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The increasing frequency of arbitration and the pressure for a regular court of international justice composed of permanent judges, have given new emphasis to the demand for what is called the codification of international law.The process and the result intended to be described when the term codification is applied to international law involves something very different from the codification of municipal law. The codifier of any part of the law of a nation finds the law with which he is to deal already in existence and authenticated. It may be confused in form and apparently unrelated in its parts: it may be scattered through the statutory enactments of many years and the declarations of a multitude of judicial decisions; the codifier may have to struggle with difficult questions of apparent inconsistency, of doubtful repeal, of obscurities in expression calling for interpretation and construction, and with conflicts of judicial opinion; but the expressions which he considers all come from the same law-making power. Somewhere in the mass of material is to be found the final expression of legislative will, the controlling decision of the courts, and when these are found everything inconsistent with them may be rejected as repealed or overruled. The codifier's task is to find what the rules really are; to put them in due relations to each other under appropriate heads in accordance with some systematic scheme of arrangement; to bring order out of confusion; to furnish a methodical statement of the results of his researches which may make the law plain to the people who live under it and may relieve countless lawyers from the necessity of going through the same wearisome process of inquiry in each separate case. When the work is complete, if it is acceptable, the legislative power of the state puts its stamp of approval upon it and resolves any doubts or uncertainties by its acceptance of the codifier's conclusions. It may indeed be that the research of the codifier and the clearer view presented by a systematic arrangement will have revealed inadequacies of expression, incongruities, and omissions in the existing law, but, as to these, the suggestions of the codifier for remedying the defects discovered will be accepted or rejected by the single fiat of the legislative body which enacts the code.

Die Anzahl internationaler Streitbeilegungen durch Schiedsgerichte hat in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten stetig zugenommen. Grund dafür ist vor allem die internationale Durchsetzbarkeit eines Schiedsspruchs. Die New Yorker Convention von 1958 sieht vor, dass die staatlichen Gerichte im Ursprungsland des Schiedsspruchs diesen kontrollieren und gegebenenfalls auch aufheben dürfen. Sollte ein Schiedsspruch im Ursprungsland aufgehoben werden, stellen sich für Gerichte in anderen Vertragsstaaten der New Yorker Convention rechtspolitisch brisante und juristisch interessante Fragen: darf dieser aufgehobene Schiedsspruch dennoch exekutiert werden? Oder ist ein Schiedsspruch, der auf Grund nationaler Interessen aufgehoben wurde (zum Beispiel um Unternehmen im staatlichen Eigentum zu schützen), in einem anderen Land dennoch zu exekutieren?Diese Fragen werden sehr unterschiedlich beantwortet: Nach dem territorial approach ist das Schicksal eines Schiedsspruchs unweigerlich an das Schicksal im Ursprungsland geknüpft. Wurde der Schiedsspruch aufgehoben, kann er in keinem Land exekutiert werden ex nihilo nihil fit.Nach dem delocalized approach entfaltet die Aufhebung im Ursprungsland keine bindende Wirkung für andere Länder. Ein aufgehobener Schiedsspruch kann in einem anderen Land exekutiert werden, wenn er nach den Gesetzen dieses Landes nicht aufzuheben gewesen wäre.Diese Ansätze wurden durch Lehre und Rechtsprechung entscheidend geprägt und weiter entwickelt. Daher soll auch der bahnbrechende Einfluss von Fällen wie u.a. Norsolor, Hilmarton, Chromalloy, Putrabali, Baker Marine, Pemex und Maximov analysiert werden. Weiters, werden die maßgeblichen Bestimmungen der New Yorker Convention, der European Convention und des UNCITRAL Model Law besprochen.Ziel der Arbeit ist es, einen umfassenden Überblick über die Probleme im Zusammenhang mit der Durchsetzung eines aufgehobenen Schiedsspruchs darzustellen. ; The number of international arbitration proceedings has grown considerably in the past decades. This is primarily due to the international enforcement of arbitral awards. The New York Convention of 1958 allows the state courts at the seat of arbitration to review the award and if deemed necessary, to annul it.If the award is annulled at the seat of arbitration, the courts in other countries are confronted with politically charged and legally interesting questions: may the annulled award still be enforced? Or is there even an obligation to enforce an award that was annulled due to national interests at the seat of arbitration (e.g. to protect a state owned company)?There is no consensus as to the answers to these questions. According to the territorial approach the fate of an award is tied to its fate at the seat of arbitration. If the award has been annulled, it ceases to exist in all countries ex nihilo nihil fit.Pursuant to the delocalized approach, an arbitral award floats above national laws and is integrated only in the international legal order. Consequently, a court can enforce the annulled award unless the award would have been set aside in its legal order too.Legal scholars and courts have created and developed these diverging approaches. Thus, this thesis will analyse seminal cases, such as Norsolor, Hilmarton, Chromalloy, Putrabali, Baker Marine, Pemex and Maximov.Further, the pertinent provisions of the New York Convention, the European Convention and the UNCITRAL Model Law will be reviewed.It is the aim of this thesis to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the issues that arise when enforcing an annulled award. ; vorgelegt von Dominik Loidl ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Diplomarbeit, 2018 ; (VLID)2679507

At a time when many states are increasing restrictions on immigration, others are using formal agreements on international economic migration to open their borders. The use of international agreements on migration presents a puzzle, as most states can open their borders to migrants unilaterally. I argue that, when states cannot generate large enough flows of migrants or the right type of migrants to fill open positions in the labor market, they turn to the sending state to help them. States that need migrants can negotiate a bilateral labor agreement with a sending state, which then acts as a recruiter, helping to channel labor to the receiving state. This article details the conditions under which immigrant-receiving countries use these treaties and tests the implications of the argument on a new dataset on migration treaties.

"Large international construction projects often have a range of major contractors, subcontractors and consultants based in different parts of the world and working to different legal theories and understandings. This can lead to confusion in the understanding, interpretation and execution of the construction contract, which can result in significant disruption to the construction project. International Construction Contract Law is written for anyone who needs to understand the legal and managerial aspects of large international construction projects, including consulting engineers, lawyers, clients, developers, contractors and construction managers worldwide. In 18 chapters it provides a thorough overview of civil law /common law interrelationships, delivery methods, standard forms of contract, risk allocation, variations, claims and dispute resolution, all in the context of international construction projects. Highly practical in approach - it introduces legal analysis only when absolutely essential to understanding, the book also contains a range of useful appendices, including a 10-language basic dictionary of terms used in FIDIC forms"--