members of the family as proxies in politics.

This article examines how the introduction of a mix of state and market-based regulatory mechanisms representing formal and informal institutional elements, respectively, impacts disclosure level of director and executive remuneration in Australia. In doing so, our study steps beyond the simple state versus market dichotomy that the extant literature is primarily concerned with and proposes a symbiotic relationship between the two. The results of our study reveal that both state regulation and self-regulation as bundles of corporate governance can potentially join forces to ease agency conflicts. What is more, certain well-institutionalized organizational practices that guide agents toward self-regulation remain highly relevant and significant, even in the presence of pervasive state regulation. The synthesis of constructs borrowed from agency and institutional theories and its testing in an empirical setting of Australia verifies the significance of formal (state regulation) and informal (self-regulation) institutional aspects in addressing moral hazard agency conflicts. Our research provides insights for public policy makers as to how policies can be developed for good corporate governance. Particularly, in the context of current global economic crises, policy makers would be better off choosing those institutional mechanisms of corporate governance that complement the state regulation with self-regulation for the management and regulation of the modern global economy.

During the closing months of the Second World War, as the Red Army advanced on Berlin, a series of violent crimes swept across the Eastern Front. Soviet soldiers brutalized the German civilians they encountered, conducting a vengeful campaign of torture, rape, and murder. Despite the severity of these crimes, the attention that this topic has drawn from the academic community has been minimal. Due to political and social attitudes, including the widely accepted belief that the Germans were the sole perpetrators of war crimes, this imperative topic was relegated to a footnote of scholarly and public interest. The end of the Cold War ushered in a new era of historical analysis, as Soviet and East German archives were opened and scholarly research encouraged. In light of this amendment in attitude, recent historians have undertaken valuable reassessments, developed constructive arguments, and formulated insightful questions, questions which have since dominated this area of study and have initiated further analysis. Such questions include: Why did these crimes occur and why were they of such a brutal nature? How are "Nazi victims" to be perceived? And, how should blame and responsibility for such atrocities be dealt with? Although these questions have helped to advance the study of this once neglected topic there is still much room for scholarly expansion.

Over the past 20 years the combined effects of El Niño-induced droughts and land-use change have dramatically increased the frequency of fire in humid tropical forests. Despite the potential for rapid ecosystem alteration and the current prevalence of wildfire disturbance, the consequences of such fires for tropical forest biodiversity remain poorly understood. We provide a pan-tropical review of the current state of knowledge of these fires, and include data from a study in a seasonally dry terra firme forest of central Brazilian Amazonia. Overall, this study supports predictions that rates of tree mortality and changes in forest structure are strongly linked to burn severity. The potential consequences for biomass loss and carbon emissions are explored. Despite the paucity of data on faunal responses to tropical forest fires, some trends are becoming apparent; for example, large canopy frugivores and understorey insectivorous birds appear to be highly sensitive to changes in forest structure and composition during the first 3 years after fires. Finally, we appraise the management implications of fires and evaluate the viability of techniques and legislation that can be used to reduce forest flammability, prevent anthropogenic ignition sources from coming into contact with flammable forests and aid the post-fire recovery process.

This study examined the portrayal of native Canadians in films of the National Film Board of Canada. The issue was cast in the context of the historical conflicts between the federal government and aboriginal people in Canada over issues of power, culture, language, economics, spirituality, land claims and the environment. It also examined how this adversarial relationship affects, and is affected by, past and present public opinion and past and present media portrayals of natives. Because the literature suggests that the dominant values of the society of which a film-maker is a member will be projected in his or her films, the study compared values emphasized in native-directed and non-native-directed films. A review of the literature concluded that the dominant traditional native value orientation was predominantly humanistic and that the dominant contemporary native value orientation is also humanistic. It also suggested that the dominant contemporary North American non-native value orientation is material. Through content analysis, which employed a variation of Rokeach's value inventory, this researcher discovered that native-directed films emphasized humanistic values and non-native-directed films emphasized material values. These findings were consistent without regard to two other variables, length of the production and decade in which the production was released. Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 30-03, page: 0408. Chairperson: Stuart H. Surlin. Thesis (M.A.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 1990.

ABSTRACTThis review article will attempt to systematize the most important literature on legislative assemblies, to identify their weaknesses and to point out promising research lines. The material is classified under four sections: candidate recruitment and assembly composition, motivations of the political career, role of the representatives, and models and functions of legislative assemblies. The main conclusions are: that future research on recruitment must closely link changes in recruitment with legislative output in a diachronic perspective in order to produce meaningful results. Secondly, the study of motivations of the political career is still an interesting topic but should be supplemented by studies dealing with defeated candidates in a structural perspective (as some seminal works have already done). Thirdly, not enough is known, particularly in the European context, about representation: empirical studies are still needed which will take into consideration the aspects of accountability and responsibility. Finally, while some works have been done on the functions of elective assemblies, especially in the world of developed countries, theoretical confusion still exists. Two research lines should be pursued: the study of the relationships between political development, in its most comprehensive meaning, and elective assemblies; and the relationships between the executive power and elective assemblies as to legislative output, the measurement of its importance and the variables related to it (content, source of the initiative, procedure and type of government).

Influenza A(H3N2) viruses predominated in Europe in 2016-17. In 2017-18 A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses co-circulated. The A(H3N2) vaccine component was the same in both seasons; while the A(H1N1)pdm09 component changed in 2017-18. In both seasons, vaccine seed A(H3N2) viruses developed adaptations/alterations during propagation in eggs, impacting antigenicity. We used the test-negative design in a multicentre primary care case-control study in 12 European countries to measure 2016-17 and 2017-18 influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) overall and by age group. During the 2017-18 season, the overall VE against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was 59% (95% CI: 47-69). Among those aged 0-14, 15-64 and ≥65 years, VE against A(H1N1)pdm09 was 64% (95% CI: 37-79), 50% (95% CI: 28-66) and 66% (95% CI: 42-80), respectively. Overall VE against influenza A(H3N2) was 28% (95% CI: 17-38) in 2016-17 and 13% (95% CI: -15 to 34) in 2017-18. Among 0-14-year-olds VE against A(H3N2) was 28% (95%CI: -10 to 53) and 29% (95% CI: -87 to 73), among 15-64-year-olds 34% (95% CI: 18-46) and 33% (95% CI: -3 to 56) and among those aged ≥65 years 15% (95% CI: -10 to 34) and -9% (95% CI: -74 to 32) in 2016-17 and 2017-18, respectively. Our study suggests the new A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine component conferred good protection against circulating strains, while VE against A(H3N2) was <35% in 2016-17 and 2017-18. The egg propagation derived antigenic mismatch of the vaccine seed virus with circulating strains may have contributed to this low effectiveness. A(H3N2) seed viruses for vaccines in subsequent seasons may be subject to the same adaptations; in years with lower than expected VE, recommendations of preventive measures other than vaccination should be given in a timely manner. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 634446 to conduct the study in individuals aged 65 years or more. ECDC has contributed funds for the coordination and some study sites under the Framework contract no. ECDC/2014/026 for the individuals aged less than 65 years. The WHO Regional office for Europe has contributed funds for the Romanian study site. ; Sí

This study deals with the translation of cultural references and proper-name allusions from English to Finnish in the DVD-subtitles of Gilmore Girls. Its most important aim is to examine what types of methods have been used to translate the culture-bound items found in the so-called Gilmore-isms or, what type of relationship does the target text have with the source text and whether the translations are more foreignising or domesticating. In addition to this, the study examines the type of influence the needs of the receiver and the audiovisual format and the relationship between the source and the target culture have on translation and in which ways translation is associated with cultural and social power structures in society. The research questions are approached with the help of Translation Studies. A methodological basis has been sought especially from the research on allusions by Leppihalme and the methods of foreignisation and domestication by Venuti. In addition to this, the analysis draws from Reception Theory and the Study of Audiovisual Translation. 9 episodes from the 4th season of Gilmore Girls were analysed. There were 62 Gilmore-isms and 80 cultural references to music, films, television programmes, fictional characters, politicians and famous people found in the study material. Based on this study and earlier research, it can be claimed that culture-bound items are usually translated with foreignising methods when translating from English to Finnish in television series. This is believed to have to do with the socio-economic power of Anglophone countries, especially the United States, over marginal ones. Finnish viewers are also used to English expressions and the culture of Anglophone countries and, therefore, the use of U.S. American cultural references does not form a problem for the receiver. The audiovisual format has not affected the chosen translation methods as much as had been anticipated, thus space has not been a particularly significant factor for the translators which can also be seen in the translation methods chosen. ; Tässä tutkielmassa käsitellään kulttuuriviittausten sekä erisnimi-alluusioiden kääntämistä englannista suomeksi Gilmoren tyttöjen DVD-tekstityksissä. Sen perimmäisenä tarkoituksena on selvittää, millaisin metodein niin kutsutuista Gilmore-ismeista löydetyt kulttuurisidonnaiset viittaukset on käännetty, eli millainen suhde lähdetekstillä on kohdetekstiin ja ovatko käännökset kotouttavia vai vieraannuttavia. Lisäksi tutkielmassa selvitetään vastaanottajan tarpeiden ja audiovisuaalisen formaatin sekä lähde- ja kohdekulttuurin välisen suhteen vaikutusta käännöksiin ja millä tavoin kääntäminen liittyy yhteiskunnassa vallitseviin kulttuurisiin ja sosiaalisiin valtarakenteisiin. Tutkimuskysymyksiä lähestytään kääntämistutkimuksen keinoin. Metodista teoriapohjaa on haettu erityisesti Leppihalmeen alluusioiden tutkimuksesta, sekä Venutin kotouttamisen ja vieraannuttamisen strategioista. Tämän lisäksi analyysiosio ammentaa tietoa vastaanottotutkimuksesta, sekä audiovisuaalisen kääntämisen tutkimuksesta. Tutkimuksessa analysoitiin 9 Gilmoren tyttöjen jaksoa 4. tuotantokaudelta. Musiikkiin, elokuviin, televisio-ohjelmiin, fiktiivisiin hahmoihin, poliitikoihin sekä kuuluisuuksiin liittyviä Gilmore-ismeja löydettiin tutkimusmateriaalista 62 kappaletta ja niistä kulttuurisidonnaisia viittauksia 80 kappaletta. Tämän sekä aiempien tutkimusten perusteella voidaan väittää, että kulttuurisidonnaiset viittaukset käännetään useimmiten vieraannuttavasti silloin, kun käännetään englannista suomeksi televisiosarjoissa. Tämän uskotaan liittyvän englanninkielisten maiden, erityisesti Yhdysvaltojen omaamaan sosio-ekonomiseen valta-asemaan. Suomalaiset katsojat ovat myös tottuneet englanninkielisiin ilmaisuihin ja englanninkielisten maiden kulttuuriin, joten yhdysvaltalaisten kulttuuriviittausten käyttö sellaisenaan ei muodostu ongelmaksi katsojalle. Audiovisuaalinen formaatti ei ole vaikuttanut valittuihin käännösmetodeihin niin paljon kuin odotettiin, eli tila ei ole muodostunut merkittäväksi tekijäksi kääntäjille, mikä näkyy myös valituissa käännösmetodeissa.

Relevance. Considering the integral part that trust plays in the theory of social capital itself as well as in its network refraction, it is important to determine the functional content of the studied category. Further theoretical detailing and ways of applying theory to the study of social objects depend on the interpretation of trust. It can be either an element of content or a source of social capital. The purpose of the study is to identify the reasons for the duality of understanding of trust in relation to social capital and to establish the boundaries of the semantic demarcation of the concept under discussion. Objectives: identify the features that allow us to consider trust as an element of social capital in a network social organization; to reveal the grounds on which trust is ranked as a source of social capital in the network approach; define a role in establishing everyday order; to make the question of the importance of the researcher in the organization of the semantic boundaries of the studied phenomenon relevant. Methodology. In addition to the theory of social capital, the research is based on the achievements of the network and informational approaches. Theoretical and methodological approaches correlate with each other and determine the choice of research methods. Key words: methods of socio-philosophical analysis necessary to achieve an assessment of the role of social capital in the context of interaction and the method of identifying determinant factors (the method of causality), which affects network activity and forms social capital. The research results made it possible to reveal the foundations of the trust interpretations that have developed in the theory of social capital. The characteristics of trust are revealed, which make it possible to classify it as a component of social capital. The features that relate it to conditions contributing to the origins and development of social capital have been determined. Conclusion. By focusing on certain aspects of trust, the researcher identifies its functions, hence diving into a certain semantic connotation of the phenomenon under study.

Die »Neue Einführung in das Studium des Rechts« von Álvaro d'Ors bietet eine Zusammenschau aller Fächer und Disziplinen der Rechtswissenschaft. Ausgehend vom Begriff des Rechts, seines Verhältnisses zu Sachen und Personen, zu Schrift und Natur, zu Ökonomie und Ökologie begreift der Autor das Recht als »Studium der Ursachen, nicht der Zwecke, die Gegenstand der Ethik sind«. Menschliches Verhalten setzt Ursachen für Verantwortlichkeit, womit sich Fragen der Haftung sowohl im Zivil- und Strafrecht als auch im kanonischen Recht ergeben. Alle wesentlichen Rechtsgebiete werden um der »Wiedererlangung der Einheit der Rechtsordnung« willen in ihren geschichtlichen und systematischen Zusammenhängen ? stets mit einem Blick auf internationales Recht (z. B. EU-Recht, Völkerrecht, Internationales Privatrecht) ? dargestellt, neuere Entwicklungen wohlwollend-kritisch beleuchtet. Der Kommentarteil des Herausgebers erleichtert Studienanfängern ebenso wie Rechtskundigen die Möglichkeit, spanische Regelungen mit deutschen, österreichischen und schweizerischen zu vergleichen und so Kenntnisse über Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede im europäischen Rechtskreis zu erlangen oder zu vertiefen. / »New Introduction to the Study of Law«: Álvaro d'Ors, friend and critic of Carl Schmitt, offers a historical-systematic synopsis of all legal subjects and disciplines. Starting from the concept of law, its relation to things and persons, to writing and nature, to economy and ecology, he designs law as a »study of causes«. The various areas of law are presented with a view to international law (such as EU law and international law) and more recent developments. The editor's commentary section enables both beginning students and those familiar with the law to compare Spanish regulations with German, Austrian, and Swiss ones.

"This book focuses on a border police collaboration project in the Baltic Sea area aiming at fighting cross-border crimes. It deals with the challenges that inherently "suspicious" organizations face when forced to work together. The study offers unique insights into a European border police project, giving the reader a behind the scenes account of how cross-border policing and organized crime in Europe is prevented and solved. Through detailed ethnographic descriptions, the book describes how a trust-based relationship, which is necessary for the exchange of sensitive intelligence information, gradually developed by the participants in and through their joint efforts to protect Europe from external threats and by performing everyday work together. The study presented in this book is of interest to scholars as well as practitioners concerned with migration management, border policing, intelligence analysis, police culture, and the changing nature of policing in an increasingly global and interconnected world. The book includes various sociological features, such as emotion management, emotional labor, hegemonic masculinity, and takes an interactionist perspective on informal interactions such as joking, bantering, and telling stories. It is also of interest to readers engaged in various forms of intra-, inter-organizational, and inter-cultural collaborations"--

Many governments in developing countries are realising that good quality jobs matter for development. However, little attention has been paid so far to explore what actually matters for young people in terms of job characteristics and employment conditions. Today, in many developing and emerging countries, a key development challenge is that existing jobs do not live up to youth aspirations. This study revisits youth labour market performance and the quality of jobs in developing countries. It places youth employment preferences at the forefront and answers the following questions. What is the nature of youth careers aspirations and job-related drivers of job satisfaction? What shapes such employment preferences? How likely will young people be able to meet their job aspirations? What policy makers can do to reduce the gap between youth preferences and the reality of jobs? The study draws on the comprehensive data from school-to-work transition surveys in 32 developing and transition countries in Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America. It suggests a number of priority areas for policy makers to enhance youth well-being, raise labour productivity, and contain the chilling effects that unmet youth aspirations can generate on society.