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AbstractThe Kyamkhanis were a small Indian Muslim community who flourished in northern Rajasthan from c. 1450 to 1730. This article examines memories of the Kyamkhani past recorded in a seventeenth-century history of the ruling lineage, as a case study of both the process of Islamic expansionism in South Asia and the self-identity of rural Muslim gentry. While celebrating the ancestor who had converted to Islam generations earlier, the Kyamkhanis also represented themselves as local warriors of the Rajput class, an affiliation that is considered exclusively Hindu in India today. Their history was written in a local literary language, Braj Bhasa, rather than in the more cosmopolitan Persian that was widely used by Muslim elites at the time. The Kyamkhanis of the early modern era thus negotiated multiple social and cultural spheres, simultaneously participating in the local/vernacular as well as global/cosmopolitan arenas.

AbstractThis article is about a short moment in Chinese-Australian history at the turn of the 20th century when Chinese fruit and vegetable traders in Sydney were on the verge of major international success. The concerns of this new urban elite can be gleaned from their Chinese-language newspapers and civil societies which played an important role in the evolution of the diasporic identity of the Chinese in "White-Australia" — an experience involving more than merely a refinement of native kinship practices and inherited identities — in a process that invoked a distinctively modern sense of time, space, and the unfolding of history. This is an attempt to recount their experience chiefly by reference to the developments recorded in Chinese newspapers and the narratives related to the social institutions and networks associated with them in the Federation Era (1890s-1900s).

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los procesos de evaluación institucional de bibliotecas universitarias que se han seguido en España, desde 1996 hasta la actualidad. Se expone el marco legislativo, el modelo de referencia y la historia articulada en los diferentes planes. Se compara el enfoque y el alcance de la guía utilizada, así como los criterios que configuran el modelo y la metodología empleada. Se concluye con las tendencias más significativas observadas a lo largo de estos 12 años. ; This paper analyses the different institutional processes of evaluation of university libraries undertaken in Spain from 1996 to date. It looks at the legal framework, reference models and development of the different schemes, as well as the criteria and methodology employed. The study concludes by identifying the main trends in the last 12 years.

In the latest years Ecuador had significantly move forward with reforms that lead us to accomplish a competitive and efficient economy. This allow us to an accurate integration of Ecuador into the world wide economy. There are events that had promote our government to implement a levy that facilitate and incentive the export activity and the outside promotion of the small and medium business, PYMES manage the parameter of quality in production in a way to keep our acceptance in the exterior. Seems the new policy took effect in representation of the necessity of offer a services that can bring legal consultancy on international commerce meaning that they are not only overseeing the operation process but also responsible of administrate the legal documentation from where the orders are place for shipment to the delivery destination of the product .

The article deals with the states sovereignty and national culture reticence problematisation in the process of globalisation. An erosion of the trust on state institutions supposed deconstruction of the national history narratives. The formality of lacunas and fables of the official history and culture conflicted with the world openness and variety and fragmented unified state politics discourse in the social and cultural communitas (V. Turner). The compementarity its relations by dialog are served as a selection machine between its state history and culture of society. The culture of oblivion become the tool for the nation totality reinterpretation, reservation and the cultural memory preservation. Commemoration of the codes, archtypes and constructs of the historical identity in the social, political and ethnical history of Lithuania became condition sine qua non for the legitimation of the discourse of "commonness culture" in modern civilisation.

The article deals with the states sovereignty and national culture reticence problematisation in the process of globalisation. An erosion of the trust on state institutions supposed deconstruction of the national history narratives. The formality of lacunas and fables of the official history and culture conflicted with the world openness and variety and fragmented unified state politics discourse in the social and cultural communitas (V. Turner). The compementarity its relations by dialog are served as a selection machine between its state history and culture of society. The culture of oblivion become the tool for the nation totality reinterpretation, reservation and the cultural memory preservation. Commemoration of the codes, archtypes and constructs of the historical identity in the social, political and ethnical history of Lithuania became condition sine qua non for the legitimation of the discourse of "commonness culture" in modern civilisation.

The emancipation of the Commonwealth countries had a particular impact on the traditional British principle of inviolable sovereignty of the Parliament. Ever since 1931, when the Imperial Parliament, through the Westminster Act, renounced the unilateral exercise of legislative power in the Dominions, the theory of parliamentary sovereignty as unlimited legislative power has been subject to alterations under the pressure of political reality. The process was most pronounced in the 1982-1998 period, when the United Kingdom & several member-countries of the Commonwealth, as "the last democratic strongholds of traditional legislative supremacy," adopted various documents in which human rights are guaranteed. The author elucidates the characteristics of the new, Commonwealth model of constitutionalism, wherein the constitutionalization of fundamental rights has made possible not only specific forms of judicial supervision, but also an increase of judicial activism. Adapted from the source document.

Анализируется специфика счетов и книг записей текстильных фабрик первой половины XIX в. как источников. В отсутствие государственного контроля и регламентации ведения бухгалтерской документации частных предприятий данные документы как одна из форм «управленческого учета» содержат информацию о реальных бизнес-процессах. Анализ документации старообрядческих фабрик показал, что подобные источники дают возможность выявить социальные и социокультурные аспекты деятельности российских предпринимательских сообществ. ; The article is devoted to analysis of such specific historical sources as accounts and books of register of textile plants in the first half of 19th century. These documents represent "Managerial stock" deeds and contain information about real business-process, when government control and regulation for private industry` bookkeeping was absent. In addition the analysis of Old-Believers` Plants documentation demonstrated that these sources` could be used to elucidate social culture aspects of activities of Russian entrepreneurship communities.

The preponderance of postsurge analysis is devoted to military operations and their subsequent efficacy in reducing levels of violence by concentrating on troop deployments, tactics, and intelligence. Such studies are valuable, but only to a certain extent. Any holistic appraisal must also consider noncombat counterinsurgency strategies that addressed social issues—in particular, essential services. Reminiscent of Lebanon's Hizballah, militias in Baghdad sought ascendency over services as a means to solidify control and influence. Therefore, the most pragmatic remedy for long-term stability in Iraq was not necessarily countering militants with force, but securing the populace's allegiance to their government through the provision of services and opportunities for employment. Emphasizing reconstruction projects not only improved the delivery of services, but also, more importantly, provided employment, reestablished the integrity of the Iraqi government, and created stakeholders in the overall process.

During the entire post Cold-War era numerous security challenges were pushing NATO in search of a new mission. Although redefined several times in the past, NATO's mission is still not steady and in its final shape. NATO's framework is not final yet for several reasons: lack of internal balance; NATO is moving towards rather 'loose' formula of Trans-Atlantic relations, through a 'Coalition of the Willing', in which countries accept the level and scope of military engagement in war missions (Afghanistan and Iraq) according to their own interests. This certainly has influenced the character of NATO mission in the 21st Century. Therefore, NATO countries do not speak with 'one voice' and they do not equally participate in military missions. Instead, specific countries are engaged in specific issues, in compliance with UN Security Council resolutions. NATO deepening and widening process is continuing in the 21st Century. .

AbstractThe process of assigning the place for Jews in the Romanian nation code and for (Albanian) Muslims in the Serbian one is analyzed as Orientalistic. While the Great Powers served as role models in the Romanian and Serbian identity construction, these principal Others were represented as uncivilized and non-European, preventing the nation-states from their European destiny. This discursive construction of the nation in major debates is identified as a first step which was followed by policy recommendations from intellectuals and actual attempts to fulfill the dream of an ethnically homogenous nation-state. This sequence's latter parts are represented by a number of case studies, such as citizenship regulations in the Constitution and other laws, the possibilities for representing political interests and cultural rights for Jews and Muslims, colonization projects in Kosovo and Dobrudja, and measures to "protect Romanian labor".

The Chilean legislation attempts to reconcile apparently conflicting objectives for adolescent prison population: the sanction of criminal acts and the protection of his rights of the adolescents. Discussed in this document the difficulties that this process presents a public policy in a complex society characterized by the functional differentiation of systems, mass exclusion and individualisation of the construction of personal biographies. ; La legislación nacional intenta conciliar objetivos aparentemente contradictorios para población penal adolescente: la sanción de la conducta delictiva y el resguardo de los derechos que le asisten a los menores de edad. Se analizan en este documento las dificultades que este proceso presenta a la política pública en una sociedad compleja, caracterizada por la diferenciación funcional de sistemas, la masificación de la exclusión y la individualización de la construcción de biografías personales.

The purpose of this article is to understand the significance of Gandhi for the discussion about the African Renaissance. The article begins with the argument that the critical process of self-reflection begun in India about its past as a resource for imagining its future is central to any possibility of a renaissance in Africa. It draws on Gandhi in terms of what an examination of his central ideas might tell us about a future post-colonial Africa. Two of these ideas relate to the role of women in society and the attendant impact this view has on dominant masculinist tropes found in colonial historiography. Using these, the article looks at Gandhi not for the political and strategic choices he makes, but for understanding the kind of ethical identity or, the humanness which Gandhi's life represents.

DRMI Working Paper Series ; The series is intended to convey the preliminary results of [DRMI] ongoing research. The research described in these papers is preliminary and has not completed the usual review process for Institute publications. We welcome feedback from readers and encourage you to convey your comments and criticisms directly to the authors. ; This study examines the issues the Czech Republic faces in implementing defense offsets. The paper will briefly outline the history of the Czech Republic's participation in offsets and its current policy towards offset practices. The Czech Republic is a NATO, as well as EU, member and therefore is obliged to follow policies implemented by these institutions. The offsets for the Gripen Program will be used to illustrate the implementation of defense procurement offsets by Czech Republic MoD under its Industrial Participation Program.

The government has been conducting the effort to eliminate poverty by performing several programs. One of them is Program Kompensasi Pengurangan Subsidi BBM (PKPS-BBM/Oil Subsidy Compensation Program) by giving direct cash transfer (Bantuan Langsung Tunai/BLT). BLTaims at reducing the proportion of poor people significantly. During the implementation, many problems accrured. The obstructed of information to the people during the implementation of BLT has caused the misunderstanding among the people. This eventually caused protests. The data of poor people did not reflect the real condition in the field since the limitation of village elites during the process of data collecting. The indicators to decide which people are poor were also not reflected the real condition which procured conflicts. Another impact from this miscollecting of data was that inaccuracy of target group who supposed to received BLT.