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Abstract
This research note introduces a new dyadic dataset on gender and diplomatic representation and shows its potential to address questions about international status, gender patterns in international politics, and more. The GenDip dataset includes the names and gender classification of all bilateral ambassadors heading embassies 1968–2019 (74,549), structured as dyad/decade for 1968–1998 and dyad/lustrum for 1998–2019. Cross-fertilizing the quantitative study of status with qualitative studies on women's symbolic meaning for the status of states, we illustrate the utility of this data by showing that the gender of ambassadors is implicated in status hierarchies among states. For instance, states with a reputation as strongly patriarchal are more likely than others to post their female ambassadors to states with an international gender equality profile, for status and to signal policy alignment. We also show that shares of female ambassadors vary considerably among sending states, in unexpected ways, identifying the need for more research explaining why. This dataset enables new, crucial questions to be asked of international relations, mapping gender changes in diplomacy over time and place and explaining their causes and effects.

Abstract
The environmental implications of international trade appear to be associated with public backlash against trade liberalization and efforts at greening international trade. Because public support is essential to environmental and trade policy-making alike, we examine the trade–environment nexus from a public opinion perspective. We investigate whether negative attitudes toward trade are in fact fueled by concern over its environmental consequences. We argue that environmental concern affects how citizens evaluate the costs and benefits of trade, and that such evaluation is moderated by political ideology. The empirical analysis relies on a large representative survey and a population-based survey experiment in Switzerland, a small open economy. We show that environmental concern leads to decreasing appreciation of and support for international trade, with different manifestations of trade skepticism on the political left and right. This suggests (i) that policy-makers should focus more on greening global supply chains, and thus trade, if they wish to sustain public support for liberal international trade policy; and (ii) that the public follows informational cues on the environmental impacts of trade.

AbstractAlthough the work of E.H. Carr has a prominent place in the scholarly history of international relations (IR), it is notably absent from the discipline of international political economy (IPE). This is puzzling, because Carr's analysis of international politics places a strong emphasis on the organic connection between politics and economics on an international scale. On this reading, his principal publications on IR can also be seen to chart a sophisticated conceptualization of what I want to label historical IPE. This essay retrieves such a reading of Carr for the discipline of IPE. It begins by interrogating the way in which Carr's work has been appropriated by modern IPE scholarship, in order to highlight the limited use made of the political economy dimension of his research. I then explore the historical and political economy aspects of Carr's writings to consider how his contribution might advance recent contemporary theoretical debate in the discipline. I pay particular attention to how his work charts an historical conception of IPE that can synthesize and move beyond the rationalist/constructivist binary that currently dominates theorizing in the discipline.

The appearance of this issue of the International Journal of Legal Information coincides almost exactly with the 40th anniversary of the founding of the International Association of Law Libraries. In June, 1959, a group of law librarians with long established personal interests in international law librarianship met in New York, with the goal of establishing an organization that would facilitate their work and bring law librarians around the world in closer contact. Professor William R. Roalfe of Northwestern University Law School in Chicago was elected the first President of the new Association, and Mr. K. Howard Drake of the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, London, the Vice President. A report summarizing the organizational meeting was prepared by Adolf Sprudzs of the University of Chicago Law Library, who subsequently devoted much of his career to international law librarianship and particularly to the work of the Association, including serving two terms as its President (see appendix). For a recent history of the Association, please see the article by Mr. Sprudzs in The Law Librarian, volume 26 at page 321, 1995.

AbstractIn November 1981 the International Conference of the Red Cross, meeting in Manila, adopted a strong resolution against the practise of political "disappearances" (see Annex 1). This is the first humanitarian standard specifically adressing this relatively new pattern of human rights violations within the wider framework of the humanitarian law in armed conflict and internal strife. Contrary to our pessimism when we started to prepare for this initiative in the Norwegian Red Cross and at the Institut Henry Dunant in Geneva, the draft resolution was strengthened at the Conference and carried with an overwhelming majority (111 States parties in favour - only Argentina and Syria abstained). The humanitarian law has mistakenly been considered as a set of rules with little or no importance for circumstances below the threshold of international armed conflicts. In this article we will therefore argue that a human rights problem like political "disappearances" is not an exclusive concern of UN human rights treaties and non-governmental organisations like Amnesty International. On the contrary it represents a great challenge for the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the humanitarian law in general.

Originally published in 1989, this book reviews the history of maritime control measures from before the First World War and provides a critical examination of both the objectives of maritime power and the concepts of disarmament, peace zones, parity, verifiability and peaceful co-existence. It argues that the objectives or maritime power are not necessarily incompatible with international security and that strategic deterrence can contribute to improved security. Limitation measures, it is argued, can in some cases be double-edged, endangering other security fields and having a destabilizing effect. The book stresses the need for non-absolute solutions in order to achieve a reasonable level of security and makes proposals for both structural and confidence-building measures along those lines

This book highlights the key issues, opportunities and challenges facing African firms, industries, cities and nations in their quest to compete successfully in the global economy. Exploring a topic which has grown in importance as Africa faces a period of subdued economic development, this edited collection takes a unique multi-disciplinary, multi-industry and multi-country approach. The authors provide insights into a broad range of issues, including competitiveness measurement and evaluation, sectoral competitiveness of declining and emerging industries, threats of the 'Dutch Disease,' and talent competitiveness. This timely book offers a response to the urgent need for the diversification of economies and the advancement of manufacturing in Africa, appealing to scholars of international business and economics.

How desirable is EU membership for Turkey and how desirable is it for the EU? This volume is a comprehensive, challenging and thought provoking analysis of the difficult encounter between Turkey and the European Union now and in the years to come. With its multidimensional and interdisciplinary approach and balanced international team of scholars, it provides a state of art contribution to the present context as well as the future. Both the questions and answers about this difficult encounter are in constant flux and the volume goes deep into the heart of it. It is a major source for readers who wish to go beyond conventional wisdom and have an eye-opening experience about this highly dynamic and difficult encounter.

Improved understanding of the key role of financial aspects in the growth and development of economic systems is an important aspect of economic analysis. This first textbook on development finance provides a comprehensive coverage of this new area of economics. The book integrates relevant theoretical approaches and their policy applications. A unique perspective combines transaction cost economics and neoclassical economics. The author also treats important policy issues of national and international relevance. The roles of public and private finance, domestic and external finance, short-term and long-term capital flows, sovereign debt management features, country risk and other determinants of foreign direct investments, multilateral official development assistance and development of financial institutions are some of the topics examined in this book

We have the honour to inform you of the official recognition of the Red Cross Society of Cape Verde by the International Committee of the Red Cross. This recognition, which took effect on 14 March 1985, brings to 136 the number of National Society members of the International Red Cross.

On 14 September 1983, the People's Republic of China deposited with the Swiss Government an instrument of accession to Protocols I and II additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and relating to the protection of victims of international and non-international armed conflicts, adopted in Geneva on 8 June 1977.

On 9 March 1983, the United Arab Emirates deposited with the Swiss Government two instruments of accession to Protocols I and II additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the protection of victims of international and non-international armed conflicts, adopted in Geneva on 8 June 1977.

On 17 June 1982, Denmark deposited with the Swiss Government an instrument of ratification, dated 2 June 1982, of Protocols I and II additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 relating to the protection of the victims of international and non-international armed conflicts, adopted on 8 June 1977.

We have the honour to inform you that the International Committee of the Red Cross has officially recognized the Red Crescent Society of the Yemen Arab Republic. This recognition came into force on 22 April 1982 and brings to 129 the number of member Societies of the International Red Cross.

The International Committee learned with great sorrow of the passing away on 25 April, at the age of eighty-three, of Lady Angela, Dowager Countess of Limerick, Vice-President of the British Red Cross Society and former Chairman of the Standing Commission of the International Red Cross from 1965 to 1973.