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Philanthropic contributions to education have become more publicly visible in recent years, in Scotland as in many other places. Yet philanthropy used to be much more important to Scottish education than it is now. Funding from the state, from individual students, or from non-philanthropic commercial contracts remain far larger than any kind of charitable donation. The essay considers why people – now and in the past – have been inclined to make philanthropic contributions, and what would be required for there to be a truly substantial increase in philanthropy.

The United States today is marked by a culture that is both militarized and commoditized, in which education has become both an enabler to a state of permanent war and a facilitator of business and industry imperatives. The increasing militarism of America's schools, colleges, and universities demands a response. Active and informed dissent is what's required, for nothing is more truly American or patriotic than well-informed dissent that seeks to protect vital liberties. This article suggests several ways that educators can alert students to the twin perils of militarism and an education driven too narrowly by "learn to earn" imperatives.

Personal experience over the past 35 years with schools in New York City & Boston (MA) is drawn on to argue that unions are not the cause of the problems with the nation's schools or school reform efforts. In states with weak unions & no legal bargaining rights, teachers are afraid to speak up about what they perceive as problems; even in states with strong unions, dissatisfaction with educational policies or practices is rarely voiced. It is argued that many teachers' unions come to assume the very traits of the management they oppose, eg, rigidity, impersonality, & power obsession. In addition, too great a focus on tests & standards has led to neglect of the teaching of critical thinking, as has a lack of demonstrable critical thinking among teachers themselves, who have been rendered too compliant & focused on test scores. Both unions & educational management need to actively involve teachers in the reform process. The overwhelming benefits of unions for addressing educational -- as well as social & political -- inequalities are enumerated. K. Hyatt Stewart

Inquires about the relationship of academia & world activism from an International Relations perspective. Aims to guide knowledge gained in university settings into the real world via gaining knowledge of the two separately while also understanding how activism can be incorporated into education. Global activist movements are studied with a desire to better understand activism & subsequent pedagogical perspectives that might report on such activities, through each other's eyes while keeping students in mind. Also discusses the reality of penalties incurred by activists who expose themselves to political turmoil. By raising these issues in the classroom the activist is ennobled & empowered while the students gain a greater political & socio-historical understanding. The final aim of the two seemingly distinct theatres are meant to sustain each other with the ultimate goal of creating solutions to real-world problems that otherwise might be relegated to mere theory & dialogue. S. Fullmer

This report aims to highlight the status of higher education equity in the United States, identify changes over time in measures of equity, identify policies and practices that promote and hinder progress, and emphasize the need for increased support of policies, programs, and practices that improve higher education attainment outcomes and create equity. The report presents data from as far back as comparable data permits, often reaching as far back as 1970. ; The Pell Institute for the Study of Opportunity in Higher Education ; Council for Opportunity in Education (COE) ; Alliance for Higher Education and Democracy of the University of Pennsylvania (PennAHEAD)

In 1985, Saudi Arabia celebrated 25 years of state education for wOll1en who constitute 25 per cent of the total students of the Kingdom. Moreover, although Saudi Arabia is considered to be a conservative society, available data show that significant advances have taken place in the field of education since 1960.

Effective teachers are those who achieved the aims and objective of education at large. It is in view of this that this paper examined influence of teaching resources on physical education teachers effectiveness in Kwara state, Nigeria. The objectives of the study were (i) determine the influence of use of instructional materials on teachers effectiveness in physical educationn (ii) assess the influence of curriculum on teachers effectiveness in physical educatin. The population was 250 teachers, while a sample of 150 respondents were used for the study. Two hypotheses were postulated and tested for the study. Questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents and chi-square (x2) statistical tool was used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that use of instructional materials and curriculum are fundamental to teachers effectiveness in teaching physical education in schools. Sequel to the findings of the study, it was concluded that government should organized seminars and workshop for teachers in form of training and re-training programme so as to enhance their effectiveness in teaching and learning of physical education.

International audience ; In the risk society, the citizens must be better trained and in capacity to give their views on the local prevention policies. In France, schools need to have risk prevention plans witch can training all the members of the scholl community. However, it is hard to generalise them because of the difficulty of the French company to be in a riskculture.