Alternatives to the individualistic emphasis of liberal theory focus attention on collective dimensions of social life with implications for legal and political analysis of the state, of representation, and of international law. In this context, relationships between the individual–collective dichotomy and the dichotomy of gender demand attention because of the claimed affiliations of individualism with social understandings of masculinity.
A discussion of the book by Helge Pharo, Hjelp til selvhjelp. Det indisk-norske fiskeriprosjektets historie 1952-1972 ([Assistance with Self-help. History of the Indian-Norwegian Fishing Project between 1952 and 1972)] Oslo: NUPI 1986), as an illustration of the importance of Norsk Utenrikpolitisk Institutt (Norwegian Institute of International Affairs [NUPI]) to political science. Adapted from the source document.
The 'paradox' refers to the seeming fact that while trade talks are failing, international trade is flourishing. The WTO Doha round of trade talks appear to be failing after six years of talks, but global merchandise exports grew 15 percent in 2006. The short answer, according to the author, is technology and politics. Adapted from the source document.
What is the true meaning of Joseph Ratzinger's election as Pope? An important dimension stems from the conceptualization of the power of the Vatican in international relations & from the issue of the internationalization of power in the Papacy itself. Within this context it is possible to anticipate the major challenges that Benedict XVI will be facing. Adapted from the source document.
On 18 April 1994 at St John's, Antigua, Brian Lara scored 375 runs, more in a single innings of an international match than any previous player, inspiring fresh hope in the Caribbean people. Discusses the context and the way in which the Caribbean was unequivocally a part of English cricket. Considers Lara's qualities, and Caribbean approaches to cricket over the last decades.
Rede des Bundesforschungsministers im Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin (Februar 1980). Bei der internationalen Arbeitsteilung wird von vier Orientierungspunkten ausgegangen: 1.) "Die Technologiepolitik soll dazu beitragen, Wirtschafts wachstum durch Ressourcenschonung zu erzielen." ... 2.) "Die Technologiepolitik soll helfen, Modelle zu entwickeln für ökologiefreundliche Produktionsverfahren." ... 3.) "Die Technologiepolitik soll exemplarisch aufzeigen, wie Belastungen und Gefahren für die Gesundheit in der Arbeits welt abgebaut und menschengerechte Arbeitsplätze geschaffen werden können." ... 4.) "Die Technologiepolitik soll dazu beitragen, für die Ent wicklungsländer angepßßte Technologien zu entwickeln, angepaßt an die jeweilige Faktorenkombination von Arbeit und Kapital und angepaßt an die Verfügbarkeit von Ener gie, Rohstoffen und Umwelt."
This article offers an alternative explanation for the processes by which foreign policy is made. It does so across three different countries, across different governments, across issues that had real "blood and treasure" at stake, across different domestic and international contexts, and while holding the target of policy, the United States, constant. Available theories argue that formal political institutions or norms determine who will influence the making of policy and how they will do so. However, Argentina, Brazil, and Chile—countries with strikingly similar formal rules for making foreign policy—have been following, for decades, fundamentally different foreign policymaking processes, and they have been doing so without resorting to any normative justifications. The article contrasts the theoretical expectations of rational choice institutionalism and norm-based arguments on foreign policymaking with a logic of habit not captured by the logics of consequences or appropriateness of rational choice institutionalism and norm-based explanations. The article makes two contributions. First, it furthers the theoretical development of the concept of habit in international relations and offers a means of studying habits empirically. Second, it challenges the assumption that the power of domestic actors in foreign policy is a function of formal institutions or prevailing norms.
A thorough overview of the foreign policy conducted by the government of Flanders which was granted the status of autonomous region in the 1993 reform of the Belgian state. Discussed are: (1) the principles of equality in domestic & foreign policy promulgation & the parity of federal & regional governments encoded in the 1993 law, (2) the strategic objectives of the Flemish foreign policy, (3) the continuity/discontinuity in the Flemish foreign policy of the 1990s, (4) the basic components of the Flemish foreign policy, & (6) the description & evaluation of bilateral & multilateral policies carried out by the Flemish government since 1993. The nine criteria applied in deciding toward which countries & regions of the world should the Flemish foreign policy be oriented are listed, & representation offices abroad & bilateral agreements & contracts are tabulated to demonstrate the effectiveness of the Flemish government on the international arena. Multilateral policies pursued within international organizations are discussed & evaluated for their relevance & impact on the region of Flanders, the Belgian federation, & the organizations within which such policies are carried out. An assessment of the Flemish government's accomplishments in its foreign policies identifies both pioneering initiatives & missed opportunities. Foreign policy challenges in the near future for both the regional & federal governments are identified. 42 References. Z. Dubiel
International law is a process that changes over the years with the international environment. Since the law is changed, certain principles have become soft, and some from year to year more and more strong and steadfast. Territorial integrity and self-determination are well-known principles of international law and are derived from the same documents of international law. Both principles are closely related to each other and cannot be disentangled. In addition, the meaning of these principles and relationship between them continue to form the subject of debate. Territorial integrity is the right of the states to protect their own territory, the right to self determination is the right of people to freedom. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the relationship between the principle of self determination of the people and the principle of territorial integrity of states. Is there normative conflict between them? This thesis will be based on the use of both primary and secondary sources. Analysis of documents of international law is essential for the case. The Case of Kosovo and Case of Crimea are used as tools, to show that any matter relating to both principles must be examined individually. In case of Kosovo the right to self-determination may be used to justify Kosovo secession from Serbia, because of special circumstances. Consequently it will be concluded that Crimea cannot base its claim to statehood in a right to self determination. Keywords: International Law, Territorial Integrity, Self-Determination, Kosovo, Crimea ; ÖZ : Uluslararası hukuk, uluslararası çevre ile beraber yıllar boyunca değişen bir süreçtir. Zamanla hukuk kuralları değişmiş ve bunlardan bazıları yumuşamış bazıları ise güçlenerek yerleşik hale gelmiştir. Uluslararası hukukun en çok bilinen ve aynı sayfalarından türeyen iki ilkesi, bölgesel bütünlük ve özerklik ilkeleridir. Bu iki ilke birbirleriyle ilgili olup ayrı düşünülemezler. Bununla beraber aralarındaki ilişki yıllardır tartışılmakta olup tartışmalar da gelecekte devam edecektir. Bölgesel bütünlük ülkelerin kendi sınırlarını koruma hakları olarak tanımlanır iken özerklik ise o bölge içerisindeki insanların özgürlük haklarını ifade eden bir tanımdır. Bu tezin amacı, bölgesel bütünlük ve özerklik ilkeleri arasındaki ilişkinin analizi ve bu ilkeler arasında normatif bir çatışma olup olmadığının incelenmesidir. Bu tezin temellendirilmesinde uluslararası hukukun birincil ve ikincil kaynakları kullanılmıştır. Bu iki ilke arasındaki ilişki Kosova ve kırım olayları ele alınarak açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır. Kosova'nın Sırbistan'dan özerklik istemesi olayı uluslararası hukukun özerklik ilkesi, kırım olayı ise bölgesel bütünlük ilkesi içerisinde ele alınacaktır. Anahtar kelimeler: uluslararası hukuk, toprak bütünlüğü, ozerklik, Kosava, Kırım ; Master of Arts in International Relations. Thesis (M.A.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Business and Economics, Dept. of International Relations, 2016. Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wojciech Forysinski.
Während der wirtschaftliche Aufstieg Chinas zur inzwischen sechstgrößten Volkswirtschaft der Welt samt seiner ökologischen Folgeschäden wie auch der wachsenden sozialen Ungleichheit im Westen genau beobachtet wird, fristet die Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik der Volksrepublik in der politischen Debatte noch immer ein Schattendasein. Dementsprechend wird die neue chinesische Sicherheitsdoktrin hierzulande kaum wahrgenommen. Dabei sind mit Blick auf die geostrategische Bedeutung des Landes bereits heute die kommenden Verschiebungen im internationalen Machtgefüge absehbar. Der Autor des vorliegenden Beitrags (Oberst der Chinesischen Volksarmee und Stellvertretender Verteidigungsattache der chinesischen Botschaft in Berlin) legt die Grundsätze der Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik seines Landes dar. Den ersten Grundsatz bilden Frieden und Harmonie. Diese Gedanken haben ihren Ursprung im Konfuzianismus. Bei Konfuzius gibt es eine Regel, die im modernen Chinesisch so viel bedeutet alles zu versuchen, "damit die Probleme mit angemessenen und möglichst von allen Seiten akzeptierten Mitteln harmonisch gelöst werden". Dieser Grundsatz erfordert Kompromissfähigkeit und -bereitschaft - auf allen Seiten. Der zweite Grundsatz ist die Selbständigkeit. Dieser Grundsatz erklärt sich aus der chinesischen Geschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts, als China seine nationale Souveränität nahezu vollständig verlor.Insgesamt ist die chinesische Sicherheitslage extrem kompliziert: China hat - nach Russland - weltweit die meisten Nachbarstaaten, nämlich 21. (ICA2)
Geopolitical conceptions also have an ?energy dimension?, just as energy security can and must be considered in the context of geopolitics. The twenty-first century remains a century of fossil fuel use. It should be expected that the share of coal in the total energy balance will decline, but also that the share of natural gas use will increase. Political decisions and international relations as a whole will be correlated with the geographical distribution of oil and natural gas sources and routes of the strategic pipelines. This paper discusses this issue in five chapters. The first is introductory, explaining the definitions of energy security and geopolitics. The second chapter is devoted to explaining the importance of energy issues for political relations, and the third presents the geographical distribution of energy sources and reserves. The geopolitics of energy security with some examples from contemporary international relations is described in Chapter Four, while the last part of the paper deals with concluding considerations.
English Utilizing data derived from Indian field instructors, Indian administrators and students, this article considers the experience of Canadian social work practicum students in India within the conceptual framework of Bhabha's Third Space. It concludes with implications for social work international field education. French En s'inspirant de données provenant de superviseurs, d'administrateurs et d'étudiants indiens, cette étude se penche sur l'expérience d'étudiants canadiens en stage de travail social en Inde, et qui se sont inspirés du cadre conceptuel du troisième espace de Bhabha. Cette étude tire des conclusions pour l'enseignement du travail social international. Spanish Se considera la experiencia de trabajo de campo de estudiantes canadienses en la India. Se utilizan los datos derivados de los instructores de campo y administradores de la India, y de los estudiantes mismos. El trabajo de campo estaba enmarcado conceptualmente por el Bhabha's Tercer Espacio. Se concluye con implicaciones para las prácticas de trabajo social en el campo internacional.
Composing Peace: Mission Composition in UN Peacekeeping is about mission in peacekeeping operations and asks how diversity of mission composition influences the ability of a peace mission to keep the peace. This book focuses on four types of mission composition-diversity among peacekeepers, within the mission leadership, between mission leaders and peacekeepers, and between peacekeepers and locals. It is the first book to explore mission composition and its consequences, unpacking a concept hitherto unexplored and empirically combining quantitative and qualitative methods. It makes an important contribution to the fields of peace research, security studies, and international relations at large.
