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Communication is a key social component of the human life. The electronic communication plays an important role in the media- and information-oriented society. The evolution of electronic communication results in the appearance of numerous forms of communication that define space-time limits of public communication and cause the qualitative transformations in the communicative processes. The article gives the attention to the matters of the German users' communicative behavior in such popular communicative environments as: WhatsApp, Twitter and Instagram. The peculiarities of the communication services studied increase the technical possibilities of the communication process, i.e. they allow to integrate photo, audio, and video in the message text that changes the text parameters. The text that is functioning in the electronic space is characterized by the concise information presenting and gives an insight into the important social, cultural, and political processes in the society. The conciseness as a significant stylistic characteristic of electronic communication texts, in particular: SMS messages, WhatsApp messages, Twitter messages, Instagram messages is achieved by the heavier weight of linguistic means as well as elimination of repetition and unessential details.

Rural sociology had its origin and growth as an academic discipline in the United States. The other social sciences—including general sociology, economics, political science, anthropology and historiography—were mainly imported from Europe and the British Isles. Rural sociology, however, was a United States "export" both to Europe and to Latin America.This inverse process of diffusion deserves a brief explanation. Why did Rural sociology not originate in Europe? And, conversely, why did it take root in the United States? To answer the first question we may cite the following factors:1.During the latter part of the nineteenth century when the social conditions of rural people in the United States were critical, Europe was relatively stable. The peasant revolts of the earlier centuries had faded into history, feudalism, in its worst features at least, was no more. There were still agrarian problems, of course, including land fragmentation, but they were not serious enough to cause widespread unrest. Moreover, the restless ones were free to migrate to the New World. Europe, in short, was in the happy condition of being able to export its "problem" mainly to the United States.

The article analyzes the general features of the implementation of collective and social learning of cadets of the National Guard of Ukraine, which allowed to determine the main aspects of achieving effective indicators of learning of military personnel. A study of the main forms of social learning is done that can be used to train cadets of the National Guard of Ukraine. This allows to identify the main types of activities to improve the social learning of cadets. The main types of cadets' activities are examined in the context of the main types of social learning activities. The features of the use of educational computer simulations for the learning of cadets of the National Guard of Ukraine are analyzed. The psychological conditions of storytelling for collective and social learning of cadets of the National Guard of Ukraine are studied, the accounting of which provides effective learning for the units of the National Guard of Ukraine. The main types of stories that can be used and successfully implemented in the framework of storytelling for collective and social learning of cadets of the National Guard of Ukraine are considered. Attention is focused on the need to use stories that establish a connection with the personal experience of the listener or contribute to the creation of clear visual images. These stories and vivid stories are more effective carriers of knowledge than the data given simply in the form of a list.

Allemagne : la résilience d'un " modèle " de référence / Martin Behrens -- Autriche : l'essoufflement politique d'un système consensuel / Patrick Moreau -- Belgique : l'adaptation d'un " modèle " de concertation sociale / Évelyne Léonard et François Pichault -- Bulgarie : syndicalisme et tripartisme après la chute du communisme / Vassil Kirov -- Danemark : un " modèle " en difficulté / Jens Lind -- Espagne : le " modèle ibérique " face à la crise et aux Indignés / Marina Casula -- États-Unis : crise du syndicalisme et de la négociation collective / Mathieu Dupuis et Claude Rioux -- France : la cartellisation des relations professionnelles / Dominique Andolfatto et Dominique Labbé -- Grèce : les relations du travail au prisme des politiques d'austérité et de dérèglementation / Lefteris Kretsos -- Italie : libéralisation du marché du travail et résistances syndicales / Guillaume Gourgues et Jessica Sainty -- Pays-Bas : le syndicalisme des polders / Antoine Bevort -- Québec : un système de relations industrielles en mutation / Mélanie Laroche et Patrice Jalette -- Roumanie : des minériades à l'intégration européenne / Anemona Constantin -- Royaume-Uni : l'européanisation d'un modèle très libéral / Sylvie Contrepois -- Suède : brève histoire du syndicalisme et défis actuels / Christer Thörnqvist, Monica Andersson Bäck et Jesper Hamark

Dieses Buch thematisiert verschiedene Aspekte der Lohndynamik in Deutschland. Während der Hauptteil des Buches sich mit dem Lohnwachstum und der Aufstiegsmobilität von Geringverdienern beschäftigt, analysiert ein kleinerer Teil die Entwicklung der Lohneffekte der Tarifbindung für alle Beschäftigten. Unter anderem wird gezeigt, dass die Aufstiegsmobilität von Geringverdienern in besser bezahlte Jobs kein lediglich temporäres Phänomen ist, sondern für diese Beschäftigten zu längerfristig höheren Lohnniveaus führen kann. Das Lohnwachstum von Geringverdienern hängt allerdings von anderen betrieblichen Einflussfaktoren ab als das Lohnwachstum von Besserverdienern. Auch Persönlichkeitsmerkmale wie zum Beispiel die individuelle Kontrollüberzeugung beeinflussen die Aufstiegsmobilität von Geringverdienern. Weiterhin zeigen die Analysen, dass trotz des kontinuierlichen Rückgangs des gewerkschaftlichen Organisationsgrads und der Tarifbindung im letzten Jahrzehnt weiterhin eine - wenn auch geringe - positive Lohnprämie der Tarifbindung existiert.

With the growth of mass education in the U.K. has come the seemingly inevitable growth of large group teaching. Many "technical" solutions to the problems of large group teaching have been proposed (e.g., use of microphones, structured handouts, buzz groups, etc.) but we contend that emotional aspects have been largely neglected and ignored. We argue that it is legitimate to consider the role of emotion in higher education, and its particular effects in large teaching groups. While it is, perhaps, easier and safer to pretend that all is well, there are clear emotional consequences to working in these large groups for both students and lecturers. For instance, students may experience powerful feelings of alienation, anger, and envy in large groups and compensate in various ways, some of which will be antithetical to achieving effective learning and a stimulating educational experience. Similarly, lecturers can also seek to cope with their own feelings of fear and uncertainty by behaving equally maladaptively. We examine the contribution psychodynamic thinking can make to our understanding of large teaching groups and contrast this with the consequences of adhering to simplistic technical models. We argue for the legitimacy of the role of emotion in higher education and seek to encourage a debate on this issue which will include appropriate research into the effects of trying to teach and learn in large groups. This paper thus seeks to raise issues and encourage debate in this relatively unresearched area. Further, we contend that it is important and necessary to conduct appropriate research into the emotional effects of such groups on both teaching and learning.