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This article investigates the relationship between term limits and international conflict. Theories of political survival and diversionary war both imply term limits should play a role in international relations, whereas "permanent referendum theory," largely motivated by work in American politics, suggests otherwise. Drawing on these theories, we formulate and test competing hypotheses regarding term limits and international crises. Using dyadic militarized interstate disputes data and information on forty-eight democracies with term limits, we uncover strong evidence to support the claim that leaders reaching final terms in office are more likely to initiate conflict than those still subject to reelection. Moreover, we find that the likelihood of conflict initiation is significantly higher during times of recession, but only in the absence of binding term limits. While binding electoral terms and economic downturns are both independently associated with increased levels of conflict initiation, in concert their conditional effects actually counteract each other.

The Republic of Kenya acceded on 23 February 1999, without making any
declaration or reservation, to the Protocols Additional to the Geneva
Conventions of 12 August 1949, relating to the Protection of Victims of
International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I) and relating to the Protection of
Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), adopted in
Geneva on 8 June 1977.

Des représentants de 130 Sociétés nationales de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge, soit quelque 500 délégués, ont participé, du 14 au 26 octobre 1985, aux réunions statutaires et à la IVe session de l'Assemblée générale de la Ligue, ainsi qu'au Conseil des Délégués de la Croix-Rouge internationale, qui se sont déroulés dans les locaux du Bureau international du Travail à Genève.

Presents an interpretation of Japanese/German history and international diplomacy. This book provides an understanding of key aspects of the countries' bilateral relations from the end of the Sino-Japanese War in 1895 to the parallel defeat of Germany and Japan in 1945. It is useful for those studying the modern history of Japan/Germany

Intro; Contents; Figures and Tables; 1: Historical Introduction to Foreign Policy under Raúl Castro; 2: The Defense Contribution to Foreign Policy; 3: Cuba's International Economic Relations; 4: The Evolution of Cuban Medical Internationalism; 5: Cuba and Latin America and the Caribbean; 6: Cuba and Africa; 7: Cuba and Asia and Oceania; 8: Cuba and the European Union; 9: Cuba, Oceania, and a "Canberra Spring"; 10: The United States and Cuba; 11: Canada and Cuba; 12: Spain and Cuba; 13: Venezuela and Cuba; 14: Brazil and Cuba; 15: Russia and Cuba; 16: China and Cuba; 17: Conclusion; Index.

The processes of democratization and regionalization in South America ran parallel to one another between 1985 and 1991. However, the nature of this relationship is by no means clear. This book explores the diplomatic history of the formation of Mercosur and analyzes the precise place of democracy in the process. At the methodological level, a combination of hitherto unexamined documents and extensive interview material makes for a novel oral history approach to diplomatic studies. At the theoretical level, a melding of cognitive approaches to foreign policy making and realist theory of international relations provides a nuanced but systematic explanation of events.

1. Shifting to Consumption as a Federal Tax Base: An Overview -- 2. If, When You Say "Value-Added Tax," You Mean... -- 3. Who Bears the Burden of Consumption Taxes? -- 4. Implications of the Form of VAT on Incidence and Other Factors -- 5. Preferential Treatment: The Implications for Horizontal Equity Among Companies -- 6. Problems of Transition to a Value-Added Tax -- 7. International Implications of Value-Added Taxes -- 8. Value-Added Taxation of Financial Services -- 9. The Sectoral Impacts of a Value-Added Tax -- 10. Macroeconomic Effects of a Consumption-Based Tax -- 11. Administration and Compliance -- About the Contributors.

Um die fiskalische Nachhaltigkeit der Politik bzw. einzelner Reformmaßnahmen zu messen, hat die Wirtschaftswissenschaft in den letzten Jahren mehrere Instrumente eingeführt. Hierzu zählt auch die Generationenbilanz, die Anfang der neunziger Jahre in den USA entwickelt wurde. Der vorliegende Beitrag präsentiert die Ergebnisse der Generationenbilanzierung des Basisjahres 2005. Dabei wird auf Grundlage isolierter Analysen primär auf die sozialen Sicherungssysteme als Ursache für die langfristige Schieflage der deutschen Fiskalpolitik eingegangen. Zudem wird ein internationaler Vergleich gesetzlicher Gesundheitssicherungssysteme aus Sicht einer nachhaltigen Finanzierung angestellt.

Discusses controversies and historical perspectives on Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation on the eve of its diplomatic gathering. All the ups and downs of international summitry are there in Sydney. Security, photo opportunities, a host of pressing issues and little prospect of progress -- APEC is coming to town. Adapted from the source document.

The Law of Maritime Blockade sets out the law applicable to maritime blockades in armed conflict, testing the traditional rules of maritime blockade against the requirements of contemporary international humanitarian law. An important issue addressed is the legality of a blockade even if it results in mass starvation of the affected population.

Since the end of World War II, the United States has played a leading role in shaping the global economic system. While US influence has waned with the reconstruction of Europe and the rise of China, it has remained the leading power in the international system. The election of Donald Trump, however, represents a significant shift in US trade policy. In its first days the Trump administration withdrew from the Trans-Pacific Partnership and has since taken specific steps to renegotiate trade agreements and protect US industries. Politicizing the importance to reduce bilateral US trade deficits and to bring manufacturing jobs back home, the Trump administration has also utilized trade remedies in addition to the seldom-used safeguards to advance its "America First" economic agenda. Although trade remedy actions—the imposition of antidumping and countervailing duty based on the US Trade Act of 1974—have been critical instruments for US trade, prioritizing trade deficit reduction in US trade policy has the potential to erode the underlying international system and exacerbate rather than resolve the tensions that have spurred nationalistic economic movements. Against this backdrop, in this article we explore the implications of an abrogation of US global economic leadership for the international trading system and US influence more broadly. We also consider the implications for East Asia and the global economy as a whole as China, the European Union, and Japan take on larger leadership roles within the global trading system. (Asian Perspect/GIGA)