Suchergebnisse

In a detailed study of the methods of statebuilding as practiced by informal states, Daria Isachenko focuses on Northern Cyprus and Transdniestria, which due to their unrecognized status occupy a politically ambiguous space within the international community, often labelled as de facto states or even weak states. This book investigates how they function under circumstances of non-recognition, using insights from political sociology to provide a conceptual framework capable of analysing the making and development of informal states. Tracing the historical trajectories of Northern Cyprus and Transdniestria towards unilateral declarations of independence, chapters explore the symbolic and economic dimensions of their statebuilding projects. Particular emphasis is placed on the effects of external support on the internal statebuilding process, challenging the assumption that these informal states are mere geopolitical pawns of their sponsors. The author instead argues that they are far from being isolated, but are active participants in international politics.

With the ending of the Cold War, Northeast Asia, like many other areas of the globe, has undergone a significant shift in the mechanism by which states interact with each other. For over four decades, international relations in Northeast Asia were conducted within the bi-polar framework of the US-USSR confrontation. With the collapse of the USSR, and subsequent shift to multipolarity, long suppressed regional conflicts have begun to surface. The author discusses how the states of the region interact and suggests a way of multilateral security co-operation in Northeast Asia. (DÜI-Sen)

In November 1995 a draft resolution was presented to the 28th General Conference of UNESCO which, among other matters, dealt with the organisation's future activities in the field of the underwater cultural heritage.1In conjunction with this resolution, the text of a draft Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage prepared by the International Law Association (ILA) was presented to the General Conference as the possible basis for a new international convention on the subject.2Annexed to this draft Convention text was the Charter for the Protection and Management of the Underwater Cultural Heritage prepared by the International Council of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)3to accompany the ILA draft Convention and serve as a set of criteria of good practice to be applied by States parties to the Convention. The General Conference adopted the draft resolution without any change and this therefore forms the basis for future deliberations within UNESCO over this issue, the question whether to draft an international convention on the basis of the ILA draft text having been a central part of the deliberations. Subsequent to the adoption of the resolution, meetings have been held between UNESCO and various bodies with an interest in the issue (such as the International Maritime Organisation and the International Oceanographic Commission as well as the UN Law of the Sea office). Following these consultations, it was agreed to hold a joint meeting of representatives of these organisations with chosen experts in order to examine the ILA draft Convention along with any other material relevant to a new legal instrument for the protection of the underwater cultural heritage.

The Oxford Handbook of Gender and Conflict brings together leading interdisciplinary scholars, policymakers, and practitioners to address a complex range of challenges, contexts, geographies, and issues that arise for women and men in the context of armed conflict. The Handbook addresses war and peace, humanitarian intervention, countering violence and extremism, the United Nations Women, Peace, and Security Agenda, sexual violence, criminal accountability, autonomous weapons, peacekeeping, refugee and internally displaced person (IDP) status, the political economy of war, the economics of conflict, as well as health and economic security. It begins with theoretical approaches to gender and conflict, drawing on the areas of international, peace and conflict, feminist, and masculinities studies. The Handbook explores how women and men's pre-war societal, economic, and legal status relates to their conflict experiences, affecting the ways in which they are treated in the post-conflict transitional phase. In addition to examining these conflict and post-conflict experiences, the Handbook addresses the differing roles of multiple national and international actors, as well as the UN led Women, Peace, and Security Agenda. Contributions survey the regulatory framework and gendered dimensions of international humanitarian and international human rights law in situations of conflict and occupation as well as addressing, and critiquing, the gendered nature and content of international criminal law. The Handbook also includes grounded country case studies exploring different gendered experiences of conflict in various regions. As a whole, this Handbook seeks to critically examine the contemporary gender-based challenges that emerge in conflict and post-conflicts contexts.

AbstractThis article examines whether general international law supports the claim that direct military assistance by one State to another State upon the latter's request is prohibited where the inviting State is implicated in (gross) violations of international humanitarian and/or human rights law. It approaches the question from the perspective of State responsibility, analysing the threshold requirements of Article 16 of the Articles on State Responsibility (ASR),1 which represents the customary international law standard for responsibility for aiding or assisting wrongful conduct by another State. In so doing, the article illuminates how factual uncertainties complicate the triggering of the responsibility of the intervening (assisting) State for any violations of international humanitarian and/or human rights law by the territorial (recipient) State. Thereafter, the article questions whether, in the event that the responsibility of the intervening State is triggered, it would in consequence have to withdraw its troops and/or military air power from the territorial State.

The aim of this paper is to explore how young leaders within the Innsbruck Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee experienced the degree of freedom within the institutionalized structure of the International Olympic Committee. Employing a theoretical framework of new institutionalism, a qualitative case study including observations and interviews was conducted. The concept of translation provides a framework for analysing institutional change in organizations, where new ideas are combined with existing institutional practices and translated into new practices to varying degrees. The Innsbruck Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee consisted of young people with experiences from the event industry. This resulted in greater pressure to introduce new institutional solutions to the field. Despite being constrained by coercive pressure from the International Olympic Committee, new innovative elements were translated by the young leaders in the Innsbruck Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee into the International Olympic Committee event. However, the innovations were restricted to areas that the International Olympic Committee defined as less important such as sustainability projects as opposed to important areas like marketing.

AbstractThis Keynote speech examines the implications of the multiplying of judicial institutions and the deepening of international law. Overlapping jurisdiction issues already exist among international courts and tribunals. This raises the question of 'Whose view prevails?' But the deepening of international law also requires any given court to ask itself, 'Which of the many norms now developed are applicable?' Alternative plausible applicable norms could lead to different solutions. It is ever more apparent that that law is more than 'bright rules' that simply need to be applied. This speech discusses potential solutions that have been proposed, such as instituting a judicial hierarchy, using certain provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, and invoking a hierarchy of norms. It closes with a call for international judges to regard the multiplication of institutions and applicable norms as an opportunity rather than a problem, to read each other's judgments, respect each other's work and try to preserve unity unless context dictates otherwise.

Over the last 30 years, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties1 has emerged as one of the most influential instruments of modern international law. The Convention, which was adopted at the UN Conference on the Law of Treaties on 23 May 1969, entered into force on 27 January 1980 and has meanwhile been ratified by more than 80 States.2 Yet, as it does not operate retroactively,3 the scope of application is growing only slowly and its practical importance stems, rather, from the fact that the Convention is widely considered a restatement of customary international law. As early as 1971 the International Court of Justice referred to the articles governing termination for breach of treaty as a codification of the existing law on the subject.4 Since then both international tribunals and national courts have more and more habitually relied on the material provisions of the Convention to ascertain traditional rules of the law of treaties.5

Dieses Buch vergewissert sich der Ursprünge der Völkerrechtstradition. Die heutige Debatte über die Rolle des Völkerrechts in den internationalen Beziehungen geht auf die Diskussionen des Kalten Krieges zurück. In Westdeutschland entstand nach 1945 ein völkerrechtlicher Ansatz, der bis heute für seinen Praxisbezug und die Idee einer auf Verfassungsprinzipien beruhenden internationalen Gemeinschaft bekannt ist. Auf Grundlage des Werkes und Nachlasses von Hermann Mosler, der als der bedeutendste Völkerrechtler der Bundesrepublik gilt, wird die Genese der praxisorientierten Gemeinschaftskonzeption im Kontext der politischen Entwicklung Deutschlands während des Kalten Krieges analysiert. Die Anknüpfung an die Weimarer Völkerrechtstradition, Lehren aus der nationalsozialistischen Vergangenheit, die Westintegration unter Konrad Adenauer und Moslers katholischer Universalismus werden dabei als Faktoren hervorgehoben, die einen spezifisch westdeutschen Ansatz im Völkerrecht hervorbrachten

Applications for international protection significantly increased in Luxembourg from August 2015 onwards, the total number of applications in fact more than doubling when compared to the previous year (2.447 applicants in 2015; 1.091 in 2014). The number of applications remained high in 2016 (2.035 applications) and 2017 (2.322 applications) albeit slightly decreasing when compared to 2015. These figures are not unprecedented. The number of applications introduced in Luxembourg have fluctuated since 1999, the peaks and declines correlating with specific events. Luxembourg received 2.920 applications for international protection in 1999, an effect of the conflict in Kosovo. Later, the country saw two more peaks in applications after the turn of the century (2003 and 2004 with 1.550 and 1.577 applications respectively, 2011 and 2012 with 2.171 and 2.057 applications respectively). On the other hand, 2005 to 2010 can be characterised as a period of relative calm.The current period of higher arrivals of applicants for international protection is characterised by a change in cultural profile. Previously, most of the time, a majority of people applying for international protection in Luxembourg stemmed from European countries. The influx of applicants in 2015 and 2016 was characterised by the arrival of people stemming from Arabic-speaking countries, populations which had been relatively small in Luxembourg up to that point.While not necessarily unprecedented in magnitude,high numbers of monthly arrivals, especially in the last months of 2015, put those in charge of registering applications as well as of housing and providing social follow-up to the test and led to a number of measures being taken.Generally speaking, fromthe beginning of the increased arrivals in Luxembourg in 2015, the government adopted a relatively open and welcoming position. This position is illustrated for instance in the government's stance in favour of a solution for the reception of applicants for international protection that is based on European solidarity and the government's investment in relocation and resettlement.

Introduction : puzzles and prospects in theorizing the EU's external relations / Michèle Knodt, Sebastiaan Princen -- A fragmented external role : the EU, defence policy, and new atlanticism / Sten Rynning -- Understanding the common foreign and security policy : analytical building blocks / Helene Sjursen -- What game, by which rules : adaptation and flexibility in the EC's foreign economic policy / Alasdair R. Young -- Framing and American threat : the European Commission and the technology gap / Ulrika Mörth -- European external relations fields : the multi-pillar issue of economic sanctions against Serbia / Yves Buchet de Neuilly -- Negotiating when others are watching : explaining the outcomes of the association negotiations between the European community and the countries of central and eastern Europe, 1990-1991 / Dimitris Papadimitriou -- Exporting values : EU external co-operation as a soft diplomacy / Franck Petiteville -- Exporting regulatory standards : the cases of trapping and data protection / Sebastiaan Princen -- The export of the fight against organized crime policy model and the EU's international actorness / Francesca Longo -- A challenge for the commons : EU fisheries management in international arenas / Marta A. Ballesteros -- Understanding the EU's external relations : the move from actors to processes / Sebastiaan Princen, Michèle Knodt